PHYSICS

PROJECT
GROUP 1
 CONTEN
TS
1. Introduction
2. Units
measurement
8. Other units of time
and 9. Length-
its SI Unit
10. Other Units of Length
3. Systems of unit and
11. Derived
SI Units
System 12. Guidelines for Writing
4. Fundamental
Units
quantities 13. Fun Facts- Mass,
5. Mass- SI Unit Length and Time
6. Other Units of Mass
14. Conclusion
7. Time- SI Unit
 INTRODUCTI
Physics, like other branches of science
ON
requires experimental studies which
involve measurements. For the
measurement of a physical quantity,
we consider a constant quantity of
same nature as a standard and then
we compare the given quantity with
the standard quantity i.e. we find the
number which expresses, how many
times the standard quantity is
 UNIT AND
MEASUREMENT
DEFINITION DEFINITION PROPERTIES OF AN
MEASUREMENTUNIT IDEAL UNIT
Measurement is the Unit is the smallest • The size of unit should be
process of defined value of the convenient.
comparison of the physical quantity, • The unit should be easily
given physical which can be reproducible.
quantity with the expressed • The unit should be well
known standard conveniently. It is also defined.
quantity of the same termed by many as • The unit mustn’t change
nature. the “Language of with space and time.
Physics”.
 SYSTEM OF
UNITS
In mechanics length , mass and time are three fundamental
quantities. For the units of these 3 quantities, we use the following
systems:

1) C.G.S system (or French system) : In this system, the unit of

length is centimetre (cm), of mass is gram (g) and of time is
second (s).

2) F.P.S system (or British system) : In this system, the unit of

length is foot (ft) of mass is pound (lb) and of time is seconds (s).

3) M.K.S system (or metric system) : In this system, the unit of

 THE SI SYSTEM
Systeme International d’Unites

HISTO
For the sake of uniformity, the scientific community agreed to use the
S.I.RY:
system of units i.e an enlarged version of the metric system.

• In 1960, General Conference of Weights and Measures

recommended seven fundamental units and two complementary
units.
• The units added were namely - temperature, luminous intensity,
current and amount of substance as fundamental units and angle
and solid angle as complementary units.
• The S.I. system was more or less an enlarged and modified version
of the metric system.
 FUNDAMENTAL
Quantity QUANTITIES
Unit Symbol Quantity Unit Symbol

Length meter m Electric current ampere A

Amount of
Mass kilogram kg mole mol*
substance

Time second s Complementary Fundamental

Quantities
Temperat
kelvin K
ure Angle radian rad

Luminous steradi
candela cd Solid Angle sr
Intensity an
 MASS
SI UNIT- kilogram (kg)
DEFINITIONS OF KILOGRAM:
1) In 1889, One kilogram was defined as the mass of a
cylindrical piece of a platinum-iridium alloy kept at the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sevres
near Paris.
2) The mass of one litre of pure water at 4° Celsius is
known as a kilogram.
3) The mass of 5.0188 x 10^25 atoms of Carbon - 12 is
also known as a kilogram.
 OTHER UNITS
OF MASS
SMALLER BIGGER
VALUE IN KG VALUE IN KG
UNITS UNITS

g 10^(-3) kg quintal 100 kg

mg 10^(-6) kg metric tonne 1000 kg

1.66 x 2 x 10^30
u (or a.m.u) solar mass
10^(27) kg kg
 TIME
SI UNIT- second (s)
DEFINITIONS OF SECOND:
1) 1/86400th part of a mean solar day of the year 1900 AD
is 1 second.
2) 1/31556926.08th part of a year 1900 AD is 1 second .

3) 1 second is the time during which Cesium-133 atom of

atomic clock vibrates 9192631770 times.
 OTHER UNITS
SMALLER VALUE IN
OF
BIGGER
TIME
VALUE IN BIGGER VALUE IN
UNITS SEC UNITS SEC UNITS SEC

milisecond (ms) 10^(-3) s hour(h) 3600 s decade 3.1536 x 10⁸ s

microsecond (μs) 10^(-6 )s day 86400 s century 3.16 x 10⁹ s

shake 10^(-8) s month 2.592 x 10⁶ s millenium 3.16 x 10¹⁰ s

3.1536 x
nanosecond (ns) 10^(-9) s year(yr)
10^(7) s

minute (min) 60 s 3.16224 x

Leap year
10^(7) s
 LENG
TH
SI UNIT- metre (m)
DEFINITIONS OF METRE:
1) The distance between two marks on a Platinum - Iridium
alloy rod at 0 °C. which is kept in the Bureau of
International System of Weights & Measures at Sevres near
Paris.
2) 1 metre is a distance which contains 1,650,763.73
wavelengths of orange light emitted by pure Krypton-86.
3) 1 metre is a distance travelled by light in vaccum in
1/299,792,458 seconds.
 OTHER UNITS
SMALLER
UNITS
OF
VALUE IN
METRES
LENGTH
BIGGER
UNITS
VALUE IN
METRES

cm 10^(-2) m km 10^3 m

mm 10^(-3) m A.U. 1.496 x 10^11 m

μ 10^(-6) m ly 9.46 x 10^15 m

nm 10^(-9) m parsec 3.08 x 10^16 m

Å 10^(-10) m

f 10^(-15) m
 DERIVED
QUANTITY
DERIVED
UNITS
SYMBOL QUANTITY DERIVED UNIT SYMBOL
UNIT
m^2 Force newton N
Area mxm
kilogram x
m^3 Work or energy
Volume mxmxm meter/(second)^2 J
xm
kg m^(-3) Momentum
Density kg/m
newton x second Ns
Moment of
m s^(-1)
Speed or velocity m/s force
newton-metre Nm

(m/s) kg m s^(-1) Power

Acceleration joule W
s
 DERIVED
Quantity UNITS Derived Unit
Symbol
s

Pressure pascal Pa

Frequency hertz Hz

ampere x second or
Electric Charge C
coulomb

Electric
joule/coulomb V
potential

Electrical
ohm
resistance

Electrical
watt W
GUIDELINES FOR
WRITING UNITS
The following are the guidelines for
writing units:
1. The symbol for a unit, which is not named after a scientist, is
written in small letter.
2. The symbol for a unit, which is named after a scientist, is
written with first letter of his name in capital.
3. The full name of the unit, irrespective of the fact whether it is
named after a scientist or not, is always written with a lower
initial.
4. A compound unit formed by multiplication of two or more
units is written after putting a dot, cross or leaving a space
between the two symbols.
5. Negative power is used for compound units, which are formed
by dividing one unit by the other.
6. A unit in its short form is never written in plural.
7. To avoid powers of ten in the magnitude of a quantity, prefix
 FUN FACTS
MASS:
The grave is the unit of mass used in the first metric
system, implemented in France in 1793. The
commission defined the unit of mass as a cubic
decimetre of distilled water at 0 °C and gave it the
LENG
name grave.
It is about 1.62 × 10^−35 m or about 10−20 times
TH:
the size of a proton. It is an important length for
quantum gravity because it may be approximately
TIM
the size of the smallest black holes.
Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L’Huillier created
E:
extremely short pulses of light that can be used to measure the
rapid processes in which electrons move or change energy
between orbits. The short pulses are generated on a timescale
known as the attosecond. They were rewarded the Nobel Prize for
CONCLUSION
Units in physics are crucial for
accurate measurement, calculation,
and communication of physical
quantities. They provide a
standardized framework that ensures
consistency and enables meaningful
comparisons. Units allow for precise
quantification of phenomena,
facilitate accurate calculations and
predictions, and ensure compatibility
and interchangeability of
 h a
T ou n
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