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Module -1-2

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Module -1-2

Uploaded by

vmankad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module-1

Oscillations
Periodic motion,

simple harmonic, Definition, and mathematical


representation of SHM; vibration of simple spring-
mass system,

Energy considerations in a spring-mass system;

damped harmonic oscillator, Study of energy


dissipation in a damped system,

Forced Oscillator- Analysis of the response of a forced


harmonic oscillator, Resonance conditions in forced
systems.
Oscillation in nature
• By the end of this section, you will be able to:

∙ Define the terms period and frequency

∙ List the characteristics of simple harmonic motion

∙ Explain the concept of phase shift

∙ Write the equations of motion for the system of a mass and spring undergoing simple harmonic
motion

∙ Describe the motion of a mass oscillating on a vertical spring


Some Basic Formula

FREQUENCY: TIME PERIOD AMPLITUDE

DISPLACEME
NT ALONG X-
AXIS
Characteristics of Simple Harmonic Motion

• A very common type of periodic motion is


called simple harmonic motion (SHM). A system
that oscillates with SHM is called a simple harmonic
oscillator.

In simple harmonic motion, the acceleration of


the system, and therefore the net force, is
proportional to the displacement and acts in the
opposite direction of the displacement.
• What is so significant about SHM?
• For one thing, the period T and frequency f of a simple
harmonic oscillator are independent of amplitude. The
string of a guitar, for example, oscillates with the same
frequency whether plucked gently or hard.
Two important factors do affect the period of a simple harmonic oscillator.

The period is related to how stiff the system is.


A very stiff object has a large force constant (k),
which causes the system to have a smaller period.
For example, you can adjust a diving board’s stiffness—the stiffer it is, the faster
it vibrates, and the shorter its period.

Period also depends on the mass of the oscillating system.


The more massive the system is, the longer the period.
For example, a heavy person on a diving board bounces up and down more slowly
than a light one.

In fact, the mass m and the force constant k are the only factors that affect the
period and frequency of SHM.

To derive an equation for the period and the frequency, we must first define and
analyze the equations of motion. Note that the force constant is sometimes
referred to as the spring constant.
Equation of SHM

In SHM, the acceleration a is proportional to the displacement x


but opposite in sign, and the two quantities are related by the
square of the angular frequency ω.
Equations of SHM
Work is done on the block to pull it out to a position of 𝑥=+𝐴, and it is
then released from rest.

block begins to oscillate in SHM between 𝑥=+𝐴and 𝑥=−𝐴,, where A is


The maximum x-position (A) is called the amplitude of the motion. The

the amplitude of the motion and T is the period of the oscillation.


The period is the time for one oscillation.
When the position is plotted versus time, it is clear that the data can be
modeled by a cosine function with an amplitude A and a period T.
The cosine function cosθ repeats every multiple of 2𝜋,

However, the function cos(2𝜋/𝑇)𝑡) repeats every integer multiple of the


whereas the motion of the block repeats every period T.

period.
The maximum of the cosine function is one, so it is necessary to multiply
the cosine function by the amplitude A.
𝑥(𝑡)=𝐴cos(𝜔𝑡+𝜙).

The velocity of the mass on a spring,

The acceleration of the mass on the spring

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