Building

Technology
5th Semester, Pokhara
University

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 Er. Gajendra Kr.
Jha Sr.Lecturer,
UESC
CH-1 : Foundation &
Basements

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Foundati
on
 Every building consist of two
basic component
Super-structure
Sub-structure or foundation

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Super-
structure
 That part of building which is
above ground
 It transfer the load to the sub-
structure
 Serves the purpose of its
intended

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Sub-structure/
Foundation
 Lower portion of the building, usually
located below ground level
 Transmit load of super-structure to
the sub-soil
 Therefore, foundation is that part of
structure which is in direct contact
with the ground to which the load
are transmitted

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 The soil which is located immediately below
the base of foundation is called the sub-soil
or foundation soil, while the lowermost
portion of the foundation which is in direct
contact with the sub-soil is called the
footing.
 The basic function of foundation is to
transmit the dead loads, super-imposed
loads(live loads) and wind loads from a
building to the soil on which the building
rests, in such way that (a) settlement are
within permissible limits, without causing
cracks in the super-structure , and (b) the
soil does not fail. 6
Function/Purpose of
foundation
 1. Reduction of Load Intensity
 2. Even distribution of load
 3. Provision of level surface
 4. Lateral Stability
 5. Safety against undermining
 6. Protection against soil
movements

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1. Reduction of Load
Intensity
 Foundations distribute the loads of
the super- structure, to a larger area
so that the intensity of the load at its
base ( i.e. total load divided by the
total area) does not exceed the safe
bearing capacity of the sub-soil
 In the case of deep foundation, it
transmits the super-imposed loads
to the sub-soil both through side
friction as well as through end
bearing.
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2. Even distribution of
load
 Foundation distribute the uniform
load of the super-structure evenly
(uniformly) to the subsoil.
 Due to this, unequal or differential
settlement are minimized.

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3. Provision of level
surface
Foundation provide levelled and
hard surface over which the
super-structure can be built

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4. Lateral
Stability
 It anchors the super-structure to the
ground, thus imparting lateral
stability to the super-structure
 The stability of the building, against
sliding and overturning, due to
horizontal forces (such as wind,
earthquake etc.) is increased due to
foundation

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5. Safety against
undermining
It provides the structural safety
against undermining or scouring
due to animals and flood water

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6. Protection against
soil movements
 Special foundation
measures
minimize theprevents
distress( or
orsuper-structure,duecracks
to ) in
expansion of the sub-soil because
contraction or
of moisture movement in some
problematic soils

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Essential requirement of good
foundation
 The foundation shall be constructed to
sustain the dead and imposed loads
and to transmit these to sub soil in
such a way that pressure on it will not
cause settlement which would impair
the stability of the building or adjoining
structure
 Foundation base should be rigid so
that differential settlements are
minimized, specially for the case when
super-imposed loads.
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 Foundation should be taken
sufficiently deep to guard the
building against damage or distress
caused by swelling or shrinkage of
the sub-soil
 Foundation should be located that its
performance may not be affected
due to any unexpected future
influence

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Importance of
foundation
 It transfer load of super-
structure to ground/sub-soil
 Evenly distribute load to
ground basement
 Keep super-structure in straight
way up life-span( non-tilted
position)
 Making bounding between
structure and ground surface
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30% role to making
earthquake resistance
structure (ground beam)

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Types of
Foundation
 1) SHALLOW
FOUNDATION
 2) DEEP FOUNDATION

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According to
Terzaghi:-
◦ A foundation is shallow if its depth is
equal to or less than its width.
◦ In case of deep foundation, the depth is
greater than its width.

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TYPES OF
SHALLOW
FOUNDATION
 1) Spread footing
 2) Combined
Footing
 3) Strap Footing
 4) Mat/Raft
Foundation

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Spread
footing
 Spread footing are those which
spread the super-imposed load of
wall or column over larger area
 Spread footing support either a
column or wall
 The base is generally made of
concrete

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Types of spread
footing
 1. Single footing for a
column
 2. Stepped footing for a
column
 3. Sloped footing for a
column
 4. wall footing without step
 5. Stepped footing for wall

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Combined
footing
 A spread footing which supports
two or more column is termed as
combined footing
 Combined footing are in-variably
constructed of reinforcement
concrete
 The combined footing for column will
be rectangular in shape if they carry
equal load
 If the column carry unequal loads,
the footing is of trapezoidal shape
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Types of combined
footing
 1. Rectangular combined
footing
 2.Trapezoidal combined
footing
 3. Combined column-wall
footing

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Strap
footing
 If the independent footing of two
columns are connected by a beam,
it is called a strap footing
 A strap footing may be used where
the distance between the column is
so great that a combined
trapezoidal footing

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Raft/Mat
foundation
 A raft or mat is a combined footing
that covers the entire area beneath a
structure and supports all the walls
and column
 When the allowable soil pressure is
low , or the building loads are heavy,
Raft or mat foundation can be used.
 It is considered as one type of
shallow foundation and is useful
in controlling the differential
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Types of Deep
foundation
 1. Pile foundation
 2. Pierfoundation
 3.Well Foundation or
caissons

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Pile foundation

Pile foundation is that type of deep

foundation in which the loads are
taken to a low level by means of
vertical member which may be of
timber, concrete or steel .
Types of pile
foundation
 1) End bearing pile
 2) Friction Pile
 3) Combined end bearing and
friction pile
 4) Compaction piles

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Pier
foundation
 A pier foundation consist of a
cylindrical column of large diameter
to support and transfer large super-
imposed loads to the firm strata
below.
Difference betwee pile
foundation n is in and pier the
construction. method of
 Pile foundation transfer the load
through friction &/or bearing, pier
foundation transfer the load only
through bearing.
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Types of pier
foundation
 1) Masonry or Concrete pier
 2) Drilled Caisson
 3) concrete in steel shell
 4)Concrete & Steel core in steel
shell

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Well Foundation or
caissons
 Well foundation or caissons are box
like structure – circular or
rectangular – which are sunk from
the surface of either land or water
to desired depth
 They are much large in diameter
than that of pile and pier foundation
 Used for major foundation works
such as bridge
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 Well foundation are hallow from
inside, which may be filled with sand,
and are plugged at the bottom
 Well foundation are not used for
buildings

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Some common problems with
existing foundation
Settlement of foundation:
Settlement of foundation occurs due to
 Consolidation of soil particles (due to super
imposed loads, compaction)
 Reduction of moisturecontent (due to
drying evaporation)
 General earth movement (mining
operations, earthquakes etc)
 Un-equal settlement of sub soil
 Horizontal movement of soil adjoining the
structure
 Un-equal load distribution
 Shrinkage due to withdrawal of moisture from
soil
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Effects of unequal
settlements:
Distortion of the structure
Cracks in structural and non-
structural components of building
 Moisture movement through
cracks
 Failure of the structure
Prevention of unequal settlement
◦ Proper foundation design
◦ Proper soil investigation.
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Underpinni
ng
 In construction, underpinning is the
process of strengthening and stabilizing
the foundation of an existing building
or other structure.
 It is a broad term to describe the
process of modifying an existing
foundation by adding support.
 It can also be described as the
installation of temporary or permanent
support to an existing foundation to
provide either additional depth or an
increase in bearing capacity.
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Purpose/Reason of
Underpinning
 Construction of a new project with a
deeper foundation adjacent to an
existing building.
 To enable the foundations to be
deepened for structural reasons e.g to
construct a basement or addition of
another storey to the building.
 To support a structure that is sinking or
tilting due to poor soil or instability of
the superstructure.
 Change in use of a structure.
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 To increase the width of a foundation
to permit heavier loads to be carried
e.g when increasing the height of a
building with new levels.
 The original foundation is simply not
strong or stable enough.
 Settlement of an existing structure.

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PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURES
Before implementing
appropriate underpinning
measures the following
important points should be
carefully attended:
 The existing structure should be
fully examined carefully and
appropriate underpinning method
should be adopted.

All poor masonry work, such
as joints, cracks, plastering
should be rectified before. 5
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 Necessary shoring and struting should
be done such that existing structure is
safe.
 Urgent repair like grouting of cracks,
insertion of rod between walls , etc.
should be carried out before
commencing underpinning.
 Adequate care should be taken to
ensure that there should be no
movement of structure for which
levels should be marked.
 Underpinning process is not a science
but an art should be exercised
depending on the situation. 5
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Methods of
Underpinning
 Pit Method
 Pile
Method
 Cantilever Needle Beam
Method
 Chemical Method
 Others Method

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Pit
Method
It consists of enlarging and or
deepening
existing foundations by
from beneath removing
the soil
foundations
replacing it with concrete, and
reinforcements and a grout material.
 The structurecan also be
temporary shored to prevent
settlement.

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 In this method the length of the
foundation to be underpinned is
divided into sections of
1.2 to 1.5 m lengths.
 For each section a hole is made on the
wall above the plinth level and a needle
is inserted in the hole.
 Bearing plates are placed above the
needle to support the masonry above
it.
 Needle is supported on either side of
the wall on wooden supports and 6
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 The foundation pit is excavated up to
the desired level and new foundation
is laid.
 In the round, the work is undertaken
in alternate sections.
 Once the alternate sections are
undertaken, the remaining sections
are worked out.
 If the wall for which underpinning is
to be carried out is weak, raking
shores is provided to support them.
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Cantilever Needle Beam
Method
 If an interior strong column exists, or
if the foundation is to be extended
only to one side, cantilever needle
beams may be used in place of
central needle beam as shown in
Fig. below.
 A jack is placed between the column
and wall.

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Pile
Method
 In this method, piles are driven at
regular interval along both sides of
the wall.
 The piles are connected by concrete
or steel needles, which penetrate
through the walls.
 These beams also act as pile caps.
 This method is effective in clayey soil
and in waterlogged areas.
 The existing foundation is very
much relieved of the load. 6
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Chemical
Method
 In this method thefoundation soil is
consolidated by employing
chemicals.
 Perforated pipes are driven in an
inclined direction beneath the
foundation . The slopes are provided
such that the entire area under the
existing footing comes under the
area used to be strengthened.

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 After the pipes are installed, solution of
sodium silicate in water is injected
through the pipes. This is a two-
injection method. The pipes are
withdrawn and at the time of
withdrawal of pipes, calcium or
magnesium chloride is injected through
pipes.
 Chemical reaction takes place between
these two chemicals and the soil is
strengthened by consolidation. This
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Other
Method
Other methods are Mass concreting
method, cement grouting, vibro
floatation, etc.

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Earthquake Effects On
Foundation
 Earthquake: An earthquake (also
known as a quake, tremor or temblor)
is the shaking of the surface of the
Earth, resulting from the sudden
release of energy in the Earth's
 lithosphere that
A creates seismic
foundation (or,waves.
more
Foundation:
commonly base is the of an
,
architectural )structure which
element
connects it
to the ground, and transfers loads
from the structure to the ground 7
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 Foundations are constructed to bear
sufficient load capacity depending on
the type of subsoil aiding the
foundation.
 The settling of the foundation below
the level of initial construction to a
point where damage has already
been happened is known as
foundation failure.

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 The extent of damage ensuing from
earthquakes in the earthquake
affected area is stimulated by the
behaviour of the soil
 Here the damage is linked to the
overall vulnerability of the soil which
leads to enormous permanent
movements of the lower surface.

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 The bearing capability of a shallow
foundation is decreased when the
horizontal loads and rocking
moments acts on the foundation.

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 Failurein foundations can be due to various
reasons such as Lateral movement of soil
adjacent to the structure, Unequal
settlement of sub-soil, Overturning of the
structure due to lateral pressure, Unequal
settlement of the masonry, contraction due
to removal of moisture from the soil
beneath the foundation, Action of
atmosphere, Lateral escape of the soil
below the foundation etc.
 The effects of foundation failures can range
from bulging floors to cracked walls to
displaced mouldings.
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 The external signs are wall rotation,
cracked and/or broken foundation,
separation around garage door,
windows and/or walls, cracked
bricks.
 While the internal hints are cracks on
floors, disordered doors and
 windows,
The broken sheetrock.
deformatio which
ground ns are break
permanent completely the
structure.
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
Some foundation types can resist
these permanent ground deformity.
 Most damage in a building is a result
of ground movement.
 The building’s foundations vibrate in
the same way as the surrounding
ground when the ground shakes at
the building site.

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 Small Earthquake can also result into
the small cracks that can develop
into larger problem overtime. cracks
can allow water into the foundation
which enlarge those cracks and also
washes away soil.
 Earthquake also causes settlement
of sub- soil, under the foundation
which can cause the failure of
superstructure.
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Damp Proof Course
(DPC)
 Damp proofing in construction is a
type of moisture control applied to
building walls and floors to prevent
moisture from passing into the
interior spaces. Damp problems are
among the most frequent problems
encountered in building.

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A damp-proof course (DPC) is a barrier
through the structure designed to
prevent moisture rising by capillary
action such as through a phenomenon
known as rising damp. Rising damp is
the effect of water rising from the
ground into property. The damp proof
course may be horizontal or vertical.A
DPC layer is usually laid below all
masonry walls, regardless if the wall is a
load bearing wall or a partition wall.
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**Various methods of damp proofing
are as given below:
1.Providing D.P.C. course
2.Providing Damp proof Mambrane
3.Providing cavity walls
4.Surface treatment
5.Integral treatment
6.Guniting and
7.Pressure grouting.

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1. Providing damp proof
course:
 Itconsists of providing a damp
proof course between the source
of dampness and building
component.
 The DPC may be with any water
repellant material like bitumen,
mastic asphalt, cement concrete,
metal or plastic sheets.
 DPC should cover full width of
wall. It should be laid on levelled
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2.damp-proof membrane
 A damp-proof membrane
(DPM) is a membrane
material
moisture applied to A
transmission.
prevent
example common polyethylene
is
under a concretesheeting laid
slab to prevent the
concrete from gaining moisture
through capillary action. A DPM
may be used for the DPC.

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2. Providing cavity
wall:
 Cavity wall may be constructed to
protect foundation masonry and the
wall. The cavity prevents moisture
travelling from outer to inner wall.

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3. Surface
treatment:
If moisture is only superficial and not
under pressure this method is useful.
It consists of application of layer of
water repellant compounds on the
surface. Some of the water proofing
agents used for such treatment are
silicates of sodium or potassium and
sulphates of aluminium, zinc and
magnesium.

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4. Integral treatment:

It consists in mixing commercially

available compounds in water before
concrete is wet mixed. These
compounds are made from chalk, talc,
flutter earth or chemical
compounds like Calcium chloride,
aluminium sulphate,Calcium
chloride etc. Some compounds
contain compounds like soap,
petroleum oils, fatty acids etc
5.
Guniting:
 In this method a mixture of cement
and water is forced by cement gun
on the surface to be made water
proof. Later 1 : 3 or 1 : 4 cement
mortar is applied to the surface with
pressure(2-3Kg/cm2) at a distance of
75-90 cm using compressed air.
Thus an impervious layer of mortar
is provided.

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6. Pressure
grouting:
 This is the method used to seal
cracks in the concrete surfaces. In
this method cement grout is forced
under pressure.

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Methods of water proofing of
basements
 Interior wall and floor
sealers
 Interior water drainage
 Exterior waterproofing
 Interior waterproofing

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Thank
you

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