Chapter 3 NW

Networks
Fundamentals
Mousa Al-Sahory
1
Chapter 3
Network Types
Network Topology
Network
Fundamentals
Network Types
Presentation_ID © 2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3
Network
Common Types of Networks
Types
LANs and WANs
 Network infrastructures vary greatly in terms of:
• Size of the area covered
• Number of users connected
• Number and types of services available
• Area of responsibility
Network Types
 Primary types of communications networks

 Wide Area network
 Local Area network
 Metropolitan Area network
 Virtual Private network
 Client-Server network
 Peer-to-peer network
 Wireless networks
Network Types
Networks of Many
 Small Home Sizes
Networks – connect a few computers to each other
and the Internet
 Small Office/Home Office – enables computer within a home or
remote office to connect to a corporate network
Small Home SOHO

Network Types
Networks
 Mediumof Many
to Large Sizes – many locations with hundreds or
Networks
thousands of interconnected computers
 World Wide Networks – connects hundreds of millions of
computers world-wide – such as the internet
Medium/Large World Wide

Local Area Network (LAN)
 A local area network is a communication network that

interconnects a variety of data communicating devices within
a small geographic area and broadcasts data at high data
transfer rates
 A network serving a home, building or campus is considered a
 Since the local area network first appeared in the 1970s, its
use has become widespread in commercial and academic
environments
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 To provide access to hardware and software resources that

will allow users to perform one or more of the following
activities:
 Access to the Internet
 File serving
• A large storage disk drive acts as a central storage
repository
 Print serving
• Providing the authorization to access a particular printer,
accept and queue print jobs, and providing a user access to
the print queue to perform administrative duties
 Database and application serving
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 Connects computers within a limited physical area, such as an
office, classroom, or building
 To provide access to hardware and software resources that will
allow users to perform one or more of the following activities
(continued):
 Manufacturing support
• LANs can support manufacturing and industrial environments
 Academic support
• In classrooms, labs, and wireless
 E-mail serving
• Interconnection between multiple systems
 Advantages
• Ability to share hardware and software resources
• Component and system evolution are possible
• Support for heterogeneous forms of hardware and software
• Access to other LANs and WANs
• Secure transfers at high speeds with low error rates
 Disadvantages
• Equipment and support can be costly
• Level of maintenance continues to grow
• Some types of hardware may not interoperate
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Virtual LANs
 Virtual LAN (VLAN) – logical subgroup within a LAN that is
created via switches and software rather than by manually
moving wiring from one network device to another.
 Even though employees and their actual computer

workstations may be scattered throughout the building,
LAN switches and VLAN software can be used to create a
“network within a network”
 VLAN: Group of devices on one or more LANs that are

configured so that they can communicate as if they were
attached to the same wire, when in fact they are located
on a number of different LAN segments.
Virtual LANs
 A relatively new standard, IEEE 802.1Q, was designed to
allow multiple devices to intercommunicate and work
together to create a virtual LAN.
 Instead of sending technician to a wiring closet to move a

workstation cable from one switch to another, an 802.1Q-
compliant switch can be remotely configured by a network
administrator .
 In simple words VLAN is a logical partition of a Layer 2

network.
 Each VLAN is a broadcast domain, usually with its own IP

network.
VLAN Definitions
 VLANs are mutually isolated and packets can only pass

between them via a router
 The hosts grouped within a VLAN are unaware of the VLAN’s
existence.
 A VLAN can be named for easier identification
 Different VLANs should have:
o Different VLAN IDs.
o Different VLAN Names.
VLAN Definitions
VLAN Definitions
Benefits
BenefitsofofVLANs
VLANs
 Security
 Cost reduction
 Better performance
 Improved IT staff efficiency
 Simpler project and application management
 Physical topology independence
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by

a network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Telecommunication network that covers a large geographic area
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a hybrid between a

LAN and a WAN.
 It connects two or more LANs in the same geographic area
 MANs provide high-speed connections, such as
(1.544Mbps) and optical services.
 Devices used to provide connections for MANs include
high-
routers, switches.
23
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.
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The Internet
 The internet is defined as a global mesh of interconnected
networks
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Virtual Private Network (VPN)
 A VPN is a private network that is constructed within a
public network infrastructure such as the global Internet.
 Using VPN, a telecommuter can access the network of
the company headquarters through the Internet by
building a secure tunnel between the telecommuter’s PC
and a VPN router in the headquarters.
Client- Server Networks
 Clients
• End user personal computers or networked computers
 Servers
• Used to manage the networks
 Processing
• Shared between the clients and servers
• Sometimes called a two-tier architecture
Peer-to-Peer Networks
 Central Server Architecture

• P2P file-sharing software connects all PCs to a central server
• When a PC requests a file, the server searches all active peers on the
network.
• The server sends the requesting PC a list of links to all active peers who
have the file.
• Clicking a link connects the two PCs and automatically transfers the file
to the requesting PC.
Wireless networks
 In wireless network there are no wires between hosts

and servers.
 The data is transferred over sets of radio transceivers.
 The most common wireless networks cover ranges from
hundreds of meters to a few kilometers.
WirelessNetworks
Wireless networks(2)
(a) Bluetooth configuration

(b) Wireless LAN
WirelessNetworks
Wireless networks(2)
(a) Individual mobile computers

(b) A flying LAN
Network
Fundamentals
Network Topology
Presentation_ID © 2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 32
Physical topology of computer networks:
 The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of

cables, computers, and other peripherals.
 The physical topologies used in networks:
•Linear Bus
•Star
•Ring
•Mesh
•Hybrid
Physical
Local Areatopology
Networksof computer networks:
Physical Topologies
Physical topology of computer networks:
Linear Bus topology:
 In linear bus computers are connected to a common line of
information and this common line is called a bus, so it is called a
bus topology. A linear bus topology consists of a main run of
cable with a terminator at each end . All computers are
connected to the linear cable.
A bus topology uses a single backbone cable that is terminated at

both ends.
All the hosts connect directly to this backbone.

Linear Bus topology:
 Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology
 Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
 Requires less cable length than a star topology.
 Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology

 Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
 Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
 Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
 Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

Star topology
 A star topology is designed with each node (file server,
workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central
network hub
 Data on a star network passes through the hub before
continuing to its destination. The hub or concentrator manages
and controls all functions of the network.. This configuration is
common with twisted pair cable; however, it can also be used
with coaxial cable or fiber optic cable.
Star topology
 Advantages of a Star Topology

 Easy to install and wire.
 No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices.
 Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
 Disadvantages of a Star Topology

 Requires more cable length than a linear topology.
 If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
 More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the
concentrators.
A star topology connects all cables to a central point of

concentration.
Ring Topology
 All computers in the network are connected in a closed loop.
 The ring topology is actually a logical ring, meaning that the data
travels in circular fashion from one computer to another on the
network. It is not a physical ring topology.
A ring topology connects one host to the next and the last host to
the first.
This creates a physical ring of cable.
Ring Topology
 Advantages of Ring topology
 Cable faults are easily located, making troubleshooting easier
 Ring networks are moderately easy to install.
 Every computer in the ring gets equal opportunity to send its data, and no
computer can dominate the network.
 Disadvantages of Ring topology

 Expansion to the network can cause network disruption.
 A single break in the cable can disrupt the entire network
 Slow performance of the network, when more computers are added.
 If one computer fails, the entire network goes down.
 Its troubleshooting is difficult, and addition or removal of any computer
can disrupt the entire network.
Mesh topology :
 . In a mesh topology, each computer on network has
redundant data paths to other computers.
 A mesh topology is most often used in large backbone

networks in which failure of a single switch or router can
result in a large portion of the network going down
Mesh topology
Mesh topology :
 Advantages of Mesh topology
 Mesh networks are "self-healing" - if a node goes down the data takes
another path.
 Relatively inexpensive to cover a large area.
 Disadvantages of Mesh topology

 Routing network traffic can be difficult because of all the different possible
paths between nodes.
 No central infrastructure (the network relies on peer-to-peer connections).
A mesh topology is implemented to provide as much

protection as possible from interruption of service.
Each host has its own connections to all other hosts. Although
the Internet has multiple paths to any one location, it does
not adopt the full mesh topology.
Hybrid topology
:
 Hybrid network is the combination of different topologies
such as star, Ring, Mesh, Bus etc. All the networks of
different types (can be connected together through a central
hub (in the form of star network).
Hybrid topology
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Networks

 Primary types of communications networks

Small Home SOHO

Medium/Large World Wide

 A local area network is a communication network that

 To provide access to hardware and software resources that

 Even though employees and their actual computer

 VLAN: Group of devices on one or more LANs that are

 Instead of sending technician to a wiring closet to move a

 In simple words VLAN is a logical partition of a Layer 2

 Each VLAN is a broadcast domain, usually with its own IP

 VLANs are mutually isolated and packets can only pass

 LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by

 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a hybrid between a

A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

 Central Server Architecture

 In wireless network there are no wires between hosts

(a) Bluetooth configuration

(a) Individual mobile computers

 The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of

A bus topology uses a single backbone cable that is terminated at

All the hosts connect directly to this backbone.

 Requires less cable length than a star topology.

 Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology

 Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.

 Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.

 Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

 Advantages of a Star Topology

 Disadvantages of a Star Topology

A star topology connects all cables to a central point of

 Disadvantages of Ring topology

 A mesh topology is most often used in large backbone

 Disadvantages of Mesh topology

A mesh topology is implemented to provide as much

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