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12 views

SQL_1

xcvszx

Uploaded by

chabdulmanan8953
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL

Structural Query Language


SQL
• What is Database?
Database is a collection of interrelated data.
• What is DBMS?
DBMS (Database Management System) is software used to create,
manage, and organize databases.
What is RDBMS?
RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)
-is a DBMS based on the concept of tables (also called relations).
• Data is organized into tables (also known as relations) with rows
(records) and columns (attributes).
• E.g. - MySQL, Oracle etc.
What is SQL?
• SQL is Structured Query Language - used to store, manipulate and
retrieve data from RDBMS. (It is not a database, it is a language used
to interact with database)
We use SQL for CRUD Operations :

● CREATE - To create databases, tables, insert tuples in tables etc


● READ - To read data present in the database.
● UPDATE - Modify already inserted data.
● DELETE - Delete database, table or specific data point/tuple/row or
multiple rows.
SQL keywords are NOT case sensitive.
Eg: select is the same as SELECT in SQL.
SQL v/s MySQL
• SQL is a language used to perform CRUD operations in Relational DB,
while MySQL is a RDBMS that uses SQL
SQL Data Types

In SQL, data types define the kind of data that can be stored in a column or variable.
SQL
• CHAR is for fixed length & VARCHAR is for variable length strings.
Generally,
• VARCHAR is better as it only occupies necessary memory & works
more efficiently.
• We can also use UNSIGNED with datatypes when we only have
positive values to add.
• Eg - UNSIGNED INT
Types of SQL Commands:
DQL (Data Query Language) :
1.Used to retrieve data from databases. (SELECT)
2. DDL (Data Definition Language) : Used to create, alter, and delete database
objects like tables, indexes, etc. (CREATE, DROP, ALTER, RENAME,
TRUNCATE)
3. DML (Data Manipulation Language): Used to modify the database. (INSERT,
UPDATE, DELETE)
4. DCL (Data Control Language): Used to grant & revoke permissions. (GRANT,
REVOKE)
5. TCL (Transaction Control Language): Used to manage transactions. (COMMIT,
ROLLBACK, START TRANSACTIONS, SAVEPOINT)
Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Data Definition Language (DDL) is a subset of SQL (Structured Query
Language) responsible for defining and managing the structure of
databases and their objects.
• DDL commands enable you to create, modify, and delete database
objects like tables, indexes, constraints, and more.
• Key DDL Commands are:
Key DDL Commands are:
• ● CREATE TABLE:
• ○ Used to create a new table in the database.
• ○ Specifies the table name, column names, data types, constraints,
and more.
• ○ Example: CREATE TABLE employees (id INT PRIMARY KEY, name
VARCHAR(50), salary DECIMAL(10, 2));
• ALTER TABLE:
• ○ Used to modify the structure of an existing table.
• ○ You can add, modify, or drop columns, constraints, and more.
• ○ Example: ALTER TABLE employees ADD COLUMN email
VARCHAR(100);
DROP TABLE:
○ Used to delete an existing table along with its data and structure.
○ Example: DROP TABLE employees;

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