AURORA HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH ACADEMY

Deemed-to-be University
(Estd. u/s. 03 of UGC Act 1956)
Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana - 500 098.
www.aurora.edu.in
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Course Name:
Year:
BASIC Corse Code:
F. Y. B. Tech
ELECTRICAL EE101
(AIML/CSE(DS))
ENGINEERING

Dr. Rajashekher Koyyeda

M. Tech ,Ph. D

Associate Professor 1
 Module 06: Single phase Transformer

 Function, Construction, operating principle

 Types, EMF equation, Turns Ratios

 Ideal Transformer, Power losses.

No of Lectures : 03 hrs
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 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Function of Transformer

Electrical power transformer is a static device which transforms

electrical energy from one circuit to another without any direct electrical
connection and with the help of mutual induction between two windings. It
transforms power from one circuit to another without changing its frequency
but may be in different voltage level.

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 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Construction of transformer:

Fig. Basic construction of a transformer

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 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Construction of transformer:
 Basically a transformer consists of two inductive windings and a laminated
steel core. The coils are insulated from each other as well as from the steel
core.
 A transformer may also consist of a container for winding and core
assembly (called as tank), suitable bushings to take our the terminals, oil
conservator to provide oil in the transformer tank for cooling purposes etc.
 In all types of transformers, core is constructed by assembling (stacking)
laminated sheets of steel, with minimum air-gap between them (to achieve
continuous magnetic path).
 The steel used is having high silicon content and sometimes heat treated,
to provide high permeability and low hysteresis loss. Laminated sheets of
steel are used to reduce eddy current loss.
 The sheets are cut in the shape as E,I and L. To avoid high reluctance at
joints, laminations are stacked by alternating the sides of joint.
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 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Working principle of transformer
 The basic principle behind working of a transformer is the phenomenon of
Faraday’s EMI Mutual induction between two windings linked by
common magnetic flux.
 Basically a transformer consists of two inductive coils; primary winding and
secondary winding. The coils are electrically separated but magnetically
linked to each other.
 When, primary winding is connected to a source of alternating voltage,
alternating magnetic flux is produced around the winding. The core
provides magnetic path for the flux, to get linked with the secondary
winding.
 Most of the flux gets linked with the secondary winding which is called as
'useful flux' or main 'flux', and the flux which does not get linked with
secondary winding is called as 'leakage flux’.

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 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 As the flux produced is alternating EMF gets induced in the secondary
winding according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This emf
is called 'mutually induced emf', and the frequency of mutually induced
emf is same as that of supplied emf.
 If the secondary winding is closed circuit, then mutually induced current
flows through it, and hence the electrical energy is transferred from one
circuit (primary) to another circuit (secondary).
 Types of Transformer:
As per Construction:
i. Core type Transformer
ii. Shell type Transformer
As per Voltage and current Ratings:
iii. Step up Transformer
iv. Step down Transformer

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 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Core type Transformer :
 The magnetic core of the transformer
is made up of laminations to form a
rectangular frame.
 The primary and secondary windings
are interleaved to reduce the leakage flux.
 Half of each winding is placed side by side
or concentrically on the leg of the core as shown in the figure below. For
simplicity, the primary and secondary winding is located on the separate
limbs of the core.
 The insulation layer is provided between the core and lower winding and
between the primary and the secondary winding. For reducing the
insulation, the low winding is always placed near to the core. The winding is
cylindrical, and the lamination is inserted later on it.

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 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Shell type Transformer :
 The laminations are cut in the form of a
long strip of E’s, and I’s.
 To reduce the high reluctance at the joints
where the lamination are butted against each
other, the alternate layers are stacked differently
to eliminate continuous joint.
 The shell type transformer has three limbs or legs. The central limb carries
the whole of the flux, and the side limb carries the half of the flux. Hence
the width of the central limb is about to double to that of the outer limbs.
 The primary and secondary both the windings are placed on the central
limbs. The low voltage winding is placed near the core, and the high
voltage winding is placed outside the low voltage winding to reducing the
cost of insulation placed between the core and the low voltage winding.
 The windings are cylindrical, and the core laminations are inserted on it.
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 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Step up and Step down Transformer:
 This type of transformer is categorized on the basis of a number of turns in
the primary and secondary windings and the induced emf.
 Step-up transformer transforms a low voltage, high current AC into a
high voltage, low current AC system In this type of transformer the number
of turns in the secondary winding is greater than the number of turns in the
primary winding. If (V2 > V1) the voltage is raised on the output side and is
known as Step-up transformer.
 Step down transformer converts a high primary voltage associated with
the low current into a low voltage, high current. With this type of
transformer, the number of turns in the primary winding is greater than the
number of turns in the secondary winding. If (V2 < V1) the voltage level is
lowered on the output side and is known as Step down transformer

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 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 EMF Equation of Transformer:
 Let,
N1 = Number of turns in primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding
Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb) = (Bm x A)
f = frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)
As, shown in the fig., the flux rises sinusoidally to its maximum value Φm
from 0. It reaches to the maximum value in one quarter of the cycle i.e in T/4
sec (where, T is time period of the sin wave of the supply = 1/f).
therefore,
average rate of change of flux = Φm /(T/4) = Φm /(1/4f)
Therefore,
average rate of change of flux = 4f Φm ....... (Wb/s).
Now,
Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per turn
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 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 EMF Equation of Transformer:
Therefore, average emf per turn = 4f Φm ..........(Volts).
Now, we know, Form factor = RMS value / average value
Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = Form factor X average emf per turn.
As, the flux Φ varies sinusoidally, form factor of a sine wave is 1.11
Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = 1.11 x 4f Φm = 4.44f Φm
RMS value of induced emf in whole primary winding (E1) = RMS value of emf
per turn X Number of turns in primary winding
E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm ............................. eq 1
Similarly, RMS induced emf in secondary winding (E2) can be given as
E2 = 4.44f N2 Φm. ............................ eq 2
from the above equations 1 and 2,

This is called the emf equation of transformer, which shows, emf / number of
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turns is same for both primary and secondary winding.
 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Voltage Transformation Ratio/ Turns Ratio (K)
E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm ............................. eq 1
E2 = 4.44f N2 Φm. ............................ eq 2

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 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Ideal Transformer:
 Definition: The transformer which is free from all types of losses is known
as an ideal transformer. It is an imaginary transformer that has no core
loss, no ohmic resistance, and no leakage flux.
 The ideal transformer has the following important characteristic.
1. The resistance of their primary and secondary winding becomes zero.
2. The core of the ideal transformer has infinite permeability. The infinite
permeable means less magnetizing current requires for magnetizing their
core.
3. The leakage flux of the transformer becomes zero, i.e. the whole of the flux
induces in the core of the transformer links with their primary and
secondary winding.
4. The ideal transformer has 100 percent efficiency, i.e., the transformer is
free from hysteresis and eddy current loss.

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 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Ideal Transformer:
 The above mention properties are not possible in the practical
transformer. In an ideal transformer, there is no power loss. Therefore, the
output power is equal to the input power.

 Since E2 ∞ N2 and E1 ∞ N1, also E1 is similar to V1 and E2 is similar to V2

 Therefore, the transformation ratio will be given by the equation shown

below

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 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Behavior of Ideal Transformer:
 Consider the ideal transformer shown in the figure below:
 The voltage source V1 is applied
across the primary winding of the
transformer. Their secondary winding
is kept open. The N1 and N2 are the
numbers of turns of their primary and secondary winding.
 The current Im is the magnetizing current flows through the primary
winding of the transformer. The magnetizing current produces the flux φm
in the core of the transformer.
 As the permeability of the core is infinite the flux of the core link with both
the primary and secondary winding of the transformer.
 The flux link with the primary winding induces the emf E1 because of self-
induction. The direction of the induced emf is inversely proportional to the
applied voltage V1. The emf E2 induces in the secondary winding of the
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transformer because of mutual induction.
 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Phasor Diagram of Ideal Transformer:
 The phasor diagram of the ideal transformer is shown in the figure below.
As the coil of the primary transformer is purely inductive the magnetizing
current induces in the transformer lag 90º by the input voltage V1.
 The E1 and E2 are the emf induced in the primary and secondary winding
of the transformer. The direction of the induced emf inversely proportional
to the applied voltage.

Phasor Diagram of an Ideal Transformer 17

 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Power Losses in a Transformer:
 There are various types of losses in the transformer such as iron loss,
copper loss, hysteresis loss, eddy current loss. The hysteresis losses occur
because of the variation of the magnetization in the core of the transformer
and the copper loss occurs because of the transformer winding resistance.
1.Iron Losses/ Core Losses/ No Load Losses
Iron losses are caused by the alternating flux in the core of the transformer
as
this loss occurs in the core it is also known as Core loss. Iron loss is further
divided into hysteresis and eddy current loss.
1.a.Hysteresis Loss
The core of the transformer is subjected to an alternating magnetizing
force,
and for each cycle of emf, a hysteresis loop is traced out. Power is
dissipated
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in the form of heat known as hysteresis loss and given by the equation
 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Power Losses in a Transformer:

 Where
 KȠ is a proportionality constant which depends upon the volume and
quality of the material of the core used in the transformer,
 f is the supply frequency,
 Bmax is the maximum or peak value of the flux density.
 The iron or core losses can be minimized by using silicon steel material for
the construction of the core of the transformer.
1.b.Eddy Current Loss:
When the flux links with a closed circuit, an emf is induced in the circuit and

the current flows, the value of the current depends upon the amount of emf
around the circuit and the resistance of the circuit.
 Since the core is made of conducting material, these EMFs circulate
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currents within the body of the material. These circulating currents are
 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Power Losses in a Transformer:
 They will occur when the conductor experiences a changing magnetic field.
As these currents are not responsible for doing any useful work, and it
produces a loss (I2R loss) in the magnetic material known as an Eddy
Current Loss.
 The eddy current loss is minimized by making the core with thin
laminations.
 The equation of the eddy current loss is given as:

• Where,
• Ke – coefficient of eddy current. Its value depends upon the nature of
magnetic material like volume and resistivity of core material, the thickness
of laminations
• Bm – maximum value of flux density in wb/m2
• T – thickness of lamination in meters 20
 Module 06: Single phase Transformer
 Power Losses in a Transformer:
2.Copper Loss Or Ohmic Loss
 These losses occur due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings. If
I1 and I2 are the primary and the secondary current. R1 and R2 are the
resistance of primary and secondary winding then the copper losses
occurring in the primary and secondary winding will be I12R1 and I22R2
respectively.
 Therefore, the total copper losses will be
 These losses varied according to the load and known hence it is also known
as variable losses. Copper losses vary as the square of the load current.

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Thank
You 22