WHAT IS LOGIC?

Module 2
Nominal Definition by Etymology

Logic – Greek word logos which means

- thought
- study
- science
- a word
Real Definition

Logic
- is an art and science of basic principle of correct thinking.
- It is a science of basic principle of principles, laws, pedadogical
method which man’s mind must follow in its way of thinking for its
validity and licitly(lawfully) attainment of truth.
Basic Principles of the Definition of Logic

1. Science because it is a body of organized pedagogical method of

true knowledge toward the rectitude(rightness)of reasoning.
2. An art because the validity / licitly argument is done wonderfully.
3. Fundamental principle because it involves the metaphysical
foundation of cause and effect, principle of identity and principle
non-contradiction.
4. Of correct thinking because it denotes ownership toward the
conformity to the rules of rectitude as conclusion.
Is child born logician?
• Yes, because Logic deals with the mental process of thinking.
• Daydreaming and imagining are most likely not considered as logic
because they do not say something in the process of thinking but
rather memorizing or a simple recall because it involves the
capability of thinking.
• It is justifiable that the child born logician. It inquires the truth that
becomes the nucleus of knowledge.
• Correct thinking is the process of drawing out conclusions from the
previously known data to arrive in rectitude.
• Any reasoning that does not conform to reality may not always be
true because it does not investigate the truth as the certainty but
rather it may focus on the right and correct certitude of thinking.
Examples:
All Medical Technologies are students.
But Jerome is a Medical Technologies. Valid and licit
Therefore, Jerome is a student.

All monkeys are rational.

But, Dogs are animals. Valid and illicit
Therefore, Dogs are rational

All girls are sweet.

But, Angela is sweet. Invalid and licit
Therefore, Angela is a girl.

Men are handsome.

But, Angela is handsome. Invalid and illicit
Therefore, Angela is a man.
The formal Object of Logic

• Reasoning is the conformity to reality. Therefore, it involves always

the validity and licitly arguments.
• It leads the students of searching the truth from the known towards
the unknown and from the easiest datum towards the most difficult
datum.
• An argument is genuine when it is both valid and licit.
Examples:
Some leaves are green.
But, grass is a leaf. Valid and licit
Therefore, grass is green.

Some lawyers are honest.

But, Angelu is a lwayer. Valid and licit
Therefore, Angelu is honest.
Importance of Logic
• According to Benito Reyes (1947), a pragmatist, there are 10
important in application of capability of valid and licit thinking.

1. It develops the habit of clear thinking. It teaches us how to think, either

we read or hear correctly and logically. It is only when we think that we
commit mistakes and very seldom to think if it is correct.
2. It is a guide in the process of drawing out conclusions. We have a lot of
experienced things to be considered and often wrong decisions as well.
The process of thinking ill instruct us to understand deeply.
3. It emphasizes the importance of definition. It tells us the real and nominal
definition that conforms to reality. It denotes clarity and precision in the use
of terms which is one of the most required principles of the process of
thinking.

4. It helps us interpret the facts adequately. Genuine and accurate facts

interpretation is very important when it comes to the conformity of truth. It
trains us analyzing, classifying and defining facts.

5. It cultivates the habit of looking for the assumptions presupposed in

reasoning. Some people are often confused by delicate and unnoticeable
arguments because of incorrect reasoning that puts us on guard against
mistake.
6. It trains us in the technique of determining implications. It provides training
in order to develop the ability to comprehend implications and protect us with
technique in determining assumptions.

7. It helps us detect fallacies and avoid self-deceptions. It gives us an

auxiliary to illogical reasoning. Every person has a gift of common sense, but
common sense must be developed in order to make a progress as an
instrument of philosophical reason.

8. It helps us persuade or convince others. No man is an island. Loving

oneself is to acknowledge and share life with others. It trains us in various
methods having a good and right decision in thinking of others.
9. It stimulates scientific thinking and love of truth. An order person requires
a clear reasoning. Logic is important equipment in order to comprehend
sciences. The primary goal of logic is truth in order to simplify the truth
statement. It seeks an argument of a perfect quality which asserts itself.

10. It familiarizes us with terminology and problems in Philosophy. This is

the question of why, how and what is in reality. The assertive curiosity gives
us interpersonal relationship between things and themselves. All of us think
because it is the right way to Philosophy.
Types of Logic
1. Form and Concept

a. Formal logic
it is the structure, correctness, sequence that follows the rules.
it looks with the given standards.
it is therefore that an argument must be good and not only in form but
in content as well.
Example:
John Louie is a student.
b. Material Logic
- It is the subject matter, the content and the truth
- it is the conformity of the reality.
Example
John Deewee is a man.
2. Process of Thinking
a. Deductive logic
- it is one in which the arguments flow logically and correctly into the
conclusion. It is also called as Formal Deductive Logic.
- it is therefore, from general to specific or particular.

Example
All Filipinos are Asians (General)
But, John Deewee is a Filipino. (Particular)
Therefore, John Deewee is an Asian (Particular)
b. Inductive Logic
- it is one in which the statement flows logically from particular to
general or universal.
- it implies the sense of probability and closely related to the scientific
method of inquiry which flows from specific to universal.

Example
This man talks.
This Grandfather…
This wife..
This son or daughter…
Therefore, all given subjects talk.
3 Main Divisions of Logic

1. SIMPLE APPREHENSION – it denotes an act that cannot be resolved to

another form and Apprehension denotes an act of conceiving an object.
Therefore, simple apprehension is the process through which the
capability of thinking comprehends the objective reality as it is outside the
mind.
Example of terms: man; mortal; John Deewee
2. JUDGMENT – comes from the latin word “iudicare” which means to
pronounce regarding the agreement or disagreement between two
concepts is made.
Therefore, Judgment is the process through which an argument may
assert or deny something. It is therefor ethe process of knowing whether it
is assertive or denial, not assertive and denial. The expression of judgment
is also called as proposition and not preposition.

Example of proposition: John Deewee is a student.

3. REASONING – is the process through which the mind or the capability
of thinking arrives at the conclusion from the previously possessed
judgment.
it tells us how to form a new proposition from the premises
and it is also called as INFERENCE, otherwise known as the process to
arrive in a certain conclusion.
this inference is usually expressed through Syllogism.

Example of an inference:
Joseph is with Mary.
But, Peter is with Joseph.
Therefore, Peter is with Mary.
Mental Act Mental Product External Expressions

1. Simple Apprehension Idea/Concept Term

2. Judgment Pronouncement of two ideas Proposition

3. Reasoning Argument-Inferential Thinking Syllogism

The pronouncement of two ideas is the affirmation or negation of the proposition

given. The judgmental property of proposition is true or false. The property of
syllogism is validity and licitly.
Nature of Language
Basic Functions of Language
According to Irving Copi (1968), there are three basic functions
of language that based on the integral parts of man namely:
Head-Informative
Heart-Affective
Hand- Directive
1. Informative
• This is most common function of language wherein we inform or
asking information about the things we know and ask about the
things that we don’t know yet.
Example:
I am John Deewee
• What you used is an informative discourse.
• The proposition and argument are either assertive or denial;
positive or negative.
2. Expressive
• it illustrates emotions and attitudes where being expressed
wonderfully.
• can be found in poetry.
• it also illustrates common exclamations – Oh my God!
• it expresses different moods and mere expressions of feelings and
emotions.
• These argument don’t deny or affirm something.
3. Directive
• It is most easily seen in command or requests.
• It is that which prevents an action to be done.

example – kindly come early.