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Inroduction-to-Logic

The document provides an introduction to logic, defining it as the science of correct reasoning and outlining its basic principles, including its nature as both a science and an art. It discusses the importance of logic in developing critical thinking skills, guiding conclusions, and avoiding fallacies, while also categorizing types of logic and their applications. Additionally, it emphasizes the role of logic in communication and decision-making, encouraging readers to engage with the material through reflective questions and activities.

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lorenangeliel
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2 views

Inroduction-to-Logic

The document provides an introduction to logic, defining it as the science of correct reasoning and outlining its basic principles, including its nature as both a science and an art. It discusses the importance of logic in developing critical thinking skills, guiding conclusions, and avoiding fallacies, while also categorizing types of logic and their applications. Additionally, it emphasizes the role of logic in communication and decision-making, encouraging readers to engage with the material through reflective questions and activities.

Uploaded by

lorenangeliel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introducti

on to
Logic
Basic Principle of
thinking
What is Logic?

Is the science
LOGIC
or study of
correct
reasoning
Real Definition
It is a science of basic principles, laws,
pedagogical method which man’s mind
must follow in its way of thinking for its
validity and licitly attainment of truth.
Basic principles of the definition of
logic
1. Science because it is a body of organized pedagogic
of true knowledge toward with the rectitude of
reasoning.
2. An Art because the validity/ licitly argument is done
wonderfully.
3. Fundamental principle because it involves the
metaphysical foundation of cause and effect, principle
of identity and principle of non-contradiction.
4. Of correct thinking because it denotes ownership
toward the conformity to the rules of rectitude as
conclusion.
(Greek)
LOGOS

WOR REASO
D DISCOUR N
SE
LOGOS as Reason could mean
two things:
1. HUMAN
REASON
“STUDY”, that is, the rationality of
the human mind.
Example:
Define “PSYCHOLOGY”
Psyche= mind
Logos= Study
The study of the
mind
LOGOS as Reason could mean
two things:
2. UNIVERSAL
INTELLEGENCE/
RATIONAL DIVINE
INTELLEGENCE
“Light giving
principle”
Which enables human persons to
understand the nature, dynamics and
the mysteries of the universe.
Is a
child
born
logician
?
Yes.
Because Logic deals with the mental process
of thinking. Furthermore, daydreaming and
imagining are most likely not considered as
logic because they do not say something in
the process of thinking but rather
memorizing or a simple recall because it
involves the capability of thinking. Therefore,
it is justifiable that the child born logician.
Correct thinking is the process of drawing out conclusions
from the previously known data to arrive in rectitude.
However, any reasoning that does not conform to reality
may not always be true because it does not investigate
the truth as the certainty but rather it may focus on the
right and correct certitude of thinking.
Examples:

All Medical Technologies are students.


But Jerome is a Medical Technologies.
Therefore, Jerome is a student…………………………. Valid
and licit
All monkeys are rational.
But Dogs are animals.
Therefore, Dogs are rational…………………Valid and illicit

All girls are sweet


But Angela is sweet.
Therefore, Angela is a girl. ……………….Invalid and licit

Men are handsome.


But Angela is handsome.
Therefore, Angela is a man……………….invalid and illicit
P1- If it rains P1- All men are
today, then the mortal.
road is wet P2- Socrates is a
P2- It rains today. man.
C- Therefore, the C- Therefore,
road is wet…… Socrates is
valid and licit mortal……….. valid
P1- The professor will beand licit if and only he
absent
is sick.
P2- The professor is sick.
C- Therefore, he will be absent today……….
valid and licit
The Formal object of Logic
• Reasoning is the conformity to reality.
• It involves always the validity and licitly
arguments.
• Leads to searching the truth from the known
towards the unknown and the easiest
datums towards the most difficult datum.
• Thus, an argument is genuine when it is
both valid and licit.
Examples:
Some leaves are green.
But grass is a leaf.
Therefore, grass is green…………………..Valid and licit

Some lawyers are honest.


But Angelu is a lawyer.
Therefore, Angelu is honest. ………………Valid and licit as
well
Importance of
Logic
Benito Reyes (1947), a
pragmatist there are ten
importance in application of
capability of valid and licit
thinking.
1.It develop the habit of
thinking.
2. A guide in the
process of
drawing out
conclusion.
3. Emphasizes
the importance
of definition.
4. Helps
interpret
the facts
adequately
.
5. Cultivates
the habit of
looking for the
assumptions
presupposed
in reasoning.
6. Trains us in
technique of
determining
implications.
7. Helps
detect
fallacies and
avoid self-
deceptions.
8. Helps us
persuade
or convince
others.
9.
Stimulates
scientific
thinking and
love of truth.
10.
Familiarize us
in
terminology
and problems
in Philosophy.
Types of Logic
1. Based on FORM AND CONCEPT
1.1 Formal Logic
• Structure, correctness and sequence that
follows the rules.
• It looks with the given standard.
• Argument must be good not only in form
but in content as well.
Example: John Louie is a student.

Our concerned is how it is structured or built to


create a sound reasoning.

John Louie is the complete subject


Is- is the main verb in the third person singular of
the infinitive form of the verb to be
a, is the indefinite article
Student, is the complete or simple predicate in
the sentence.
1.2 Material Logic
Material logic is the subject matter, the content and
the truth. It is the conformity of the reality.
Example: John Deewee is a man.

• Is John Deewee is a man? If that is so, therefore our


argument is true. The correct reasoning is formally
valid unless one or many of the rules are violated.
• A good and sound reasoning then is one that is
formally valid and licit and at the same time,
materially valid and licit as well.
2. Based on PROCESS AND THINKING
2.1Deductive Logic (Formal Deductive Logic)
• Arguments flow logically into the conclusion.
• From general to specific.
Examples:

All Filipinos are Asians………..(General)


But John Deewee is a Filipino…………(Particular)
Therefore, John Deewee is an Asian………..
(Particular)
2.2 Inductive Logic
• The statements flow logically from particular to
general or universal.
• There is a sense of probability and closely related to
the scientific method of inquiry from specific to
universal.

Example:
This man talks….This grandfather….this wife…This son
or Daughter……Therefore, all given subjects talk.
Three main Division of Logic
• Even if we sleep, our process of thinking
always awakes and it never rests.
• According to St. Thomas Aquinas in Summa
Theologiae, it is one of the most complex
realities in existence. In order to comprehend
their nature, it introduces the three divisions
of Logic namely: SIMPLE APPREHENSION,
JUDGMENT AND REASONING.
SIMPLE APPREHENSION
• An act of conceiving an object.
• The process through which the capability of
thinking comprehend the objective reality
outside the mind.
• When one holds the idea, it is therefore
formed through the use of term.
Exampe: man; mortal; John Deewee
JUDGMENT
• From the Latin word, “Iudicare” meaning to pronounce
regarding the agreement or disagreement between
two concepts.
• The process to assert or deny something.

Example: John Deewee is a student.


In this given example of the proposition, it contains
the simple subject, simple predicate and is, the verb in
the person singular of the infinitive verb to be.
REASONING
• The process through which the mind or the capability of
thinking arrives at the conclusion from the previously
possessed judgment.
• To form a new proposition from the premises and it is called
as INFERENCE (the process to arrive in a certain conclusion).
• This inference is expressed through syllogism.
Example of inference:
Joseph is with Mary
But Peter is with Joseph
Therefore, Peter is with Mary
Methodological Parallelism
Philosophy: Psychology: Theology:
1. Simple 1. Knowledge
Apprehension 1. Prophetic
2. Attitude 2. Priestly
2. Judgment
3. Skill 3. Kingly
3. Reasoning
Methodological Parallelism
EDUCATION: Oriental Language:
1. Cognitive Philosophy:
1. Informative
2. Affective 1. Mind
2. Expressive
3. Psychomotor 2. Soul
3. Directive
3. Body
Methodological Parallelism
Filipino Christian
Living:
1. Head
2. Heart
3. Hand
Informative
Cognitive
Simple Apprehension
Head

Expressive Affective
Judgment Heart

Psychomotor
Directive Hand
Reasoning
MENTAL ACT MENTAL PRODUCT EXTERNAL
EXPRESSIONS
1. SIMPLE Idea/ Concept Term
APPREHENSION
2. JUDGMENT Pronouncement of Proposition
two ideas
3. REASONING Argument- Inferential Syllogism
Thinking
Question:
How do the principles of logic (science, art,
and basic rules) help us use language to
share information, express feelings, and give
instructions? Give examples from daily life
to show how logical thinking can make
communication clearer and better decisions.
Activity
Directions: Answer each question into two to
three sentences only but substantial.
1. Why is Logic a Science? An Art?
2. Are your born Logician? Support your answer
whether is is affirmative or negative.
3. Why is the study of logic important.

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