Y S U D T

G I I I SNC ANC E F
E S O P C
D T I ON E I M I L T A
D T E F I I O N N I
S E R M T
E L I T E R T U R A
R C H P T E A
 How many
chapters do
we have in
preparing a
research
paper?
 CHAPTER I
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
DEFINITION OF TERMS
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

• THE FIRST SECTION OF THE PAPER AND ESTABLISHES THE CONTEXT

UNDERLYING THE RESEARCH
• CONTAINS RATIONALE
• KEY PROBLEM STATEMENT
• BRIEF OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

• THE OPPORTUNITY TO EXPLAIN WHY YOU CARE AND WHAT YOU

PROPOSE TO DO IN THE WAY OF RESEARCHING THE PROBLEM.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

• THE CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

ON THE RESEARCH FIELD
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF
THE STUDY
• THE SECTIONS WHERE YOU DEFINE THE BROADER
PARAMETERS AND BOUNDARIES OF YOUR RESEARCH
DEFINITION OF TERMS

• OPERATIONAL
• CONCEPTUAL
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Detailed review of existing literature
related to the topic of a thesis or
dissertation
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY
Is a review of all the studies around
a particular research problem
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH DESIGN
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
INSTRUMENTATION
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Background of the Study
This part of the research
includes all information which
would focus attention on the
importance and validity of the
problem.
Providing background
information in the Introduction of a
research paper serves as a bridge
Background of the Study
This part of the study
will provide context
information discussed
throughout the
research process.
When writing a research
background . . . .

• Provide a general background of the study.

• Discuss an analysis of the situation from general to
specific (macro to micro)
• State the motivation of the study or why the study is
being undertaken
• Point out issues that are addressed in the present
study.
• The introduction reflects why the paper is worth
reading.
When writing a research
background . . . .
• Provide evidences or sources of the
information or concepts for the present study.
• Acknowledge the source or author of an idea.
• Giving credit to others does not diminish the
credit you get.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
and
PARADIGM OF THE STUDY
Illustrates what the researcher expects to find
out in the research study. It defines the important
variables in the study and shows how they relate
to each other.
The conceptual framework is represented
using a paradigm. It shows what the study is all
about. The paradigm of the study is a structural
pattern or model which illustrates the input,
process and output (IPO) of the research work.
 CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
This is an analytical tool
with several variations and
contexts.

Maria Magher - “a bit like a

recipe or a blueprint”
CONDUCT A How to make a
LITERATURE Conceptual Framewor
REVIEW
CREATE A FLOW
CHART
WRITE A
NARRATIVE
RETURN AND
REVISE
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Input
Consists of the item
statements that are derived from
the variables and problems. In
descriptive research. It usually
includes the profile of the
respondents.
Process
Refers to the statistical tools used
in the study. It comprises how the data
is gathered, evaluated, analyzed, and
interpreted by using either the
inferential statistics or descriptive
statistics, whichever is applicable.
Output
Presents the goals or the
expected results to be achieved in
the study. It may be presented in
terms of interventions to be
undertaken to serve as solutions to
the problems mentioned.
Paradigm of the Study
 Administer
 pre-test
examinatio
 Difference
n
• Test scores of the  Use the between the Test
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Students before days 12 TVL Students
the use of Open  Administer in Earth and Life
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• Test scores of the n of OER.
Grade 12 TVL  Test for the  Effectiveness of
Students after the difference the OER
use of OER between
the pre-test

INPUT and post-

test scores OUTPUT
PROCESS
Statement of the Problem
After the researcher has clearly
presented the background of the study, the
formulation of the targeted and well-defined
problem must follow. This well-defined
problem is commonly pertained to the
“Statement of the Problem.” Stating clearly
the problem can make the vagueness of the
study be clarified. Further, this section
allows the researcher to present other
essential elements of research undertaking
such as the major variables, objectives, and
Statement of the Problem
Come up/think of a problem
of topic you are interested of
and pose initial research
questions
In writing the statement of the
problem…
In formulating the problem statement in a
research paper, there are two types of problems which
should be considered. These are the general problem
and the specific problems.

GENERAL PROBLEM pertains to the opening

paragraph that gives specific details on other
essential elements which are the purpose, major
variables, participants, setting, and time coverage of
the study. The said elements serve as a guide in order
to properly formulate the general problem.
 GENERAL PROBLEM
This pertains to the opening
paragraph that gives specific
details on other essential elements
which are the purpose, major
variables, participants, setting, and
time coverage of the study. The
said elements serve as a guide in
order to properly formulate the
 Elements serve as a guide in order to properly
formulate the general problem.

1.The general problem should

clearly state the main task/s of
the researcher.
2.The general problem should
identify the participants of the
study.
3.The general problem should state
the research setting as well as the
An example of a general
problem
This study aims to determine the
functions of emojis in an online
communication. The study was conducted
among the different strands of grade 11
students in the senior high school
department of Tayug National High School
during the school year 2019-2020. The
result of the study was used as a basis for
proposing a learning content presentation
strategy in language teaching.
 Details
To determine….. MAIN TASK
Functions, emojis, online
MAJOR VARIABLES
communication
Grade 11 students PARTICIPANTS

Tayug National High School SETTING

School Year 2019-2020 TIME PERIOD

Learning content presentation INTENDED OUTPUT

 Specific Problems
After formulating the general problem
of a study, enumeration of its specific
problems should follow. Unlike the general
problem which is stated in a declarative
form, the specific problems are stated as
questions. These formulated questions,
moreover, should all be anchored on the
general problem. With this, the researcher
will be guided on how he/she will seek an
answer to the problem
Specific Problems

In addition, the researcher must also

know that a specific question to be
formulated must be a researchable
question, that is, it should begin with words
such as “what” and “how.” In this case, the
researcher may be able to solicit responses
which can ensure detailed data necessary
to the study. Non-researchable questions,
as in, those which are answerable by “yes”
or “no” should be avoided.
 Non-Researchable
Questions:
• Do the participants use social media
platforms for their communication
purposes?
• Are the participants using emojis in their
online communication?
• Can the participants understand the
meaning of emojis used in conversations?
• Will the emojis be used for a language
content learning presentation strategy?
 Researchable Questions:

• What are the most frequently used

emojis by the participants?
• What are the pragmatic functions of
emojis?
• How do multiple emojis affect the
meaning of the discourse?
• What learning content presentation
strategy can be proposed based on the
results of the study?
Research Hypothesis
It is a specific statement
of prediction. It describes in
concrete (rather than
theoretical) terms what you
expect will happen in
your study.
 Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis is an assumption or an idea
proposed for the sake of argument so that it
can be tested. It is a precise, testable
statement of what the researchers predict
will be outcome of the study. Hypothesis
usually involves proposing a relationship
between two variables: the independent
variable (what the researchers change) and
the dependent variable (what the research
measures).
 2 Types of Hypothesis
1.) Null Hypothesis
States a negative statement to support
the researcher’s findings that there is no
relationship between two variables. There will
be no changes in the dependent variable due
the manipulation of the independent variable.
Furthermore, it states results are due to
chance and are not significant in terms of
supporting the idea being investigated.
2.) Alternative hypothesis
It states that there is a relationship between
the two variables of the study and that the
results are significant to the research topic. An
experimental hypothesis predicts what changes
will take place in the dependent variable when
the independent variable is manipulated. Also, it
states that the results are not due to chance and
that they are significant in terms of supporting
the theory being investigated.
Hypothesis usually involves proposing a
relationship between two variables:
the independent variable (what
the researchers change) and the

dependent variable (what the

research measures).
 2 Types of
Variables
Dependent Variables(effect)measured
As the name suggests are dependent on other
factors of the study. They are influenced by the change
in independent variable.

Independent
Variables(cause)manipulated
Are the ones that are manipulated, controlled, or
changed. Independent variables are isolated from other
factors of the study.
 PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT ON
THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
OF
GRADE 12 STUDENTS
 Significance of the Study
Cristobal and Cristobal (2017) states that
research is a very noble undertaking if it makes
significant contributions to the community and
to the academic field or discipline where the
researcher is affiliated with. This is basically the
reason why the researcher needs to determine
the relevance of their study. It should apparently
identify the purpose that the research will serve
and how it will contribute to the society, the
country, the government, the institution or
agency concerned, and the research community.
 Significance of the Study

After identifying the general significance of the

study, the researcher also has to determine the
beneficiaries who will directly gain from the
results of the study. They may be classified as
academic or non-academic.
Academic beneficiaries may include educational
staff, teachers, students and researchers, while
non-academic beneficiaries may include
stakeholders, policymakers, agencies and
organizations. They should be specifically listed
according to the significance of the study’s results to
Scope and Delimitation OF THE
STUDY
When we talk about the scope
of research, it commonly refers to
the depth your research area or
parameters. This includes
restriction of the target
population, research local,
specified duration, design,
 Scope and Delimitation

1.Population –According to Majid (2018), this

stands for the entire pool from which the sample is
drawn.
2.
Consider these examples:
a. Schools operating in Bataan (Private and Public)
b. Senior High School Students of a School
c. Grade 10 Students in a School Division
d. Tricycle Drivers operating in a Barangay
e. All Working Students in a grade level
 Scope and Delimitation

2. Research Locale – It refers to the particular

location where the study is conducted.

Consider these examples:

Tayug National High School - Schools Division of
Pangasinan
Dinalupihan Region III – Central Luzon
Pampanga Balanga City
Limay Senior High School University of the Assumption
Barangay St. Francis II Bataan Peninsula State University
 Scope and Delimitation

3. Specific Duration. This stands for the

exclusive time frame when the research is
conducted.

Consider these examples:

May 20 to 22 2020
School Year 2020 to 2021
From 2015 to 2020
From January 2020 to May 2022
 Scope and Delimitation

4. Research Method – This refers to

the systematic plan for conducting
research which includes strategies,
process, techniques, and procedures
for collecting and analyzing data
(MacDonald and Headlam 2008).
 Scope and Delimitation

5. Protocols Followed. This refers to the standard procedure, system, or

rules that you follow in gathering data. It can be the permission in the conduct
of the study, communication letter to the respondents, or agreement on the
conduct of interview.
6. Data Gathering Procedure. This refers to the step-by-step procedures
that you employ before and during the data gathering.
7. Instrument. These are measurement devices that you use in your
research. It can be in a form of test, survey, questionnaire, and the like.
However, in qualitative research, you as the researcher is the instrument, and
your interview guide serve as a tool in gathering the data (Bahrami,
Soleimani, Yaghoobzadeh, & Ranjbar, 2016).
8. Data Analysis. These are the systematical processes you employ to
describe or interpret your data. It can be thematic network analysis,
dendogramming, structural analysis, text analysis, and Collaizi procedure.
 Definition of Terms
Important part of a research
paper where the important terms
in the study are clearly defined.

Also known as GLOSSARY OF RESEARCH TERMS. It is

intended to assist you in understanding commonly used
terms and concepts when reading, interpreting, and
evaluating scholarly research.
Definition of Terms
2 Types of Definition of Terms
Operational
Meaning of a term as used in a particular study. Unlike
conceptual definition it is stated in concrete definition, it is
stated in term in that it allows measurement.

Conceptual
Universal meaning that is attributed to a word or group of
words and which is understood by many people. The usual
source of conceptual definition is a dictionary which is the
book of everyday language.