The document outlines a course on Basic Cytology and Genetics, covering topics such as Mendel's laws, genetic information flow, and the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. It introduces key concepts in biology, including cell theory, the hierarchical organization of living things, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The objective is to provide students with a foundational understanding of genetic principles and the cytological basis of heredity.
The document outlines a course on Basic Cytology and Genetics, covering topics such as Mendel's laws, genetic information flow, and the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. It introduces key concepts in biology, including cell theory, the hierarchical organization of living things, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The objective is to provide students with a foundational understanding of genetic principles and the cytological basis of heredity.
The document outlines a course on Basic Cytology and Genetics, covering topics such as Mendel's laws, genetic information flow, and the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. It introduces key concepts in biology, including cell theory, the hierarchical organization of living things, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The objective is to provide students with a foundational understanding of genetic principles and the cytological basis of heredity.
The document outlines a course on Basic Cytology and Genetics, covering topics such as Mendel's laws, genetic information flow, and the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. It introduces key concepts in biology, including cell theory, the hierarchical organization of living things, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The objective is to provide students with a foundational understanding of genetic principles and the cytological basis of heredity.
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BASIC
CYTOLOGY & GENETICS
Raphael Lartey Abban (Sir Ralph) BIOL 103 Course Content
Topic 1: Basis of cytology and genetics
Topic 2: Mendel and Mendel’s laws Topic 3: Interaction genetics of sex and sex determination Topic 4: Cytogenetics and chromosomal mutations Topic 5: Molecular basis of heredity Topic 6: Genetic information flow, Genetic code, DNA replication Topic 7: Recombinant DNA Technology, GMOs and GMO foods Objective • To introduce to the students the various principles of genetics with a focus on the cytological basis. Basis of Cytology and Genetics • Cell is the basic unit of life.
• What does the definition “basic unit of life” mean?
• What defines life? Life Process:
• Gene is the basic unit of heredity.
• What does the definition “ basic unit of heredity” mean?
• What is the meaning of heredity?
• Passing on traits from parents to offsprings either by asexual or sexual reproduction. Hierarchical organization of living things • Life is highly organized – from small and simple to large and complex, within cells, within multicellular organisms, and among organisms.
• Atom- Molecules- Cell - Tissues- Organs- Organ Systems -
Organism Hierarchical organization of living things DEFINITIONS OF TERMINOLOGIES • Atoms: The basic building blocks of molecules. • Molecules: A collection of atoms that bond together. Molecules are the building blocks of cells. • Cells: The basic unit of life. Cells are grouped together to form tissues. • Tissues: A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. For example, bone tissue is a connective tissue that gives shape and structure to organs. • Organs: A group of similar tissues that work together to perform a specific physiological function. Examples of organs include the brain, liver, and heart. • Organ systems: A group of two or more organs that work together to perform a specific physiological function. • Organism: any living entity capable carrying life processes. Basis of Cytology and Genetics CELL THEORY
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1600s):
1. (1600s): observed single-celled
organisms and sperm- coined term “animacules”.
2. (1700s): discovered bacteria
and prototista CELL THEORY
Robert Hooke coined the term “cell” cork cells
(1665): observed box-like structures in cork cells. CELL THEORY:
• Through advancement of technology and science: Three Scientist
(Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow) came up with the cell theory: CELL THEORY:
1.The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function
in living things.
2.All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
3.All new cells arise from preexisting cells.
• LIVINGTHINGS ARE GROUPED BASED: NUMBER OF CELLS: • Unicellular Organisms: Single celled organisms, they carry out all their life processes within a cell, mostly microscopic in nature (e.g: Amoeba, Euglena, Protozoa).
• Multicellular organisms: many celled organisms, complex, carry
out life processes in different cells and are visible to the naked eye (e.g: Animals, higher Plants, Fungi). CYTOLOGY
• LIVINGTHINGS ARE CLASSIFIED BASED:
MODE OF NUTRITION:
• Autotrophs: Make their own food (e.g: Plants).
• Heterotrophs: Depends on their sources for their food (e.g:
Animals). CYTOLOGY
• LIVINGTHINGS ARE CLASSIFIED BASED:
CELL TYPE: • Prokaryotes: Simple organisms without a nucleus (e.g: Bacteria, Archaea).
• Eukaryotes: Complex organisms with a nucleus and organelles
(e.g: Animals, higher Plants, Fungi). The diversity of life: the nature of cell organisms
Viruses Bacteria
Similarities? Differences?
Plant Animal DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Unicellular Multicellular No membrane bound organelles Have membrane bound organelles (that help in organization and compartmentalization of functions within the cell.
DNA is stored in double-stranded one primary circular chromosome
chromosomes and plasmids ribosomes are 80S prokaryotic cells they are 70S Bacteria, Archaea Plant, Animal, Fungi Cell membranes are assembled from four components: 1. Lipid bilayer: Composed of Phospholipids bilayer. Provides a flexible matrix and restricts movement of substances and information to cross the membrane. 2. Transmembrane proteins: Collection of proteins that provide passageways that allow substances and information to cross the membrane. Eg: G-coupled Proteins 3. Network of supporting fibers: Intracellular proteins that reinforce the shape of the membrane. Eg: spectrin reinforces the shape of RBCs 4. Exterior proteins and glycolipids: These are assempled in the ER, transferred to the Golgi body, and then transported to the plasma membrane. Sugars are added to them to form either a glycoprotein or glycolipids. These serve as cell identity markers. The fluid mosaic model of the Plasma membrane The fluid mosaic model of the Plasma membrane • The basic foundation of biological membranes is a lipid bilayer, which forms spontaneously. In such a layer, the nonpolar hydrophobic tails of phospholipid molecules point inward, forming a nonpolar barrier to water soluble molecules. The lipid bilayer is liquid like a soap bubble, rather than solid like a rubber balloon.
• The fluid mosaic model proposes that membrane proteins are
embedded within the lipid bilayer. Membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer within which proteins are anchored. Plasma membranes are supported by a network of fibers and coated on the exterior with cell identity markers. CYTOPLASM OF EUKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL: STRUCUTRE AND FUNCTION STRUCUTRE DESCRIPTION FUNCTION Cell Wall Outer layer of cellulose or chitin; or absent Protection; support
Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments Structural support, cell
movement Flagella (cilia) Cellular extensions with 9 +2 arrangement Motility or moving fluids over of pairs of microtubules surfaces
Plasma membrane Lipid bilayer with embedded proteins Regulates what passes into and out of cell; cell-to-cell recognition Endoplasmic Network of internal membranes Forms compartments and reticulum vesicles; participates in protein and lipid synthesis Nucleus Structure (usually spherical) surrounded by Control center of cell; directs double membrane that contains protein synthesis and cell chromosomes reproduction EUKARYOTIC CELL: STRUCUTRE AND FUNCTION STRUCUTRE DESCRIPTION FUNCTION Golgi apparatus Stacks of flattened vesicles Packages proteins for export from cell; forms secretory vesicles. Lysosomes Vesicles derived from Golgi apparatus that Digest worn-out organelles and contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes cell debris; play role in cell death Mitochondria Bacteria-like elements with double “Powerhouse” of the Cell. Site membrane for oxidative metabolism. Chloroplasts Bacteria-like elements with membranes Sites of photosynthesis containing chlorophyll, a photosynthetic pigment Chromosomes Long threads of DNA that form a complex Contain hereditary information with protein
Nucleolus Site of genes for rRNA synthesis Assembles ribosomes
Ribosomes Small, complex assemblies of protein and Sites of protein synthesis
RNA, often bound to endoplasmic reticulum DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMAL CELL Plants Animals
