There is a disturbance in the

space around a magnet called a

magnetic field.
 Magnetic Fields
 Objects can exert forces on each other through a field
even though the objects are not in contact
or
 Magnetic fields are regions around magnets or
electric currents where magnetic forces are exerted on
other objects containing magnetic materials. They're
represented by lines of force that indicate the
direction and strength of the magnetic field.
Magnetic Fields
Conduct an investigation to
gather evidence that a field exists
surrounding a magnet and then
create a model that describes a
magnet’s magnetic field.

Verify that your lines are correct by quickly moving

the compass or probe all around the magnet again.
A model of a magnet’s magnetic field
 William Gilbert
Conducted investigations on magnetism from about 1581 to 1600

Published results in “De Magnete” in 1600

Magnetic Earth

• Gilbert observed that when a

small compass needle was
moved about the surface of a
spherical magnet, it faithfully
reproduced the behavior of a
compass needle on Earth’s
surface.
• Gilbert's experiments
convinced him that Earth
itself was a giant magnet.
 Reminder from last time:
HOW TO TELL WHICH IS NORTH AND WHICH
SOUTH
When a magnet is free to move, the north pole
of the magnet will turn around until its north
pole is pointing north.

HOW ONE LODESTONE ATTRACTS

ANOTHER
The south pole of one magnet attracts the north
pole of another, and the north pole attracts the
south.
N S N S
Earth’s Magnetic Field
 Magnetism
&
Electromagnetism
 Magnetism & electromagnetism
 Magnetism is the force exerted by magnets,
attracting or repelling other objects made of
magnetic materials.

 Electromagnetism is a branch of physics that

deals with the interaction between electric
currents and magnetic fields. It describes how
electric currents create magnetic fields and how
magnetic fields induce electric currents.
 A BRIEF HISTORY
 1600 William Gilbert, On magnetism; magnetic materials;
poles that attract & repel; Earth’s magnetic field, compass ‘dip’
 1820 Hans Christian Oersted finds that an electric current deflects a
compass needle.
 1820 Andre Marie Ampère finds that parallel wires
carrying current produce forces on each other.
 1820s, 1830s Michael Faraday develops the concept of
electric field and shows that
electric current + magnetism -> motion (motor effect)
motion + magnetism -> electric current (electromagnetic induction)
 1860s James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) establishes a mathematical
description of electromagnetism.
 Motors Everywhere
lifts & escalators; fans, turbines, drills; wheelchairs; car windscreen wipers,
starter motors, windows & side mirrors; motors in electric cars,
locomotives & conveyor belts; industrial robots, saws and blades in cutting
and slicing processes; food mixers & blenders, microwave ovens; hand
power tools such as drills, sanders, routers; electric toothbrushes, shavers,
hairdryers; vacuum cleaners, sound systems, computers …

using electricity supplied by power station generators

Faraday's law of
induction
 Faraday's law of induction
Faraday's law of induction states that a changing magnetic field induces
an electromotive force (EMF) in a nearby conductor. In simpler terms,
it describes how a moving magnetic field can create an electric current
in a wire loop or circuit. The induced EMF is proportional to the rate of
change of the magnetic flux through the loop.

EMF stands for electromotive force. It's a measure of the energy

per unit charge that is generated by a source, such as a battery or a
generator, to drive an electric current through a circuit. It's often
measured in volts (V).
Faraday's law of induction (or simply Faraday's law) is a law of
electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an
electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (emf).

This phenomenon, known as electromagnetic induction, is the

fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors, and many
types of electric motors, generators and solenoids.

Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an

electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a
changing magnetic field.
In electrical engineering, a transformer is a passive component that transfers
electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A
varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) across any other
coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate
coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits.
Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in
any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.
An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal
electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows
through it. An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil.
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between
the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force
in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft. An electric generator is
mechanically identical to an electric motor, but operates in reverse, converting
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
A solenoid is a type of electromagnet formed by a helical coil
of wire whose length is substantially greater than its diameter, which
generates a controlled magnetic field. The coil can produce a uniform
magnetic field in a volume of space when an electric current is passed
through it.
Note the similarity
 A stronger electromagnet

The length of a solenoid is L

• Use iron or steel core (increasing permeability, )
• Increase the current, I
• Increase wraps or turns of a solenoid, N.

N
B  I
L
 Use of Electromagnetism
• loudspeaker
• moving coil microphone
• motors of various designs
• electric bell or buzzer (can be made in class, URLS below)
• moving coil galvanometer (ammeter)

• relay (control circuit with small current switches a second,

larger, current circuit)
Practical Physics website: model buzzer, model electric bell
 Lenz’s law
Lenz's law states that the direction of the electric
current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic
field is such that the magnetic field created by the induced
current opposes changes in the initial magnetic field. It is
named after physicist Emil Lenz, who formulated it in 1834
Lenz’s law illustrated
Faraday’s law of induction:

[1 loop]
(on formula sheet)

[N loops]