EEAC010IU-Electric Machine

Dr Ton That Long

Room O2.206
School of Electrical Engineering
International University, National University HCMC
Email: ttlong@hcmiu.edu.vn
 Course Structure

1. Timetable
 16 lectures (06/2/2025-01/06/2025)

2. Grading Policy
 30% for Assignments (x2)
 30% for Midterm Examination (90 mins)
 40% for Final examination (120 mins)

3. Relationship to Other Modules

 Pre-requisite: None
 Co-requisite: None

2
 Reading List
Textbook:
1. Stephen Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals. McGraw-Hill Science, 2011
2. Gordon R. Slemon, Electric Machines and Drives, Addison-Wesley
3. John Hindmarsh and Alasdair Renfrew, Electrical Machines and Drive Systems, 3 rd edition, 1996
References:
4. A.E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley (Jr.), and Stephen D.Umans. Electric Machinery, McGraw-Hill
5. I.J. Nagrath and D.P. Kothari. Electric Machines, McGraw-Hill
6. B.M. Weedy, B.J. Cory, N. Jenkins, et al,… Electric Power Systems, 5th edition, Wiley
7. J. Grainger and W. Stevenson (Jr.), Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1994
Others:
 Other suitable books are also suitable

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 Topics

Principles of Commutator/
Magnetic Electrical
Electric Induction
Systems Machine Drives
Machines Machines

4
 Course Objectives
Understand knowledge of electromagnetics and related theorems on electromagnetic
induction
Understand the fundamental design structure and working principles of two types of
electric machines
Apply knowledge of Kirchhoff's circuit law in identifying and calculating essential
parameter values of equivalent magnetic circuits of generators and motors
Apply electromechanical energy conversion theory for power losses calculation, and
speed control methods associated with three phase electric machines

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Machinery
Principles
 Contents
Power Transmission System
Electric Machines
Newton’s law and Power Relationship
Magnetic Field knowledge:
 Magnetic Flux
 Magnetic Circuit
 Faraday’s Law
 Lenz’ Law
 Induced Voltage on a wire

1
Power Transmission System

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 Electric Machines (cont.)

Electric motor [1] Electric generator [2]

[1]:https://www.dfliq.net/blog/general-requirement-for-motor-installation
[2]:https://www.duromaxpower.com/collections/generators
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 Electric Machines

 Electric machines are devices used for energy conversion, convert either mechanical energy to
electrical energy or electrical energy to mechanical energy.
 When there is the conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy, it is called a generator.
 When there is the conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy, it is called a motor.
 Almost all practical motors and generators convert energy from one form to another through the action of a
magnetic field.
 The transformer is an electrical device that is closely related to electrical machines,
 Converting ac electrical energy at one voltage level to ac electrical energy at another voltage level
 Operating on the same principles as generators and motors.

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 Newton’s Law and Power relationship
 Almost all electric machines rotate about an axis which is called the shaft of the machine.
 The rotational motion can be expressed with angular position , angular velocity , angular
acceleration .
 Angular position ( (unit: as radians or degrees) of an object is the angle at which it is oriented,
measured from some arbitrary reference point.
o Angular velocity or speed () (unit: radians per second) is the rate of change in angular position
with respect to time. If the rotation is in a counter-clockwise direction, the speed is assumed to be
positive
• It is given by

• For electric machines, if is considered to be angular velocity (revolutions per second) and is as
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 Newton’s Law and Power Relationship (cont.)
 Angular acceleration is the rate of change in angular velocity with
respect to time.
 If the angular velocity (unit: radians per second squared) is increasing, it is
assumed to be positive and is defined by:

 Torque :
 Loosely called the “twisting force” on an object
 When an object is rotating, its angular velocity is constant unless a torque is
present on it. The greater the torque, the more rapidly the angular velocity of the
object changes
 It is defined by

Fig. 1.
where is a vector pointing from the axis of rotation to the point of application of
the force and is the applied force, as shown in Fig.1.
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 Newton’s Law and Power Relationship (cont.)
Newton’s law for objects moving along a straight-line describes the relationship between the
force applied to an object and its resulting acceleration, given by

where
: the net force applied to an object (N)
mass of an object ()
the resulting acceleration )
 Newton’s law of rotation is described by

where
: the net applied torque to an object (Nm)
the moment of inertia of an object (),
the resulting acceleration )
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 Newton’s Law and Power Relationship (cont.)
Work (unit: Joules) is defined as the application of a force through a distance.
 For the rotation motion, it is given by

, is constant
Power (unit: Joules per second/Watt) is the rate of doing Work.
 For the rotation motion, it is given by

 Relationship to other units:

where torque is measured in pound-feet and speed is measured in revolutions per minute.

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 Magnetic Field
Magnetic Fields are produced by
 Electric Currents
 Permanent magnets
 Electric fields that are changing with time
 Four basic principles of magnetic field working in the electrical machines:
 A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it
 A voltage is induced in a coil of wire by a time-changing magnetic field (transformer)
 A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a force induced on it (motor)
 A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a voltage induced in it (generator)

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 Magnetic Field (ii)
 Ampere’s circuit law:

where
magnetic field intensity produced by current
differential element of a length along the path of integration
 Magnetic flux density B produced is described by

: resulting magnetic flux density produced ()

: magnetic permeability of material ()
: magnetic field intensity (ampere-turns per meter)
Remarks: Permeability of free space ) and the relative permeability is obtained by .

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 Example
 The magnetic flux density is given by

 The total flux given in an area is given by

where is the differential unit of area.

 If the flux density vector is perpendicular to plane of an area A
and the flux density is constant throughout the area,

Then the total flux in the core due to current in the winding and
A as the cross-sectional area

Fig. 2

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Hysteresis Loop (B-H relationship)

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 Magnetic Circuits
 A simple electric circuit is shown in Fig. 3.
 Current in coil of wire wrapped around a core produces a magnetic flux in
the core (analogous to a voltage in an electric circuit producing a current
flow)
 In the magnetic circuit, the voltage or electromotive force is called the
magnetomotive force (mmf).

where is magnetomotive force (unit: ampere turns).

 The flux produced is given by

magnetomotive force of the circuit (ampere turns)

flux of the circuit Fig 3. Magnetic circuit

Reluctance of the circuit (counter part of electric resistance-A turns per weber)
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 Magnetic Circuits (ii)

 The magnetomotive force in the magnetic circuit has a

polarity associated with it
 The positive end of the mmf source is the end from
which the flux exits
 The negative end of the mmf source is the end at which
the flux re-enters.
 The polarity of the mmf from a coil of wire can be
determined from a modification of the right hand
rule:

If the fingers of the right hand curl in the direction of the current
Fig 4. Direction of magnetomotive force flow in a coil of wire, the thumb will point in the direction of the
positive mmf.
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 Magnetic Circuits (iii)
 The equivalent reluctance of a number of reluctances in series is calculated by

 The equivalent reluctance of a number of reluctances in parallel is calculated by

 The permeance (or conductance) of a magnetic circuit is given by

 The calculations of flux in a core performed by using the magnetic concepts are
always approximations because:
 A small fraction of the flux escapes from the core and its known as flux leakage
(weber turns)
 The permeability varies with the amount of flux
 There exists a fringing effect of the magnetic field at the air gap (shown in Fig 5)
Fig 5. Fringe effect

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 Faraday’s Law
 Faraday’s Law:
If a flux passes through a turn of a coil of wire, a voltage will be induced in the turn of wire that is directly
proportional to the rate of change in the flux with respect to time.

where
: induced voltage in the turn of coil
: flux passing through the coil
If coil has N turns:

 Faraday’s Law is the fundamental property of magnetic fields involved in the transformer operation. It
is used to explain the eddy current, causing energy dissipation.

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 Lenz’s Law
 Lenz’s law:
The direction of the voltage build up in the coil is such that if the coil ends were short circuited , it would produce
current that would cause a flux opposing the original flux change.

Fig 6. Lenz’s law description

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 Induced Force on a Wire
 A conductor with length (meters) and current passing through is presented in a uniform magnetic field
of flux density, , pointing into the page. The force induced on the conductor is given by:

where
: magnetic of current in wire
:length of wire, with direction defined to be in the same direction of current flow
: magnetic flux density vector
:angle between the wire and the flux density vector

Fig. 7
 The induction of a force in a wire by the current in the presence of magnetic field is the basis of motor
action
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Simple synchronous machine

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 Summary
The following contents have been covered:
 First introduction of the power transmission system and electric machines
 Angular rotations and related parameters of energy and force
 Revision on Magnetic Fields:
 Flux Density
 Ampere’s Law
 Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law,
 Induced Force on a wire

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