Data Communication

&
Computer Networks
Instructor: Safia Rehman
OSI Model
• OSI stands Open System Interconnection.
• An open system is a model that allows any two systems
to communicate even if their architectures are different
• Developed by the International Standard Organization
(ISO) in 1983.
• Provides a logical framework for data communication
through computer networks.
• The standards were created for computer industry to
allow different networks to work together efficiently.
OSI Model
• OSI model consists of seven layers and each layer
perform its specific function in network communication
• The layers are divided into two groups
• Upper Layer:
• The upper layer focus on user applications and how
files are represented on computer before transfer.
• Lower Layer:
• The lower layers are concerned with how the
communication across a network actually occurs
Layers of the OSI Model
• Physical Layer
• Data Link Layer
• Network Layer
• Transport Layer
• Session Layer
• Presentation Layer
• Application Layer
OSI Model
Network Layers Interaction
Application Layer
• Topmost layer of the OSI model.
• Provides services directly to the user applications to access the network.
• Provides a user interface for exchanging information between users.
• Give support for services such as email, remote file access and transfer, shared
database management, and other types of distributed information services.
• Example: users exchange information on Internet (application program).
Presentation Layer
• Performs data transformations to provide a common interface
for user applications.
• Data Conversion
• Sender side converts data into standard format that
network requires.
• Receiver side changes data from standard format into the
format, the receiver can understand it.
• Encryption & Decryption
• Encryption Sender, transforms original data/information
into another form.
• Encrypted information is sent over the network.
• Decryption Receiver, re transforms (decrypts) the
information back to its original form.
Presentation Layer
• Compression
• Sender side compresses data into a small size (to reduce data
transmission duration)
• Receiver side de compresses the data.
Session Layer
• Establishes, maintains, and manages connections
between end user applications.
• Session: The connection between applications running
on separate computers and an exchange of messages
between them.
• Synchronization involves the use of checkpoints in data
stream. If a failure occurs only the data from the last
checkpoint is retransmitted.
• Suppose, we want to send 1000 pages of data.
Checkpoint can be used after each 100 page. If there is
an error at page 320, the pages from 301 will be
retransmitted. Page from 1 to 300 will not be
retransmitted.
Transport Layer
• Provides a mechanism for the exchange of data between source and destination.
• Controls the flow of data and ensures complete data transfer.
• Sender Side
• Breaks the large message into segments (small data packets).
• Destination computer
• reassembles the segments or data packets.
• Also sends an acknowledgment of the receiving of data to the sender.
Network Layer
• Makes routing decisions
• Means it is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating network
connections.
• It manages the delivery of data from source to destination.
• Determines a logical path between sender and receiver.
• There may be many networks between two computers.
• This layer manages to send data from source computer to the destination
computer.
Data Link Layer
• Deals with the flow of data
• Provides error free transfer of data
• Checks whether the data has arrived properly and safely at the destination.
• Also responsible for the reliability of the physical link established at the
Physical layer.
Data Link Layer
• Data link layer must decide the following
• Framing
• The data link layer divides the stream of bits into manageable
data units called frames
• Flow control
• The rate of sending data can be more than the rate of receiving
data.
• Data link layer imposes flow control mechanism to prevent it.
• Error control
• The data link layer detects and retransmits damaged or lost
frames. It also prevents the duplication of frames.
• Access control
• If two or more devices are connected to the same link, data
link layer determines which device has control over the link at
a given time.
Data Link Layer –Sub Layers
• Logical Link Control (LLC)
• Establishes and maintains links between the communication devices.
• Function is to ensure the reliability of the physical connection.
• Media Access Control (MAC)
• Controls the way in which multiple devices share the same communication
medium.
• Specifies how different terminals or workstations share the same communication
media.
Physical Layer
• Bottom most layer of the OSI model.
• It transmits stream of bits and defines how the data is
transmitted over the network and what control signals are
used.
• Its main function is to control how a stream of bits is sent and
received over the physical medium
• Physical layer decides the following
• Characteristics of Media
• The physical layer defines the characteristics and type of
transmission medium.
• Representation of Bits
• The bits are encoded into electrical signals for
transmission. The physical layer defines the type of
encoding.
Lecture
End