Mathematics in the Modern World

Nature
of
statistic
What is
Statistics?
A scientific body of knowledge that
deals with the collection,
organization or presentation,
analysis and interpretation of data.
What is
Statistics?
A scientific body of knowledge that
deals with the collection,
organization or presentation,
analysis and interpretation of
data.
Collection refers to the gathering of
information or data.

Organization or presentation involves

summarizing data or information in textual,
graphical, or tabular forms.

Analysis involves describing the data by

using statistical methods and procedures.

Interpretation refers to the process of

making conclusions based on the analyzed
Application of
statistics
 In Education  In Agriculture
 In Business  In Entertainment
 In  Politics and
Psychology Government
 In Medicine  In Everyday life
 Descriptive and
Inferential
Descriptive
Statistics Statistics
Inferential Statistics
procedure concerned  statistical procedure that
with describing the is used to draw
characteristics and inferences or
properties of a group of information about the
persons, places, or properties or
things. characteristics by a
large group of people,
involves gathering, places, or things on the
organizing, presenting, basis of the information
Direction: Tell whether the following situation will make
use of descriptive statistics or inferential statistics.
1. The teacher computes the average grade of her
students and then determines the top ten students.

2. A manager of a business firm predicts future sales of

the company based on the present scales.

3. A psychologist investigates if there is a significant

relationship between mental age and chronological age.

4. A researcher studies the effectiveness of a new

fertilizer to increasing food production.
Terminologies in
Population refers to a large collection of objects,
Statistics
persons, places, or things.

Sample is a small portion or part of a population. It

could be defined as a subgroup, subset, or
representative of a population. A sample is usually
denoted by n

Parameter is any numerical or nominal

characteristics of a population. It is a value or
measurement obtained from a population. It is usually
referred to as the true or actual value
Data (singular form is datum) are facts, or a set
of information or observation under study.

a) Qualitative Data- are data which can assume

values that manifest the concept of attributes.
These are sometimes called categorical data.
Data falling in this category cannot be
subjected to meaningful arithmetic operations.

b) Quantitative Data- are data which are

numerical in nature. These are data from
counting or measuring.
 Quantitative data or Qualitative data

1. Color of the eye

2. Number of typewriters in the room

3. Civil status

4. Address

5. Telephone Number
Variable is a characteristic or property of a
population or sample which makes the members
different from each other. If a class consists of boys
and girls, then gender is a variable in this class.

a) Discrete Variable- is one that can assume a

finite number of values. In other words, it can
assume specific values only. The values of
the dependent variable are obtained by
counting.

b) Continuous Variables- is one that can assume

infinite values within a specified interval. The
values of a continuous variable are obtained
 Continuous or Discrete

1. Weight of a body

2. Length of a rod

3. Number of chairs in the room

4. Dimensions of a table

5. Number of possible outcomes in throwing a dice

a) Dependent Variable- is which affected or
influence by another variable

b) Independent Variable- is one which affects or

influences the dependent variable.

Constant is a property or characteristic of a

population or sample, which makes the members of
the group similar to each other.
Scales of
Measurement
Nominal Scale The nominal level of measurement
is used when we want to distinguish one object
from another for identification purposes.

Ordinal Scale data are arranged in some specified

order or rank.
Interval Scale If data are measured in the interval
level, we can say not only that one object is greater or
less than another but we can also specify the amount
of difference.

Ratio Scale The ratio level of measurement is like

the interval level. The only difference is that the ratio
level always starts from an absolute or true zero
point. In addition, in the ratio level, there is always the
presence of units of measurement.
Identify the scale of measurement for each of the
following:

1. Religion

2. IQ scores

3. Speed of a car

4. Civil Status

5. Monthly income.
 Data
Gathering
Technique
 Collecting a
data
Primary sources of statistical data are
government institution, business agencies,
the

and other organizations.

Secondary sources are books,

encyclopedia, journals, magazines, and
research or studies conducted by other
individuals.
Variou 1. The Direct or Interview Method
In this method, the researcher has a
s ways direct contact with the interviewee. The
researcher obtains the information
of from the interviewee.
needed by asking questions and inquiries

collecti 2. The Indirect or Questionnaire

Method
ng or questionnaire. The researcher gives or
This method makes use of a written

distributes the questionnaire to the

Variou
3. The Registration Method
s ways governed by laws. This method of
This method of collecting data is

of reliable because this is enforced by law.

gathering data is perhaps the most

collecti 4. The Experimental Method

This method is usually used to find out
ng or cause and effect relationships. Scientific
researchers often use this method.
 Assignment
Give Examples of the following:
1. Population
2. Sample
3. Parameter
4. Data
5. Variable
6. Constant
7. Dependent and independent Variable
 Assignment
Identify the most appropriate method/s of gathering data
to be used. Explain and justify your answer.

a. A study to identify the factors being considered by the

consumers in buying shoes, clothes, and personal
accessories.
b. A study to find out if a new brand of drug is effective in
curing
 Assignment
d. An approach to find out the relationship between age
and mental ability.
e. A study to determine the study habits of third year high
school students in Manila.
f. An inquiry on the average allowance of second year high
school students in a certain school.
Determining the
Sample Size
 Determining the
Sample Size
Slovin’s Formula

Where
n= sample size
N= population size
e= margin of error
Example 1:

A group of researchers will conduct a survey to find

out the opinion of residents of a particular
community regarding the oil price hike. If there are
10,000 residents in the community and the
researchers plan to use a sample using a 10%
margin of error, what should the sample size be?
 Example 2:
A researcher plans to conduct a survey. If the
population size is 18 000, find the sample size if
the desired margin of error is
a. 10%
b. 5%
c. 1%
d. 3%
 Quiz #1
A. Tell whether the following situation will make use of
descriptive statistics or inferential statistics

1. A sports journalist determines the most popular basketball

player for this year.
2. A school administrator forecast future expansion of a school.
3. A market vendor investigates the most popular brand of
vinegar.

B. Classify the following as Quantitative data or Qualitative data:

1. Age of Teachers
2. Rank of students
 Quiz
C. Identify each of the following as continuous or discrete
1. Amount of sales in a business firm
2. All rational numbers
3. Speed of light
D. Identify the scale of measurement for each of the following:
1. Address
2. Size of a T-shirt
3. Land area
 Quiz
E. Given the following population size and margin of error,
determine the desired sample size.

a. N= 15 000 e= 5%
Thank you!
 Quiz
A. Tell whether the following situation will make use of
descriptive statistics or inferential statistics

1. A sports journalist determines the most popular

basketball player for this year.
2. A school administrator forecast future expansion of a
school.
3. A market vendor investigates the most popular brand of
vinegar.
4. An engineer calculates the average height of the
buildings along Taft Avenue.
5. A dermatologist tests the relative effectiveness of a new
 Quiz
B. Classify the following as Quantitative data or Qualitative
data:

1. Age of Teachers
2. Rank of students
3. Speed of a car
4. Birth rates
 Quiz
C. Identify each of the following as continuous or discrete

1. Amount of sales in a business firm

2. All rational numbers
3. Speed of light
4. Area of a land
5. Lifetime of television tubes and batteries
 Quiz
D. Identify the scale of measurement for each of the
following:

1. Address
2. Size of a T-shirt
3. Land area
4. Salary of workers
 Quiz
E. Given the following population size and margin of error,
determine the desired sample size.

a. N= 40 000 e= 10%
b. N= 15 000 e= 5%