Chapter 1:

Introduction
to
Computers
and
Programming

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 1.1
Why Program?

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Why Program?
Computer – programmable machine designed
to follow instructions
Program – instructions in computer memory to
make it do something
Programmer – person who writes instructions
(programs) to make computer perform a task

SO, without programmers, no programs;

without programs, a computer cannot do
anything

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 1.2
Computer Systems: Hardware
and Software

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Main Hardware Component
Categories:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2. Main Memory
3. Secondary Memory / Storage
4. Input Devices
5. Output Devices

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Main Hardware Component
Categories

Figure 1-2

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Comprised of:
Control Unit
Retrieves and decodes program instructions
Coordinates activities of all other parts of computer
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
Hardware optimized for high-speed numeric calculation
Hardware designed for true/false, yes/no decisions

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CPU Organization

Figure 1-3

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Main Memory
It is volatile. Main memory is erased when
program terminates, or computer is turned
off
Also called Random Access Memory (RAM)
Organized as follows:
bit: smallest piece of memory. Has values 0 (off,
false) or 1 (on, true)
byte: 8 consecutive bits. Bytes have addresses.

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Main Memory
Addresses – Each byte in memory is
identified by a unique number known as an
address.

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Main Memory

In Figure 1-4, the number 149 is stored in the byte with the
address 16, and the number 72 is stored at address 23.

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Secondary Storage
Non-volatile: data retained when program is
not running, or computer is turned off
Comes in a variety of media:
magnetic: traditional hard drives that use a
moveable mechanical arm to read/write
solid-state: data stored in chips, no moving parts
optical: CD-ROM, DVD
Flash drives, connected to the USB port

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Input Devices
Devices that send information to the
computer from outside
Many devices can provide input:
Keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, scanner, digital
camera, microphone
Disk drives, CD drives, and DVD drives

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Software-Programs That Run on a
Computer
Categories of software:
System software: programs that manage the
computer hardware and the programs that run
on them.
Examples: operating systems, utility programs,
software development tools
Application software: programs that provide
services to the user.
Examples : word processing, games, programs to
solve specific problems

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 1.3
Programs and Programming
Languages

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Programs and Programming
Languages
A program is a set of instructions that the
computer follows to perform a task

We start with an algorithm, which is a set of

well-defined steps.

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Example Algorithm for Calculating
Gross Pay

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Machine Language
Although the previous algorithm defines the
steps for calculating the gross pay, it is not
ready to be executed on the computer.
The computer only executes machine
language instructions

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Machine Language
Machine language instructions are binary
numbers, such as

1011010000000101

Rather than writing programs in machine

language, programmers use programming
languages.

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Programs and Programming
Languages
Types of languages:

Low-level: used for

communication with computer
hardware directly. Often written
in binary machine code (0’s/1’s)
directly.

High-level: closer to human

language

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Some Well-Known Programming
Languages (Table 1-1 on Page 10)

C++
BASIC Ruby
FORTRAN
Java
Visual Basic
COBOL
C#
JavaScript
C Python
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From a High-Level Program to an
Executable File
a) Create file containing the program with a text
editor.
b) Run preprocessor to convert source file
directives to source code program statements.
c) Run compiler to convert source program into
machine instructions.
d) Run linker to connect hardware-specific code
to machine instructions, producing an
executable file.
Steps b–d are often performed by a single
command or button click.
Errors detected at any step will prevent
execution of following steps.
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From a High-Level Program to an
Executable File

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Integrated Development
Environments (IDEs)
An integrated development environment, or
IDE, combine all the tools needed to write,
compile, and debug a program into a single
software application.
Examples are Microsoft Visual C++,Eclipse,
CodeBlocks, CodeWarrior, IntelliJ CLion,
etc.

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Integrated Development
Environments (IDEs)

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 1.4
What is a Program Made of?

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What is a Program Made of?
Common elements in programming
languages:
Keywords
Programmer-Defined Identifiers
Operators
Punctuation
Syntax

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Program 1-1

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Key Words
Also known as reserved words
Have a special meaning in C++
Can not be used for any other purpose
Key words in the Program 1-1: using,
namespace, int, double, and return

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Key Words

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Programmer-Defined Identifiers
Names made up by the programmer
Not part of the C++ language
Used to represent various things: variables
(memory locations), functions, etc.
In Program 1-1: hours, rate, and pay.

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Operators
Used to perform operations on data
Many types of operators:
Arithmetic - ex: +,-,*,/
Assignment – ex: =

Some operators in Program1-1:

<< >> = *

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Operators

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Punctuation
Characters that mark the end of a statement,
or that separate items in a list
In Program 1-1: , and ;

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Punctuation

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Syntax
The rules of grammar that must be followed
when writing a program
Controls the use of key words, operators,
programmer-defined symbols, and
punctuation

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Variables
A variable is a named storage location in the
computer’s memory for holding a piece of
data.
In Program 1-1 we used three variables:
The hours variable was used to hold the hours
worked
The rate variable was used to hold the pay rate
The pay variable was used to hold the gross
pay

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Variable Definitions
To create a variable in a program you must
write a variable definition (also called a
variable declaration)

Here is the statement from Program 1-1 that

defines the variables:

double hours, rate, pay;

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Variable Definitions
There are many different types of data,
which you will learn about in this course.

A variable holds a specific type of data.

The variable definition specifies the type of

data a variable can hold, and the variable
name.

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Variable Definitions
Once again, line 7 from Program 1-1:

double hours, rate, pay;

The word double specifies that the

variables can hold double-precision floating
point numbers. (You will learn more about
that in Chapter 2)

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 1.5
Input, Processing, and Output

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Input, Processing, and Output
Three steps that a program typically performs:
1) Gather input data:
from keyboard
from files on disk drives
2) Process the input data
3) Display the results as output:
send it to the screen
write to a file

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 1.6
The Programming Process

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The Programming Process

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 1.7
Procedural and Object-Oriented
Programming

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Procedural and Object-Oriented
Programming
Procedural programming: focus is on the
process. Procedures/functions are written to
process data.
Object-Oriented programming: focus is on
objects, which contain data and the means
to manipulate the data. Messages sent to
objects to perform operations.

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