07 Reservoir Sedimentation
07 Reservoir Sedimentation
07 Reservoir Sedimentation
+ = 1 t ln
1 t
t
B 4343 , 0 W W
1 t
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
EMPIRICAL PREDICTION OF DEPOSITION PATTERNS
Sediments are deposited in reservoirs at all elevations,
causing the stage capacity curve to shift.
Empirical methods have developed to distribute sediment
deposits within a reservoir as a function of depth, thereby
projecting the shift in the stage-storage curve.
When sediment survey data are available for an existing
reservoir, the observed deposition pattern can be used to
select the proper empirical relationship to compute the
future shift in the stage-area and stage-capacity relationship.
Limitation: empirical methods do not identify the specific
location in a reservoir which will be affected by sediment;
they predict only the change in the stage-area and stage-
capacity curves.
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
EMPIRICAL PREDICTION OF DEPOSITION PATTERNS
Deposit in flood control pool
Reservoir levels are normally held below the flood control
level, resulting in small amounts of sediment accumulation in
then portion of theimpoundment between the normal and
maximum (flood) pool level.
However, because a large amounts of sediment can be
delivered during flood, and if the pool level is held above the
normal pool for a significant period of time a substantial
amount of sediment may be deposited in this zone.
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
EMPIRICAL PREDICTION OF DEPOSITION PATTERNS
Fig. 12-10. Percent of
Sediemnt Trapped
within flood control
pool (Strand and
Pemberton, 1987)
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
EMPIRICAL PREDICTION OF DEPOSITION PATTERNS
Area-Increament and Empirical Area Reduction Methods
Empirical method to distribute sediment below the normal pool
elevation developed by the US Bureau of Reclamation have been
widely used. They are 4 steps process:
1. Determine the amount of sediment to be distributed.
2. On the basis of the site characteristics, select the
appropriate empirical curve for sediment distribution.
3. Determine the hight sediment accumulation ath the dam,
termed the new-zero-capacity elevation
4. Use the selected empirical curve to distribute sediment as a
function of depth above the new-zero-capacity elevation
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
EMPIRICAL PREDICTION OF DEPOSITION PATTERNS
Fig. 12-11. type
curves for the
empirical area-
reduction method
for estimating
storage loss due to
sediment deposition
(Strand and
Pemberton, 1987)
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
EMPIRICAL PREDICTION OF DEPOSITION PATTERNS
1. Determine Sediment Inflow
The sediment volume should be distributed within the reservoir must
be determined. At this example, the sediment survey data were
extrapolated to determine an average volume loss of 330 Mm
3
per 100
years.
Hydrographic survey
Sedimentologic survey
Hydrologic survey
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
EMPIRICAL PREDICTION OF DEPOSITION PATTERNS
2. Select Design Curve
a) Plot the original depth capacity relationship on log-log paper and
calculate the slope m of the fitted line, which is the reciprocal of the
slope of the depth vs capacity (Fig. 12-12.)
Fig. 12-12. reservoir
depth-capacity
relationship as used
in the empirical
area-reduction
method (Strand and
Pemberton, 1987)
1
10
100
1000
0 1 10 100 1.000 10.000
Kapasitas, 10
6
m
3
K
e
d
a
l
a
m
a
n
,
m
m = 3 Type II
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
EMPIRICAL PREDICTION OF DEPOSITION PATTERNS
Reservoir shape Type m
Lake I 3.5 4.5
Floodplain foothill II 2.5 3.5
Hill and gorge III 1.5 2.5
Gorge IV 1.0 1.5
2. Select Design Curve
b) Use the resulting slope m to classify the reservoir shape using the
tabel below.
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
EMPIRICAL PREDICTION OF DEPOSITION PATTERNS
2. Select Design Curve
c) Classify the reservoir operation as stable pool, moderate drawdown,
considerable drawdown, or normally empty. Giving equal weight to
reservoir shape and reservoir operation, determine the weighted
reservoir type from tabel below.
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
EMPIRICAL PREDICTION OF DEPOSITION PATTERNS
3. Compute new zero-capacity elevation at dam
Use the original elevation-area and capacity curve to compute the
value of the dimensionless function F at several different pool elevation
in the deeper part of the reservoir.
h
h
HA
V S
F
=
Dimana S = total sedimen deposition (330 Mm
3
), V
h
= reservoir
capacity (m
3
) from column 3 of each elevation h from column 1, H =
original depth of reservoir below normal pool (71.3 m), A
h
=
reservoir area (m
2
, from column 2) at given elevation h.
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
EMPIRICAL PREDICTION OF DEPOSITION PATTERNS
Fig. 12-13. type curve
for determining the
new zero depth at the
dam based on the
dimensionless F
function. The value for
each of the type curves
are shown in both
graphical and tabular
form (Strand and
Pemberton, 1987)
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,90 1,00
Relative Depth (p)
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
l
e
s
s
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
(
F
)
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
EMPIRICAL PREDICTION OF DEPOSITION PATTERNS
I II III IV p F
0,00 0 0,000
0,01 996,7 5,568 12,03 0,2023 0,034
0,02 277,5 3,758 5,554 0,2330 0,077
0,05 51,49 2,233 2,057 0,2716 0,120
0,10 14,53 1,495 1,013 0,2911 0,162 2,6681
0,15 6,971 1,169 0,6821 0,2932 0,205 1,6172
0,20 4,143 0,9706 0,5180 0,2878 0,248 1,0382
0,25 2,766 0,8299 0,4178 0,2781 0,284 0,7483
0,30 1,980 0,7212 0,3486 0,2656 0,333 0,4708
0,35 1,485 0,6323 0,2968 0,2513 0,376 0,3040
0,40 1,149 0,5565 0,2555 0,2355 0,419 0,1974
0,45 0,9076 0,4900 0,2212 0,2187 0,462
0,50 0,7267 0,4303 0,1917 0,2010 0,504
0,55 0,5860 0,3756 0,1657 0,1826 0,547
0,60 0,4732 0,3255 0,1422 0,1537 0,590
0,65 0,3805 0,2780 0,1207 0,1443 0,633
0,70 0,3026 0,2333 0,1008 0,1245 0,675
0,75 0,2359 0,1907 0,08204 0,1044 0,718
0,80 0,1777 0,1500 0,06248 0,08397 0,761
0,85 0,1262 0,1107 0,04731 0,06330 0,803
0,90 0,08011 0,07276 0,03101 0,04239 0,846
0,95 0,03830 0,03590 0,01527 0,02128 0,889
0,98 0,01494 0,01425 0,006057 0,008534 0,932
0,99 0,007411 0,00711 0,003020 0,002470 0,974
1,00 0,0 0,00 0,0 0,0 1,000
Examples F Values for Type
p
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
EMPIRICAL PREDICTION OF DEPOSITION PATTERNS
4. Distribute Sediment
The specified volume of trapped sediment is distributed within the
reservoir according to the selected type curve. Compute the values for
the relative sediment area a (column #6) at each relative depth p using
the appropriate equation:
Type I :
( )
36 , 0
85 , 1
p 1 p 047 , 5 a =
( )
41 , 0
57 , 0
p 1 p 487 , 2 a =
( )
32 , 2
15 , 1
p 1 p 967 , 16 a =
Type II :
Type III :
Type IV : ( )
34 , 1
25 , 0
p 1 p 486 , 1 a =
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
STAGE-CAPACITY & STAGE-AREA CURVES
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
0 250 500 750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000
Kapasitas, 10
6
m
3
E
l
e
v
a
s
i
,
m
0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000
Luas Genangan, ha
Prepared by: SURIPIN, MAGISTER TEKNIK SIPIL UNDIP
TUGAS
1. Data yang diperlukan:
Pilih salah satu sungai di Indonesia, lebih baik yang ada waduk
atau rencana waduk, dengan data berupa al:
Peta DAS, termasuk waduk
Data debit atau muka air dan pengukuran debit, beserta
penampang melintang dan memanjang sungai
Data pengukuran konsentrasi sedimen layang
Data karakteristik sedimen dasar.
2. Hitung Sedimentasi Waduk/Perkiraan Umur waduk
Menghitung sedimen inflow, lengkung sedimen
Trap efficiency
Distribusi sedie=men di waduk.