Semi Solids Final

By: Aubrey Monette P.
Itchon, RPh
Pharmaceutics 002
Introduction
Semisolid pharmaceutical systems comprise a body of products, which when applied to the skin or accessible mucous membranes tend to alleviate or treat a pathological condition or offer protection against a harmful environment. Property to cling to the skin or mucous membrane for a prolonged period of time. Adhesion is due to their plastic rheologic behavior which allows semisolid to retain their shape and cling as film until acted upon by an outside force.
Introduction
Semisolid dosage forms usually are intended for localized drug delivery. In the past few years, however, these forms also have been explored for the systemic delivery of various drugs. Can be applied topically to the skin, cornea, rectal tissue, nasal mucosa, vagina, buccal tissue, urethral membrane, and external ear lining.
DEFINITION
Semisolid dosage forms are dermatological products of
semisolid consistency and applied to skin for therapeutic

or protective action or cosmetic function.
IDEAL PROPERTIES OF SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS

I. Physical properties II. Physiological properties III. Application properties
IV. Storage properties
I. Physical properties
Smooth texture Elegant in appearance Non dehydrating
Non gritty
Non greasy and non staining Non hygroscopic
II. Physiological properties

Non irritating
Do not alter membrane / skin functioning

Miscible with skin secretion Have low sensitization index
III. Application properties

Easily applicable with efficient drug release. High aqueous washability
IV. Storage properties

Storage of semisolids should be at temperatures not exceeding 25C unless otherwise authorized. They should not be allowed to freeze and must be stored in a well-closed container or, if the preparation contains water or other volatile ingredients, store in an air-tight container. The containers are preferably collapsible metal tubes from which the preparation may be readily extruded. If the preparation is sterile, store in a sterile, airtight, tamper-proof container.
Types of Semisolid Dosage Forms
Ointments Creams Pastes Gels (jellies) Poultices Plasters Rigid foams
TYPES OF SEMISOLIDS OINTMENTS

Semisolid preparations for external application to skin or mucous membranes. Their composition softens but does not melt upon application to the skin. Primarily, ointments function as skin protective and emollients. Therapeutically as vehicles for the topical application of drug substances.
CLASSIFICATION OF OINTMENTS : Based on penetration through skin. 1. Epidermic ointments : protectives, antiseptics.
2.
3.
Endodermic ointments : emollient

Diadermic ointments : systemic effect.
CREAMS
These are semisolid emulsions (o/w or w/o). Softer consistency and lighter than ointments. Uses water soluble bases so they are less greasy, easy to apply and remove.
CLASSIFICATION : Based on type of bases used in the preparation
Aqueous creams :
Anionic emulsifying creams : sodium lauryl sulphate. Cationic emulsifying creams : cetrimide, benzalkonium chloride
Oily creams:
Sterol creams : wool fat, wool alcohol. Soap creams : calcium soap, borax soap. Triethanol amine creams: oleic and stearic acid
PASTES
semisolid dosage forms that contain one or more drug substances incorporated in a base with large proportions of finely dispersed solids, are intended for external application to skin, but very thick & stiff. protective action therapeutic action pastes absorb serious discharges from skin lesions. ointments and creams.
Pastes are less penetrating and less macerating and less heating than ointment.
CLASSIFICATON OF PASTES : 1. 2. Fatty pastes Non-Greasy pastes : Bassorin paste.
GELS / JELLIES
semisolid system in which a liquid phase is constrained within a 3-D polymeric matrix (consisting of natural or synthetic gum) having a high degree of physical or chemical cross-linking. Gels are aqueous colloidal suspensions of the hydrated forms of insoluble medicament. When the coherent mass is richer in liquid, the product is called jelly (transparent or translucent non-greasy semisolid gels) When the liquid is removed and only frame work remains the gel is known as xerogel.
GELLING AGENTS
PROTEINS Collagen Gelatin POLYSACHARIDES Alginates Carrageenan Hyaluronic acid Pectins Starch SEMISYNTHETIC POLYMERS (CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES) HPMC Hydroxy propyl cellulose Methyl cellulose
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS Carbomers Polaxomers Polyacryl amide Polyvinyl alcohol INORGANIC SUSTANCES Aluminium hydroxide Smectite clays
POULTICES
Soft, viscous, pasty preparation for external use.
Applied to skin while they are hot. Poultice must retain heat for a considerable time because they are intended to supply warmth to inflamed parts of body. e.g. Kaolin poultice (B.P.C.) ____________________________________________________________
RIGID FOAMS
Foams are system in which air or some other gas is emulsified in liquid phase to the point of stiffening. e.g. shaving creams, aerosolized shaving creams
FORMULATION COMPONENTS
CLASSIFICATION OF SEMISOLID BASES
PROPERTIES OF SEMISOLID BASES
METHODS OF PREPARATION:
1. 2. 3. 4. Incorporation Method Fusion Method Emulsification Method Chemical Reaction Method
METHOD OF PREPERATION
INCORPORATION METHOD :
Size reduction ( #85 )
Levigation
Solution of soluble drug
Mixing with base
spatulation
trituration
Mixing of base to final weight
Filling
FUSION METHOD :
Grate the waxy base
Melt all the ingredients in order of M.P
cool the ingredients by stirring
Add heat sensitive ingredients
Soft mass at 40
homogenization
Filling
EMULSIFICATION METHOD
Oil soluble ingredients
Aqueous soluble ingredients
CHEMICAL REACTION METHOD
bases are melted Both are heated separately to 70 Solution of KI complexes Cooled to 40
Aqueous phase is added to oil phase

homogenization
I2 dissolved in KI solution
Packing
Filling
MACHINES USED IN MANUFACTURING
SIZE REDUCTION APPARATUS 1. 2. 3. 4. Mortar and pestle Hammer mill Ball mill Colloid mill
Swarbrick J, Boylan J. C., Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology. Vol. 2, 1996. Marcel Deckker Inc. 2402-2456. Lachman L, Lieberman H. A, Kanig J. L., Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. 4th Indian Edition. 1991, Verghese Publishing House. 534-563. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Vol. 1. 19th Edition. 1995. Mack publishing Company. 304-310. Martin A. Bustamante P. Chun A. H. C., Physical Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 4th Indian Edition. 2005. B. I. Publication Pvt. Ltd. 500-501. Loyd V.Allen,Jr., Nicholas G.Popovich, Howard C. Ansel, Ansels Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems 8th Edition. 276-297. Atmaram Pawar, R.S Gaud., Modern Dispensing Pharmacy, 2nd Edition, 214-248. Aulton M. E., Pharmaceutics The Science of Dosage Form Design: 2nd Edition. 1995. ELBS Churchill Livingstone. 499-530 Chater S.J., Cooper and Gunn Dispensing For Pharmaceutical Students. 12th Edition. 2001. CBS Publication. 192-231.

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By: Aubrey Monette P.

semisolid consistency and applied to skin for therapeutic

IDEAL PROPERTIES OF SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS

IV. Storage properties

Smooth texture Elegant in appearance Non dehydrating

II. Physiological properties

Do not alter membrane / skin functioning

III. Application properties

IV. Storage properties

Types of Semisolid Dosage Forms

Ointments Creams Pastes Gels (jellies) Poultices Plasters Rigid foams

TYPES OF SEMISOLIDS OINTMENTS

Endodermic ointments : emollient

CLASSIFICATION : Based on type of bases used in the preparation

CLASSIFICATON OF PASTES : 1. 2. Fatty pastes Non-Greasy pastes : Bassorin paste.

CLASSIFICATION OF SEMISOLID BASES

PROPERTIES OF SEMISOLID BASES

Solution of soluble drug

Mixing with base

Mixing of base to final weight

Melt all the ingredients in order of M.P

cool the ingredients by stirring

Add heat sensitive ingredients

Oil soluble ingredients

Aqueous soluble ingredients

CHEMICAL REACTION METHOD

Aqueous phase is added to oil phase

MACHINES USED IN MANUFACTURING

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