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Application of anatomy in Taxonomy
- 1. Application of anatomy in taxonomy Presentation by : Deepanshi patel Submitted to : Prof Satya narain Department of Botany University of Allahabad
- 2. Importance of Anatomical Characters in Taxonomy Anatomical characters are conserved and stable and thus can be used as a “Taxonomic Character” for Plant Systematics . Anatomical characters of all the plant parts can be used such as the characters of stem, root, leaves, bark, stomata, trichomes, internal parts etc. Anatomical features can be used in Taxonomy for: ● The identification of plants ● Establishing genetic relationships ● Solving taxonomic disputes
- 3. Anatomical Characters used in Plant Systematics: 1. Trichomes 2. Stomata and Epidermal Features 3. Leaf anatomy 4. Nodal anatomy 5. Stem anatomy 6. Sclereids and Fibres 7. Cambium 8. Wood Anatomy
- 4. (1) Trichomes 1. The characters of trichomes are used to compare closely related taxa. 2. Features of trichomes used: glandular, non-glandular, unicellular, multicellular, shape and size of trichomes etc. ● Non-glandular trichomes: Lauraceae, Moraceae ● Stellate hairs- Malvaceae ● Mucilage hairs - Rumex ● Stinging hairs - Urticaceae ● Silica hairs - Grasses
- 5. (2) Stomata and Epidermal Features ● Anomocytic Stomata Ranunculaceae ● Anisocytic Stomata in Brassicaceae ● Diacytic Stomata in Caryophyllaceae ● Paracytic Stomata in Rubiaceae ● Graminaceous Stomata in Poaceae (dumbbell-shaped ● guard cells)
- 6. (3). Leaf Anatomy ● Leaf anatomy is extensively used in the systematics of the Cyperaceae family. ● Characters leaf anatomy used in plant taxonomy are: The gross anatomical architecture of the leaf (dicot and monocot). ● Structural variability: Features of mesophyll, bundle sheath, hydathodes, Kranz anatomy, foliar nectaries and glands, oil glands, stomatal crypts and features of leaf abscission etc.
- 7. (4). Nodal Anatomy Three different types of notes based on anatomical characteristics Unilacunar node: A node with one lacuna or leaf gap. Three types are found 1. Single leaf trace: Nerium, Calotropis, Lantana, 2. Two traces: Clerodendron splendens 3. Three traces: Withania somnifera Trilacunar node: A node with tree lacunae or leaf gaps Example Azadirachta
- 8. Multilacunar node: A leaf with many lacunae or leaf gaps. ● Example: Rumex, Polygonum, Aralium ● Example: Entire order Centrospermales possess unilacunar node.
- 9. (5). Stem Anatomy The commonly used anatomical criterions of the stem in plant taxonomy are: Features of epidermis, hypodermis, distributing of collenchyma, sclerenchyma variations in the endodermis, characteristics of piths, storage region, number and distribution of vascular bundles. Examples: ● Biocollateral vascular bundles in Cucurbitaceae. ● Accessory cortical and medullary bundles in Nyctaginaceae. ● Anomalous secondary thickening in Bignoniaceae. ● Included phloem in Amaranthaceae. ● Anomalous secondary thickening in monocots.
- 10. (6). Sclereids Nature, type and distribution of sclereids and fibres have taxonomic significance. Example: ● Monocot fibres are hard fibres (Coir, Musa). ● Dicot fibres are soft fibres (Jute). ● Asterosclereids (star-shaped) in Nymphaceae. ● Trichosclereids: branched hair like (Leaves of Olea) ● Macrosclereids: Columnar cells (Seed coats of Legumes). ● Osteosclereids: bone line (Seed coats of Pisum). ● Reaction wood and distribution of Gelatinous Fibres.
- 11. (7). Cambium Important features of cambium considered for plant systematics are: Features of cambium. ● Formation of secondary cambium (normal or accessory, stelar or extrastelar). ● Storied vs Nonstoried cambium. ● Homogenous vs Heterogenous cambium. ● Developmental features of ray and fusiform initials.
- 12. (8). Wood Anatomy ● Wood anatomy is extensively used in solving taxonomic disputes. ● Wood anatomy is also used to detect adulteration in medicinal plants.. ● Powder microscopy of wood can be used for identification of adulteration ● Colour and odour of wood are characteristic and it can be used for the identification of wood in the timber industry. Features of Wood used in Systematics 1. Vessels 2. Wood Parenchyma 3. Ray System 4. Storied structures
- 13. (A). Vessels B) Rays ● Features of vessels - distribution pattern, diameter, perforation features, thickening pattern etc. ● Solitary vessels are considered primitive than vessels arranged in groups. ● Non-porous wood is more primitive than porous wood. ● Non-porous wood:- wood of Gymnosperms. ● Porous wood:- wood of Angiosperms. ● Diffuse-porous wood is primitive than ring porous wood. ● Features of rays used in systematics and phylogenetics. ● Abundance, ray diameter, width and cellular composition. ● Degree of wall thickening. ● Pitting pattern in ray cells. ● Homogenous and heterogeneous ray system. ● Heterogeneous rays are considered primitive than homogenous rays.
- 14. Reference FE Fritsch - The use of anatomical characters for systematic purpose Taxonomic Significance of Anatomical Characters in Some Species of the Family Myrtaceae ; Mhoder Taha etal ; January 2012 American Journal of Plant Sciences 03(05)