Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
The document describes the waterfall model of software development. It begins by listing the presenters and defining sequential and incremental software development models. It then discusses the waterfall model in more detail, describing it as a linear sequential process where each phase must be completed before the next begins. The document outlines the history, use cases, diagram, phases and advantages/disadvantages of the waterfall model.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the field of software engineering. It defines software engineering as the application of systematic and disciplined approaches to software development, operation, and maintenance. The document discusses the importance of software engineering in producing reliable and economical software. It also summarizes essential attributes of good software such as maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability. Additionally, the document outlines a generic software engineering process framework involving activities like communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It notes that the process should be adapted to the specific project.
The document provides information on various software versions used for engineering drawings, documents, technical illustrations, web browsing and document viewing. It lists applications such as AutoCAD, CorelDRAW, Microsoft Office, Netscape Navigator and Acrobat software. It also provides a link for an up-to-date list of software versions.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
This document discusses major factors that influence software cost estimation. It identifies programmer ability, product complexity, product size, available time, required reliability, and level of technology as key factors. It provides details on how each factor affects software cost, including equations to estimate programming time and effort based on variables like source lines of code and developer months. Program complexity is broken into three levels: application, utility, and system software. The document also discusses how underestimating code size and inability to compress development schedules can impact cost estimates.
Agile Development | Agile Process ModelsAhsan Rahim
Agile Development | Agile Process Models
Here you are going to know What is Agile Development & What are Agile Process Models for the development of Software Product.
What are different types of Agile Development, steps involve in Agile Development, XP, Scrum, Traditional Process Models with full text and animated description.
Software Process Models defines a distinct set of activities, actions, tasks, milestones, and work products that are required to engineer high-quality software...
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1. Software development life cycle models break down the development process into distinct phases to manage complexity. Common models include waterfall, incremental, evolutionary (like prototyping and spiral), and component-based.
2. The waterfall model follows linear sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. Incremental models iterate through phases. Evolutionary models use prototypes to evolve requirements through customer feedback.
3. The spiral model is an evolutionary model representing phases as loops in a spiral, with risk assessment and reduction at each phase. It aims to minimize risk through iterative development and prototyping.
Evolutionary models are iterative and incremental software development approaches that combine iterative and incremental processes. There are two main types: prototyping and spiral models. The prototyping model develops prototypes that are tested and refined based on customer feedback until requirements are met, while the spiral model proceeds through multiple loops or phases of planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation. Both approaches allow requirements to evolve through development and support risk handling.
The document provides an overview of various software development processes and models, including traditional waterfall and iterative models as well as agile methods like Scrum and Extreme Programming (XP). It discusses key aspects of each approach such as phases, roles, meetings, practices, and values. The document aims to introduce different process options and considerations for developing software.
Rapid application development (RAD) aims to develop software quickly through a model with phases like business modeling, data modeling, process modeling, application generation, and testing. Business modeling defines information flow. Data modeling refines information into entities and attributes. Process modeling transforms data objects to support business functions. Automated tools help build the software. Testing reduces risk through component reuse and interface exercises. RAD requires tools like case tools, data dictionaries, storyboards, and risk registers. Advantages include quick reviews, isolation of problems, and flexibility, while disadvantages are lack of planning and need for skilled developers.
The Waterfall model is a popular sequential model of the software development life cycle where each phase must be completed before the next begins. It consists of requirements, design, implementation, verification, and maintenance phases. Though simple to understand and manage, the Waterfall model works best for smaller, well-defined projects as it is inflexible to changes and produces no working software until late in the cycle.
The document discusses the origins and drivers of software engineering as a discipline. It arose in response to frequent software project failures in the late 1960s, termed the "software crisis". Key points:
- Software engineering aims to apply systematic and quantifiable principles to software development and maintenance to improve quality, productivity and job satisfaction.
- It draws on computer science, management science, economics and other fields. Processes and models help manage complex software projects.
- Early process models included waterfall and prototyping. Later agile models like spiral emphasize iterative development and risk management over rigid phases.
This document discusses agile software development methods. It outlines the agile manifesto which values individuals and interactions over processes, working software over documentation, and customer collaboration over contract negotiation. Some key agile principles include customer satisfaction, welcome changing requirements, and frequent delivery of working software. Common agile methods like extreme programming and scrum are also summarized. Advantages include improved customer satisfaction and responsiveness to change, while disadvantages include potential lack of documentation.
Learn how and what is Spiral Model. This was made during 3RD Year. From Eastern Visayas State University - Main Campus, Tacloban City, Leyte, Philippines
CREATED BY:
Aguilar, Fatima Joy
Arpon, Benedict Julius Steven
The iterative model breaks a project into small modules that can be delivered incrementally. A working version is produced in the first module, with each subsequent release adding additional functionality until the full system is complete. It allows for quick releases during development and makes it easier to develop and test in smaller iterations while incorporating customer feedback at each stage. However, it requires more resources than traditional models and skilled management to avoid increased costs over time.
This document provides an overview of software project management. It begins with introductions and discusses the field of project management, including common jobs, professional organizations, certifications, and tools. It then covers the history of project management and key skills required for project managers, including positions in the field. The document defines what constitutes a software project and explains the engineering and management dimensions. It outlines several classic mistakes to avoid in software project management.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, incremental, spiral, rapid application development (RAD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), adaptive software development, and agile methods. It provides an overview of the key characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and types of projects that each model is best suited for. Tailored SDLC models are recommended to customize processes based on specific project needs and risks.
Spiral Model is one of the classical SDLCs practiced around the world. Heavily advantageous for projects in catering for needs in the long run bound to change through out the time, Spiral model has been one of those theoretically taught for different course modules in IT and Computer Science.
The document introduces software process models including the waterfall model, evolutionary development, and component-based software engineering. It describes the Rational Unified Process model and discusses key process activities like requirements engineering, design, implementation, testing, and evolution. Computer-aided software engineering tools are introduced as a way to support various activities in the software development process.
The document discusses various software process models including prescriptive models like waterfall model and incremental process model. It also covers evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral process model. Specialized models covered are component based development, formal methods model, aspect oriented development and unified process model. The key highlights are that different models are suited for different situations based on project needs and each model has advantages and disadvantages to consider.
The document describes different software development process models including the waterfall model, prototyping model, incremental development, spiral development, agile methods, and extreme programming. It explains each model and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The waterfall model is most appropriate when requirements are stable while agile methods are best for changing requirements but can be difficult to manage.
This document outlines and compares five software development models: waterfall, iterative, V-shaped, spiral, and extreme programming. Each model is described in terms of its phases or activities, advantages, and disadvantages. The waterfall model involves sequential non-overlapping phases from requirements to maintenance. Iterative development divides a project into smaller parts with feedback between phases. The V-shaped model emphasizes testing at each stage. The spiral model performs risk analysis and prototypes in iterative loops. Extreme programming focuses on small incremental releases and pair programming. In conclusion, the author states that different models suit different projects and each tries to improve on previous limitations.
Software Development Process Models (SCRUM Methodology)Muhammad Ahmed
This document provides an overview of software process models and Scrum methodology. It defines a software process model as a description of the sequence of activities carried out in a software engineering project. The key activities include specification, design & implementation, validation, and evolution. Scrum is introduced as an agile software development framework. It utilizes short development cycles called sprints, daily stand-up meetings, product backlogs to track requirements, and emphasizes self-organizing teams and adaptive planning. The benefits of Scrum are discussed as improved productivity, quality, and ability to manage changing requirements.
Process models describe the life cycle of software development from requirements gathering to maintenance. The main process models discussed are waterfall, incremental, RAD, prototype, spiral and concurrent development. Each model represents the phases and flow of activities in the software development process in a different way. Process models help develop software in a systematic manner and ensure all team members understand responsibilities and timelines.
List of Software Development Model and MethodsRiant Soft
RiantSoft a Software Development Company derived the most useful and different types of Software Development Model for the users who want to know the development process. RiantSoft is specialized in custom software development with latest cutting edge technologies.
6 basic steps of software development processRiant Soft
The document outlines the six basic stages of the software development life cycle: 1) Requirement gathering and analysis, 2) System analysis, 3) System design, 4) Coding, 5) Testing, and 6) Implementation. It describes each stage in the process, from gathering requirements from stakeholders to implementing the final tested software. An effective software development life cycle ensures quality and correctness through rigorous testing and design at each stage of building the software.
The document discusses various software production process models, including traditional waterfall models, iterative models like the spiral model, and agile methodologies. Waterfall models involve sequential phases from requirements to maintenance but lack flexibility. Iterative models divide the process into increments with feedback between phases. Agile methods like Scrum, Extreme Programming, and Smart emphasize rapid, incremental delivery, automating processes, and customer involvement. The choice of model depends on factors like requirements volatility, team experience, and project priorities.
This document proposes a "Linear-Pilot Process Model" that combines elements of the waterfall model and prototyping. It is intended for situations where a software house has expert but few developers, the client is new but mature, and the deadline is flexible but the client wants a dummy of each phase. The model aims to address the lack of reversibility in the waterfall model by applying prototyping in each phase. An example is given of a client who wants to see dummy projects of each phase from a small but expert software house.
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The document presents a tool called PSP PAIR that automatically analyzes performance data from the Personal Software Process (PSP) to identify problems and recommend improvements. PSP generates large amounts of data but analyzing it manually is time-consuming. PSP PAIR addresses this by developing a performance model and using it to analyze time estimation accuracy and other metrics from PSP data. It identifies potential problems and suggests actions like stabilizing productivity. An evaluation found PSP PAIR could help engineers using PSP by speeding up analysis and proposing targeted improvements. Future work includes validating the model with more data and expanding PSP PAIR to support the Team Software Process.
The popular model in software development industries that is Agile Model, it has dynamic nature and easy to performed. Agile Model mostly recommended to making critical and risk based software. It is a combination of incremental model, which is used in software development life cycle.
The document discusses different software process models. It begins by describing the "build and fix" model, where software is constructed without planning and then repeatedly fixed based on user feedback. This approach is problematic for large projects. The document then introduces prescriptive process models which prescribe ordered activities and tasks. The waterfall model and V-model are described as examples of prescriptive linear sequential models. Finally, incremental process models are covered, which deliver software in prioritized increments to provide early user value.
The document describes several software process models: the 4 block SDLC model, waterfall model, evolutionary development model, incremental development model, reuse-oriented development model, rapid application development model, and software prototyping models including evolutionary prototyping and throw-away prototyping. It also outlines Boehm's spiral model and notes this as a homework task.
This document contains notes from an industrial design course. It discusses various concepts around prototyping including: using sketches as representations rather than fully formed ideas; showing designs through prototypes and experiences rather than just describing them; using mockups to demonstrate sensory experiences and prototypes to demonstrate function; and a 4-step process for prototyping involving consolidating ideas, identifying gaps, designing experiences, and iterating. It also cautions against common verbal design crutches and emphasizes prototyping as a way to learn and improve designs.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC). It describes the typical stages of an SDLC including feasibility study, requirements analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Several SDLC models are mentioned, including waterfall, spiral, iterative, prototyping, and RAD (rapid application development). The waterfall model is described as having distinct sequential stages with no overlap between phases. Prototyping and RAD methodologies are also explained in further detail.
This document discusses various process models for software engineering. It begins by defining what a process model is and explaining why they are useful. It then covers traditional sequential models like waterfall and V-model. Iterative and incremental models like prototyping and spiral modeling are described which allow for software to evolve through iterations. Other topics covered include concurrent modeling, component-based development, formal methods, aspects, unified process and personal software process. The document provides details on different process patterns, assessment methods and considerations for evolutionary processes.
Process models are not perfect, but provide road map for software engineering work. Software models provide stability, control, and organization to a process that if not managed can easily get out of control
Software process models are adapted to meet the needs of software engineers and managers for a specific project.
This document provides an overview of different software process models. It discusses the build and fix model, why models are needed to address issues like schedule and cost overruns. It covers process models as a "black box" and "white box" approach. Prescriptive models advocate an orderly approach and include activities like communication, planning, modeling etc. The waterfall model is described as having sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. Limitations are noted. Incremental process models deliver software in increments that build on each other. RAD aims for a very short development cycle through reuse. Evolutionary models produce increasingly complete versions through iterations like prototyping, the spiral model and concurrent development.
This document provides an overview of different software process models. It discusses the build and fix model, why models are needed to address issues like schedule and cost overruns. It covers process models as a "black box" and "white box" approach. Prescriptive models advocate an orderly approach and include activities like communication, planning, modeling etc. The waterfall model is described as having sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. Limitations are noted. Incremental process models deliver software in increments. RAD aims for a very short development cycle through reuse. Evolutionary models produce increasingly complete versions through iterations, such as with prototyping, the spiral model and concurrent development.
Introduction,Software Process Models, Project Managementswatisinghal
The document discusses different types of software processes and models used in software engineering. It defines software and differentiates it from programs. It then explains key concepts in software engineering including the waterfall model, prototyping model, incremental/iterative model, and spiral model. For each model it provides an overview and discusses their advantages and limitations.
The document discusses various prescriptive software process models including the waterfall model, incremental process model, evolutionary process model, and prototyping. The waterfall model proposes a sequential approach from requirements to deployment. The incremental model produces deliverable software increments. Evolutionary models iteratively produce more complete versions. Prototyping builds prototypes to help define requirements through evaluation. Issues with each approach are also outlined.
The document discusses several system development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, spiral, RAD, concurrent, and unified process models. The key phases of SDLC are defined as preliminary survey, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation/maintenance, and project termination. Each model takes different approaches such as sequential, iterative, incremental, or concurrent development through the SDLC phases.
This document provides an overview of different software process models including the build and fix model, waterfall model, incremental process model, and evolutionary process models like prototyping and spiral model. It describes the key activities and limitations of each model. The build and fix model involves continuously building and reworking a product without design. The waterfall model is a linear sequential process with distinct stages of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Incremental and evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral model deliver software iteratively in increments with customer feedback to refine requirements.
The document discusses several software development process models including waterfall, iterative development, prototyping, RAD, spiral, RUP, and agile processes. The waterfall model is a linear sequential process while iterative development allows for incremental improvements. Prototyping allows users to provide early feedback. RAD combines waterfall and prototyping and emphasizes rapid development. Spiral model iterates through risk analysis, development, and planning phases. RUP is object-oriented and divided into cycles. Agile processes emphasize working software, incremental delivery, flexibility, and customer involvement.
The document discusses several common software life cycle models: the waterfall model, rapid application development (RAD) model, prototyping model, and spiral model. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without overlap. The RAD model emphasizes rapid delivery through iterative prototyping. The prototyping model builds prototypes to refine requirements before full development. Finally, the spiral model takes a risk-driven approach to software development through iterative planning, risk analysis, and evaluations.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and timeboxing. It provides descriptions of each model including typical steps, strengths, weaknesses, and when each model is best suited. It also discusses capability maturity model (CMM) levels and how changing the lifecycle model can impact development speed, quality, visibility, overhead, risk, and customer relations.
Lecture 19,20 Software Development Process Models.pptxSeniorUsama
The document discusses three software development process models: the Waterfall model, Prototyping model, and Rapid Application Development (RAD) model. The Waterfall model involves dividing the development process into separate sequential phases. The Prototyping model involves iteratively developing prototypes based on customer feedback. The RAD model involves developing components in parallel on a time-boxed basis and assembling them into a working prototype.
The document discusses several software engineering process models. It begins by defining a generic process model with five framework activities: communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It then describes different types of process flows (linear, iterative, evolutionary, parallel). Next, it discusses prescriptive process models in more detail, including the waterfall model, incremental process models, and evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral. For each model, it provides an overview and highlights advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses several software development models and practices. It describes the waterfall model which involves sequential stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also covers prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), and component assembly models which are more iterative in nature. The prototyping model involves creating prototypes to help define requirements, RAD emphasizes reuse and short development cycles, and component assembly focuses on reusing existing software components.
This document summarizes several software development process models. It begins by defining what a software process is - a framework for the activities required to build software. It then discusses evolutionary models like prototyping and the spiral model, which use iterative development and user feedback. Concurrent modeling is presented as allowing activities to occur simultaneously. The Unified Process is described as use case driven and iterative. Other models discussed include component-based development, formal methods, and aspect-oriented development. Personal and team software processes are also summarized, focusing on planning, metrics, and continuous improvement.
This document provides an overview of software development life cycle (SDLC) models and their comparison. It discusses several SDLC models including waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, prototyping, RAD, spiral and agile. Each model is described in terms of its phases, advantages and disadvantages. The document also presents related work from other scholars and states that while agile was not fully extreme programming, using Scrum principles resulted in return on investment and lower costs. It proposes future work to identify knowledge sharing procedures and user-centered SDLC models that overcome limitations of existing approaches.
The document discusses the prototyping model as an evolutionary process model for software development. It involves quickly planning, designing, and constructing a prototype that can be deployed to gather feedback from stakeholders. This iterative process allows requirements to become better defined through feedback until the prototype satisfies stakeholders' needs. Some limitations are that prototypes focus less on quality and maintainability, and compromises may be needed to develop prototypes quickly.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It describes the phases of SDLC as requirements gathering and analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Several common models are explained in detail, including the waterfall model, prototyping model, incremental model, and spiral model. The waterfall model follows a sequential process from requirements to maintenance, while other iterative models allow for more customer feedback and flexibility to change requirements over multiple iterations of development. Choosing the appropriate model depends on factors like project risks, requirements stability, and need for early delivery of basic functionality.
This is about software engineering.Software engineers apply engineering principles and knowledge of programming languages to build software solutions for end users. Software engineers design and develop computer games, business applications, operating systems, network control systems, and middleware—to name just a few of the many career paths available.
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The document discusses various software process models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, evolutionary (prototyping and spiral), and component-based development models. It describes the key activities and characteristics of each model and discusses when each may be applicable. The waterfall model presents a linear sequential flow while evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral are iterative and incremental to accommodate changing requirements.
This document discusses various prescriptive process models for software engineering. It begins by introducing generic process frameworks and then discusses traditional models like waterfall, incremental, prototyping, RAD and spiral. It also covers specialized models for component-based development and formal methods. Each model is explained in terms of its activities, advantages and challenges. Traditional models tend to be sequential while evolutionary models iterate and provide early feedback. Specialized models focus on areas like reuse and formal specification.
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2. Software Process Model
Process models prescribe a distinct set of
activities, actions, tasks, milestones, and work
products required to engineer high quality
software.
Process models are not perfect, but provide
roadmap for software engineering work.
Software models provide stability, control, and
organization to a process that if not managed can
easily get out of control
Software process models are adapted to meet the
needs of software engineers and managers for a
specific project.
4. The earlier approach
Product is constructed without specification or
any attempt at design.
Developers simply build a product that is
reworked as many times as necessary to satisfy
the client.
Model may work for small projects but is totally
unsatisfactory for products of any reasonable
size.
Maintenance is high.
Source of difficulties and deficiencies
impossible to predict
impossible to manage
5. Why Models are Needed?
Symptoms of inadequacy: the software crisis
scheduled time and cost exceeded
user expectations not met
poor quality
6. Personal & Team Process
Models
The Personal Software Process (PSP) shows engineers
how to
manage the quality of their projects
make commitments they can meet
improve estimating and planning
reduce defects in their products
PSP emphasizes the need to record and analyze the
types of errors you make, so you can develop strategies
eliminate them.
7. PSP model Framework Activities
Planning – isolates requirements and based on
these develops both size & resource estimates.
A defect estimate is made.
High level Design – external specification of all
components. All issues are recorded and
tracked.
High level Design Review- formal verification to
uncover errors
Development- metrics are maintained for all
important tasks & work results.
Postmortem- using measures & metrics
collected effectiveness of process is
determined an improved.
8. The Team Software Process (TSP), along with the Personal
Software Process, helps the high-performance engineer to
ensure quality software products
create secure software products
improve process management in an organization
TSP Framework Activities
Launch high level design
Implementation
Integration
Test
postmortem
9. Process Models- Prescriptive Models
Waterfall Model (classic life cycle, linear sequential model)
Suggests a systematic, sequential approach to software
development that begins with customer specification of
requirement and progresses through planning, modeling,
construction and deployment, finishing in ongoing support of the
completed s/w.
11. Limitations of the waterfall
model
1. Real projects are rarely follow the sequential model.
2. Difficult for the customer to state all the requirement
explicitly.
3. Assumes patience from customer - working version of
program will not available until late in the project life
span.
4. Some teams sit ideal for other teams to finish
The model implies that you should attempt to complete a
given stage before moving on to the next stage.
5. The model implies that once the product is finished,
everything else is maintenance.
6. Delivers a large amount of work products.
This model is only appropriate when the requirements
are well-understood and changes will be fairly limited
during the design process.
12. Incremental Process Model
Rather than deliver the system as a single delivery, the
development and delivery is broken down into
increments with each increment delivering part of the
required functionality.
C- Communication
P - Planning
M – Modeling
C - Construction
D - Deployment
13. First Increment is often core product
Includes basic requirement
Many supplementary features (known & unknown)
remain undelivered
A plan of next increment is prepared
Modifications of the first increment
Additional features of the first increment
Incremental model focus more on delivery of operation product with
each increment
14. User requirements are prioritised and the
highest priority requirements are included in
early increments.
Once the development of an increment is
started, the requirements are frozen though
requirements for later increments can
continue to evolve.
Customer value can be delivered with each
increment so system functionality is
available earlier.
Early increments act as a prototype to help
elicit requirements for later increments.
15. Increment can be planned to manage
technical risks.
Lower risk of overall project failure.
The highest priority system services
tend to receive the most testing.
It is particularly useful when enough
staffing is not available for the whole
project
16. Rapid Application
Development (RAD) Model Rapid application development (RAD) is an incremental software
development process model that emphasizes an extremely short
development cycle.
17. Communication – to understand business problem.
Planning – multiple s/w teams works in parallel on diff. system.
Modeling –
Business modeling – Information flow among
business is working.
Ex. What kind of information drives?
Who is going to generate information?
From where information comes and goes?
Data modeling – Information refine into set of data
objects that are needed to support business.
Process modeling – Data object transforms to
information flow necessary to implement business.
18. Construction – Highlighting the use of pre-existing software
component.
Deployment – Deliver to customer basis for subsequent iteration.
RAD model emphasize a short development cycle.
“High speed” edition of linear sequential model.
If requirement are well understood and project scope is
constrained then it enable development team to create “ fully
functional system” within a very short time period.
Makes heavy use of reusable software components with an
extremely short development cycle
Each major function can be addressed by a separate team and
then integrated to form a whole.
19. Drawback:
For large but scalable projects
RAD requires sufficient human resources
Projects fail if developers and customers
are not committed in a much shortened
time-frame
Problematic if system can not be
modularized
Not appropriate when technical risks are
high ( heavy use of new technology)
21. Best approach when:
Objectives defines by customer are general but
does not have details like input, processing, or
output requirement.
Developer may be unsure of the efficiency of
an algorithm, O.S., or the form that human
machine interaction should take.
It can be used as standalone process model,
but commonly used as a technique within the
context of any other process model.
Model assist software engineer and customer
to better understand what is to be built when
requirement are fuzzy.
22. Prototyping start with communication, between a
customer and software engineer to define overall
objective, identify requirements and make a boundary.
Going ahead, planned quickly and modeling (software
layout visible to the customers/end-user) occurs.
Quick design leads to prototype construction.
Prototype is deployed and evaluated by the
customer/user.
Feedback from customer/end user will refine
requirement and that is how iteration occurs during
prototype to satisfy the needs of the customer.
23. Prototype can be serve as “the first
system”.
Both customers and developers like the
prototyping paradigm.
Customer/End user gets a feel for the actual
system
Developer get to build something
immediately.
Prototype
Throwaways
Evolutionary
24. Problem Areas
Customer cries foul and demand that
“a few fixes” be applied to make the
prototype a working product, due to
that software quality suffers as a
result.
Developer often makes
implementation in order to get a
prototype working quickly without
considering other factors in mind like
OS, Programming language, etc.
25. Spiral Model
Couples iterative nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic
aspects of the linear sequential model
26. It provide potential for rapid development of
increasingly more complete version of the software.
Using spiral, software developed in as series of
evolutionary release.
Early iteration, release might be on
paper or prototype.
Later iteration, more complete version
of software.
Divided into framework activities (C,P,M,C,D). Each
activity represent one segment.
Evolutionary process begins in a clockwise direction,
beginning at the center.
Risk is considered as each revolution is made.
27. First circuit around the spiral might result in
development of a product specification. Subsequently,
develop a prototype and then progressively more
sophisticated version of software.
Each pass through the planning region results in
adjustments to the project plan.
Unlike other process models that end when software is
delivered.
It can be adapted to apply throughout the life of
software.
29. Concept Development Project:
Start at the core and continues for multiple iterations until it is
complete.
If concept is developed into an actual product, the process
proceeds outward on the spiral.
New Product Development Project:
New product will evolve through a number of iterations around the
spiral.
Later, a circuit around spiral might be used to represent a
“Product Enhancement Project”
Product Enhancement Project:
There are times when process is dormant or software team not
developing new things but change is initiated, process start at
appropriate entry point.
Product Maintenance Project:
Once the product is deployed maintenance phase is represented as
a circuit around the spiral.
30. Spiral models uses prototyping as a risk reduction mechanism but,
more important, enables the developer to apply the prototyping
approach at each stage in the evolution of the product.
It maintains the systematic stepwise approach suggested by the
classic life cycle but also incorporates it into an iterative
framework activity.
If risks cannot be resolved, project is immediately terminated
Problem Area:
It may be difficult to convince customers (particularly in contract
situations) that the evolutionary approach is controllable.
If a major risk is not uncovered and managed, problems will
undoubtedly occur.
32. Defines a series of events that will trigger transitions from state to state
for each of the software engineering activities, actions, or tasks.
It is often more appropriate for system engineering projects where
different engineering teams are involved.
The activity-modeling may be in any one of the states for a given time.
All activities exist concurrently but reside in different states.
E.g. The analysis activity (existed in the none state while initial customer
communication was completed) now makes a transition into the under
development state.
Analysis activity moves from the under development state into the awaiting
changes state only if customer indicates changes in requirements.
Series of event will trigger transition from state to state.
E.g. During initial stage there was inconsistency in design which was
uncovered. This will triggers the analysis action from the Done state into
Awaiting Changes state.
33. Visibility of current state of
project
It define network of activities
Each activities, actions and tasks
on the network exists
simultaneously with other
activities ,actions and tasks.
Events generated at one point in
the process network trigger
transitions among the states.
34. Specialized Process Models
Component Based Development
Component-based development (CBD)
model incorporates many of the
characteristics of the spiral model.
It is evolutionary by nature and
iterative approach to create software.
CBD model creates applications from
prepackaged software components
(called classes).
35. Steps of CBD
Available Component Based products are researched
and evaluated for the application domain in question
Component integration issues are considered.
A s/w architecture is designed to accommodate the
components
Components are integrated into the architecture
Comprehensive testing is conducted to ensure proper
functionality.
37. CBD model leads to software
reusability
Based on studies, CBD model
leads to 70 % reduction in
development cycle time.
84% reduction in project cost.
Productivity is very high.
38. THE FORMAL METHODS
MODEL
Encompasses a set of activities that leads to formal
mathematical specification of computer software.
Enable a software engineer to specify, develop, and
verify a computer-based system by applying a rigorous,
mathematical notation.
A variation on this approach, called cleanroom software
engineering.
Ambiguity, incompleteness, and inconsistency can be
discovered and corrected more easily, not through ad
hoc review but through the application of mathematical
analysis.
Offers the promise of defect-free software.
39. Problems
The development of formal models is currently quite time
consuming and expensive.
Because few software developers have the necessary
background to apply formal methods, extensive training is
required.
It is difficult to use the models as a communication
mechanism for technically unsophisticated customers.
Best Suited for;
safety-critical software
40. The Unified Process
The Unified Process is an iterative and incremental
development process.
41. The UP organizes work and
iterations across four major
phases
Inception – approximate vision, business case, scope,
vague estimates.
NOT a requirements phase, but a feasibility phase
Elaboration – refined vision, iterative implementation of
the core architecture, resolution of high risks,
identification of most requirements and scope, more
realistic estimates.
A phase where the core architecture is iteratively
designed and implemented
Construction – iterative implementation of the
remaining lower risk and easier elements, preparation
for deployment.
Transition – beta tests and deployment