The document summarizes key aspects of the Trade Union Act of 1926 in India, including its objectives to register trade unions and establish their legal status. It outlines various principles and functions of trade unions, including their basic, economic, welfare, legal, and political roles. It also describes the classification of trade unions based on purpose, membership, trade, and registration requirements. Finally, it discusses the rights and liabilities of registered trade unions, such as how their funds can be used and how separate political funds can be constituted.
Industrial disputes(causes and consequences)Raj Akki
This document discusses various types of industrial disputes and their causes and consequences. It defines an industrial dispute as any disagreement between employers and employees related to employment terms or conditions. Causes of disputes include industrial factors like wages and hours, management attitude issues, government machinery problems, and other issues like union rivalry. Consequences include strikes, lockouts, layoffs, and retrenchment, which are also defined in the document. Strikes involve a cessation of work, while lockouts involve employers closing businesses. Layoffs are temporary removals from payroll, while retrenchment is permanent termination for economic reasons.
This document provides an overview of industrial disputes and methods for their settlement under the Industrial Disputes Act of 1947 in India. It defines an industrial dispute and outlines the objectives of the Act, which include providing machinery for peaceful dispute resolution and promoting collective bargaining. Common causes of disputes are then listed, such as demands for higher wages or better working conditions. The main methods for dispute settlement discussed are conciliation, arbitration, and adjudication. Conciliation involves a neutral conciliation officer helping parties reach an agreement, while arbitration and adjudication involve a binding third-party judgment. The document explains the roles and processes involved in each method.
The document discusses the Payment of Bonus Act 1965 in India. It provides definitions of key terms like bonus and outlines the aims, applicability, eligibility criteria, minimum and maximum bonus amounts under the Act. It also covers the methods to calculate statutory bonus and available surplus, as well as employers' obligations around payment timelines, registers, returns and penalties for non-compliance. The document answers several questions around entitlement of different employee types and closes with conclusions and bibliography.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Trade Union Act of 1926 in India. It discusses the objectives of establishing legal protections for trade unions, how unions are defined, and requirements for registration. Key points include:
- The Act aimed to provide legal status to trade unions by establishing a registration system.
- A trade union is defined as a combination of workers/employers formed to regulate their relations or impose conditions on businesses.
- At least 7 members can apply to register a union, providing details like member names and addresses, union name and rules.
- Registered unions must operate within certain duties like notifying address changes and submitting annual audited financial reports.
- Funds are raised
Reference of industrial disputes for settlement - Settlement
machinery for Industrial Disputes, Conciliation Officer, Board of
Conciliation, Court of Enquiry, Labour Court, Industrial Tribunal
and National Tribunal and Arbitration, their composition, powers,
and duties,
The document discusses workers' participation in management in India. It defines workers' participation as the involvement of non-managerial employees in organizational decision-making. It outlines various models of participation including works committees, joint management councils, nominating worker directors, and shop councils. The objectives, strategies, reasons for limited success, and measures to improve effectiveness are also summarized.
The document discusses workers' education at different levels in India. It was defined as education designed to give workers a better understanding of their status, problems, rights and responsibilities. There are three levels - national, regional, and unit. At the national level, education officers are trained. At the regional level, worker-teachers are trained and conduct programs. At the unit level, worker-teachers educate rank-and-file workers. The content includes subjects like trade unions, industry, family, and citizenship. Techniques include lectures, discussions, study groups, and educational visits. The objective is to make workers efficient, disciplined union members and intelligent citizens.
The document defines key terms related to industrial disputes and the Industrial Disputes Act of 1947 in India such as industrial dispute, workman, wages, and public utility service. It outlines the objectives of the act to promote amity between employers and workers. It describes features such as encouraging arbitration, setting up works committees, and empowering government authorities to resolve disputes. Finally, it explains the various authorities established under the act to handle different types and levels of disputes, such as conciliation officers, boards of conciliation, courts of inquiry, labour courts, and national tribunals.
BONUS ACT BASICS
A bonus is an extra amount of money that is added to someone's pay, usually because they have worked very hard.
The practice of paying bonus in India appears to have originated during First World War when certain textile mills granted 10% of wages as war bonus to their workers in 1917.
The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 provides various machineries for settling industrial disputes in India, including works committees, conciliation officers, boards of conciliation, courts of inquiry, labor courts, industrial tribunals, national tribunals, voluntary arbitration, adjudication, and mediation. The Act aims to promote industrial harmony by establishing mechanisms for investigating and resolving disputes between employers and employees.
This document provides an overview of the key sections and provisions of the Indian Standing Orders Act, 1946. It summarizes each section of the Act, including:
- The scope and objectives of the Act are to minimize industrial conflict and define employment conditions for workers.
- It requires employers in establishments with 100+ workers to submit draft standing orders to certifying officers for approval.
- The certifying officer evaluates the draft and can modify it before certification. Appeals can be made.
- Once certified, standing orders must be displayed and registered. Modification requires following the same process.
- It establishes penalties for non-compliance and provides powers to exempt establishments. Overall the Act aims to bring uniformity
This document provides an overview of industrial relations and trade unions. It defines industrial relations as the relationship between employees and management, and notes it aims to maximize productivity through cooperation. Trade unions are defined as membership organizations that protect and advance workers' interests. The document outlines key aspects of both topics, including:
- The importance of industrial relations in maintaining peace and harmony in industry.
- The main members/players involved in industrial relations: employers, employees, trade unions, government.
- The objectives of industrial relations like promoting cooperation and resolving conflicts.
- The functions of trade unions like providing welfare and safeguarding workers' interests.
- The different forms of trade unions and approaches to industrial relations
The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 aims to reward employees through profit sharing. It applies to factories and establishments with 20 or more employees. Eligible employees must work a minimum of 30 days and earn less than Rs. 21,000 per month. Employers must pay a minimum bonus of 8.33% of salary or Rs. 100, and can pay up to 20% of salary depending on available surplus. Employers have 8 months to pay bonuses, with provisions to carry forward surplus or deficits to subsequent years.
Thank you for the detailed summary of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948. This will help provide important context and an overview of the key aspects of the Act.
The Minimum Wages Act, 1948 aims to prevent exploitation of labor by ensuring a minimum wage for scheduled employments. It empowers central and state governments to fix and revise minimum wages in scheduled industries through committees with equal employer and employee representation. The Act defines key terms and sets rules for payment of wages, working hours, overtime rates, and maintenance of records. Employers failing to pay minimum wages can face imprisonment of up to 6 months, fines, or both.
The Minimum Wages Act of 1948 was passed to protect unorganized workers in certain industries by establishing minimum wage rates. The Act aims to ensure wages are enough not just for a worker's subsistence but to maintain their work efficiency. It empowers the appropriate government to fix minimum wages for scheduled employments where exploitation is common. Key objectives include preventing exploitation, empowering governments to set and revise wages regularly, and applying the law widely in organized sectors. The Act outlines procedures for fixing and revising wages every five years and establishes advisory boards. It regulates payment and overtime wages, and penalties are prescribed for paying less than minimum wage.
An industrial dispute is a conflict between management and workers regarding terms of employment that can result in industrial actions like strikes or lockouts. Disputes generally arise due to issues like poor wages or working conditions. They negatively impact both parties through lost production and profits for management, and lost wages and hardship for workers. Industrial disputes are classified as interest disputes involving negotiations over new terms, or grievance disputes regarding unfair treatment. Common causes of disputes include industrial factors, management attitudes, government failures, and union rivalries. Strikes are a legitimate worker action that temporarily halt work in order to pressure employers, while lockouts are management imposing work stoppages.
The document discusses the nature, meaning, principles, functions and types of trade unions according to the Trade Union Act of 1926 in India. Some key points:
- Trade unions are voluntary organizations formed by workers/employers to promote their collective interests through actions like regulating relations and imposing work conditions.
- The main functions of trade unions are protecting workers' interests through collective bargaining over wages and work conditions, and providing social/welfare benefits to members.
- Trade unions can be reformist, seeking gradual change through bargaining, or revolutionary, aiming to replace the existing economic system. They may be organized by craft, industry or federation.
- The Trade Union Act of 1926 provides for registration of trade
This document provides an overview of trade unions, including:
- Definitions of a trade union and their key characteristics.
- A brief history of trade union movements starting in the late 18th century in Great Britain and spreading internationally in the 19th century.
- Theories that have been proposed to explain and justify trade union activities, such as those put forward by Hoxie, Marx, the Webbs, and Gandhi.
- Key milestones and periods in the growth of trade unions in India such as the Trade Unions Act of 1926 and increased growth after independence.
- Roles and functions of modern trade unions in promoting workers' interests and cooperating in production.
This document provides an overview of the Trade Union Act of 1926 in India. It discusses key aspects of the act such as:
1. The objective of the act was to provide trade unions and their members protection from certain civil and criminal liabilities and to control expenditures of union funds for specified purposes.
2. It defines what constitutes a trade union and a trade dispute. It also outlines the process for registration of trade unions, requirements for trade union rules, and powers of the registrar.
3. The act established trade unions as corporate bodies with perpetual succession, the ability to own property, enter contracts, and sue or be sued. It has since undergone several amendments to expand protections for unions.
The document provides an overview of key definitions and concepts from the Industrial Disputes Act 1947 in India. It begins by giving context for the act, noting it replaced previous legislation and was passed to help settle industrial disputes. Several sections then define important terms related to industrial relations like "industrial dispute", "wages", "lay off", "lockout" and "retrenchment". Case laws are also referenced to further explain interpretations of these terms by courts. The objective is to help regulate labor-management relations and resolve conflicts in a peaceful manner.
The Trade Union Act of 1926 provides the legal framework for the registration and functioning of trade unions in India. Some key points:
- It requires a minimum number of 10% or 100 workers of an establishment to be members for a union to register.
- Unions must have rules regarding their name, objectives, funds usage, and membership lists.
- Registered unions receive protections like perpetual succession, owning property, ability to sue and be sued.
- Funds can only be used for specified purposes like administration, disputes, and allowances. Separate political funds are also allowed.
- Immunity is provided from criminal conspiracy charges related to proper usage of funds. Civil suits are also restricted
The document provides an overview of trade unions in India, including definitions, objectives, advantages, rights, and liabilities of trade unions. It discusses key aspects such as recognition of trade unions, amalgamation, and dissolution. It also outlines some limitations of Indian trade unions and remedial measures to address problems like maintaining unity, reducing political influences, providing worker education, ensuring adequate funds, and prioritizing welfare activities.
This document provides an overview of trade unions in India, including their definition, objectives, functions, and legal framework. It notes that trade unions aim to secure economic and social benefits for their members by collectively bargaining with employers over issues like wages, working conditions, and personnel policies. The document also discusses some of the challenges faced by trade unions, such as multiple unions competing within the same industry and a lack of interest or participation from some workers. It concludes by acknowledging that while trade unions have helped improve workers' standard of living, some are now closely aligned with political parties.
This document provides an overview of the Trade Union Act of 1926 in India. It discusses key aspects of the act including the definition of a trade union, scope and coverage of the act, process of trade union registration, requirements for trade union rules, grounds for cancelling registration, permitted uses of trade union funds, rights to inspect books, and dissolution of trade unions. It also provides a case study on how a trade union organization in Maharashtra used collective bargaining to successfully resolve a dispute between hotel workers and management over reducing annual holiday time.
The Trade Union Act of 1926 establishes the framework for the registration of trade unions in India. Some key points:
1. The Act provides for the appointment of Registrars of Trade Unions by state governments who are responsible for registering unions.
2. To register, a union must submit an application signed by at least 7 members, along with its rules and office bearer details. The rules must address membership, funds, leadership elections and dissolution.
3. Once registered, a union receives legal status as a corporate body with powers to own property, enter contracts, and sue or be sued in its own name. Registered unions also receive certain immunities from civil suits.
4. The Reg
The document discusses key definitions and concepts from the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 in India, including definitions of industrial disputes, strikes, lock-outs, layoffs, and the machinery established under the Act for resolving disputes. It provides details on authorities like Works Committees, Conciliation Officers, Boards of Conciliation, Courts of Inquiry, Labour Courts, and Industrial Tribunals that are involved in conciliation and adjudication of disputes. It also explains provisions around illegal strikes and lockouts as well as disputes in public utility services.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Industrial Disputes Act 1947 in India. It defines industrial disputes, outlines the objectives to promote industrial harmony, and describes the types of industrial disputes that can arise. It also explains the authorities and mechanisms established for resolving industrial disputes, including prohibitions on strikes and lockouts, voluntary arbitration, and adjudication through labor courts, tribunals, and national tribunals.
Industrial relations encompass employment relationships and interactions between management and employees or among employees. There are various approaches to defining and analyzing industrial relations, including institutional, social psychology, and class-based definitions. Theories also examine factors like human resource management, employment relations, and the objectives and nature of industrial relations. Unions, management, and government all play important roles in industrial relations systems.
The Trade Union Act of 1926 provides for the registration of trade unions in India. Some key points:
- It aims to provide legal status and corporate identity to registered trade unions.
- Unions must have minimum number of members and adhere to requirements regarding their constitution, funds, objects, and rules to qualify for registration.
- Registered unions become bodies corporate that can own property, enter contracts, sue and be sued.
- Funds can only be used for specified objects like administration, disputes, member welfare. Separate political funds are allowed.
- Registered unions are provided certain immunities from civil and criminal prosecution regarding trade dispute activities of members.
This document provides an overview of trade unions in India. It defines a trade union and explains that their primary purpose is to protect workers' interests. It outlines the key objectives and functions of trade unions, including negotiating wages/conditions and resolving disputes. The document also discusses the Trade Union Act of 1926, which governs the registration of trade unions in India and provides them legal status. It summarizes some important provisions around the registration process, management of union funds, and obligations to submit annual returns. In conclusion, the document examines reasons for workers to join trade unions and the causes of industrial disputes.
The document discusses trade unions under Indian law. It defines a trade union as any combination of workers formed primarily to regulate relations between employers and employees. A trade union must be registered and have a minimum number of members engaged in a particular industry. Registration provides legal status and benefits like the ability to own property and sue others. The rules of a trade union must address matters like membership, leadership, finances, and dissolution. Advantages of trade unions are outlined for workers, employers and society as a whole, such as better wages and working conditions for workers and industrial peace for employers. Challenges faced by Indian trade unions include political divisions and a lack of democratic practices in some unions.
The Trade Union Act 1926 defines a trade union as a combination of workers formed to regulate relations between employers and workers. It provides for the registration of trade unions which gives them certain protections and rights. The objectives of trade unions include securing fair wages, improving working conditions, resolving disputes, and promoting workers' welfare. The Act specifies requirements for registration such as a minimum number of members and rules regarding membership, finances, elections and dissolution. Registered trade unions have rights such as perpetual succession, holding property, and immunity from civil and criminal liability in certain matters.
The document discusses concepts related to trade unions in India including their definition, history, features, registration process, and funds. It defines a trade union as a combination of workers formed primarily to regulate relations between employers and employees. The first organized Indian trade union was formed in 1918 in Madras. Registered trade unions gain legal status and protections. They can establish general funds for administrative costs and member benefits, and political funds to promote members' political interests, with contributions to each collected separately.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Trade Union Act of 1926 in India. [1] It provides definitions of key terms like trade union and outlines the objectives and functions of trade unions such as improving workers' wages and working conditions. [2] It also describes the rights and liabilities of registered trade unions regarding their funds and political activities. [3] The registration process for trade unions is explained, along with details about amalgamation or dissolution of unions.
Unit 3 The Employmnet Contract and Core Labour Legislations impacting ER.pptxKairoonNisaFyzoo
The summary discusses key topics from a unit on employment relations in South Africa, including:
- The development of employment relations law and major acts governing labor relations.
- The nature of employment contracts, including formation and termination.
- Organizational rights of trade unions as outlined in the Labour Relations Act, including access to workplaces, deductions of dues, and paid leave for representatives.
- Dispute resolution processes for resolving conflicts between employers and employees.
The Trade Union Act of 1926 provides the legal framework for the registration and regulation of trade unions in India. Some key points:
- A trade union is a voluntary organization of workers formed to protect their interests through collective action like securing fair wages and improving working conditions.
- The Act allows 7 or more workers to apply for registration of their trade union by submitting its rules and details to the Registrar.
- Registered trade unions receive legal protections like the ability to own property, enter contracts, and sue/be sued in their own name. They must follow requirements regarding their rules and finances.
- The Registrar can cancel a union's registration if it violates the Act. Appeals can be
The Trade Union Act of 1926 provides the legal framework for the registration of trade unions in India. Some key points:
1. It establishes the process for trade unions to register and become recognized legal entities, including requirements for leadership and membership.
2. Registered trade unions gain protections and abilities to operate legally, such as owning property, entering into contracts, and managing funds for member benefits.
3. The Act also outlines penalties for trade unions that do not comply with reporting requirements or provide false information. Appeals processes are included for disputed registrations.
The document discusses the Trade Unions Act of 1926 in India. Some key points:
- The Act provides for the registration of trade unions and defines the law relating to registered trade unions. It aims to regulate relations between workers and employers.
- A trade union is defined as any combination of workers or employers formed to regulate their relations. It can include federations of multiple trade unions.
- To register, a trade union must have at least 7 members and apply to the Registrar. The Registrar will register it and maintain records. A registered trade union is a corporate body that can own property.
- The Act provides various protections and immunities to registered trade unions, such as
The document provides details about the Trade Union Act of 1926 in India. It discusses the history of trade unions in India and the reasons for passing the Trade Union Act. It defines key terms under the act like trade union, registered trade union, trade dispute, etc. It also summarizes the procedures for registration of trade unions including appointment of registrar, registration process, rights and duties of registrar, and legal status conferred post-registration. The document also outlines the rules for registered trade unions, their rights and liabilities, penalties for non-compliance, and concludes with images related to an all India strike.
This document discusses various labour laws in India including the Factories Act, Employee State Insurance Act, Employee's Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, Maternity Benefit Act, Payment of Gratuity Act, and the Weekly Holidays Act. It also discusses trade unions, collective bargaining, and prerequisites for successful collective bargaining such as organization, freedom of association, mutual recognition between employers and employees, a favourable political climate, agreement observance, compromise, and avoidance of unfair labour practices. An example of a strike is provided in the Maruti Suzuki case study.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Labour Law course taught by Neha Sharma. It covers 4 units: Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining, Standing Orders, Resolution of Industrial Disputes, and Instruments of Economic Coercion. Key concepts from the Trade Unions Act of 1926 like registration of trade unions, office bearers, funds, and immunities are discussed. The new labour codes replacing earlier labour laws are also mentioned.
Lectures for Basic Seminar on Cooperative DevelopmentGaphor Panimbang
This document provides an overview of cooperatives in the Philippines, including definitions, principles, laws and regulations, types of cooperatives, steps to form a cooperative, organizational structure, rights and responsibilities of members, and factors for success. Specifically, it defines a cooperative as a registered association of people with a common interest working together for economic or social goals. It also outlines the seven cooperative principles of voluntary membership, democratic control, limited return on capital, member economic participation, education and training, cooperation among cooperatives, and concern for community.
This document provides an overview of the Trade Union Act of 1926 in India through a presentation. It discusses the history of trade unions in India and the reasons for establishing the Trade Union Act. Key points covered include definitions in the act, procedures for registering trade unions, rights and responsibilities of registered unions, and penalties for non-compliance. The presentation was given to a professor and covers topics such as the meaning of the act, registration process, roles of the registrar, legal status and rules of registered unions, their rights and liabilities, and penalties under the act.
The Trade Union Act 1926 was passed in India to provide for the lawful registration of trade unions and provide certain privileges and protections to registered trade unions. Key aspects of the Act include defining what constitutes a trade union and trade dispute, outlining the process for trade union registration including requirements for leadership structure and financial reporting, and specifying permissible uses of union funds for activities like legal proceedings, trade disputes, welfare benefits, and the establishment of a separate political fund. The Act aimed to strengthen the trade union movement by facilitating greater organization and representation of workers' interests within the legal framework.
The document discusses the Trade Union Act of 1926 in India. It defines key terms like trade union, executive, and office bearer. It outlines the objectives and history of major trade union federations in India like AITUC, INTUC, Hind Mazdoor Sabha, and CITU. It also discusses why workers join trade unions, the rights of registered trade unions, and how trade union funds can be spent.
The document provides an overview of the Trade Union Act through a presentation by Sweetin Saji. It defines a trade union and outlines the objectives of the act which are to regulate the registration of trade unions and define the obligations and rights of registered trade unions. Key points covered include the appointment of registrars, the process for trade union registration, requirements for provisions in trade union rules, and grounds for cancelling a registration certificate.
How to Store Data on the Odoo 17 WebsiteCeline George
Here we are going to discuss how to store data in Odoo 17 Website.
It includes defining a model with few fields in it. Add demo data into the model using data directory. Also using a controller, pass the values into the template while rendering it and display the values in the website.
Webinar Innovative assessments for SOcial Emotional SkillsEduSkills OECD
Presentations by Adriano Linzarini and Daniel Catarino da Silva of the OECD Rethinking Assessment of Social and Emotional Skills project from the OECD webinar "Innovations in measuring social and emotional skills and what AI will bring next" on 5 July 2024
Join educators from the US and worldwide at this year’s conference, themed “Strategies for Proficiency & Acquisition,” to learn from top experts in world language teaching.
Delegation Inheritance in Odoo 17 and Its Use CasesCeline George
There are 3 types of inheritance in odoo Classical, Extension, and Delegation. Delegation inheritance is used to sink other models to our custom model. And there is no change in the views. This slide will discuss delegation inheritance and its use cases in odoo 17.
(T.L.E.) Agriculture: Essentials of GardeningMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏.𝟎)-𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐬
Lesson Outcome:
-Students will understand the basics of gardening, including the importance of soil, water, and sunlight for plant growth. They will learn to identify and use essential gardening tools, plant seeds, and seedlings properly, and manage common garden pests using eco-friendly methods.
Slide Presentation from a Doctoral Virtual Open House presented on June 30, 2024 by staff and faculty of Capitol Technology University
Covers degrees offered, program details, tuition, financial aid and the application process.
The membership Module in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Some business organizations give membership to their customers to ensure the long term relationship with those customers. If the customer is a member of the business then they get special offers and other benefits. The membership module in odoo 17 is helpful to manage everything related to the membership of multiple customers.
Lecture_Notes_Unit4_Chapter_8_9_10_RDBMS for the students affiliated by alaga...Murugan Solaiyappan
Title: Relational Database Management System Concepts(RDBMS)
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : DATA INTEGRITY, CREATING AND MAINTAINING A TABLE AND INDEX
Sub-Topic :
Data Integrity,Types of Integrity, Integrity Constraints, Primary Key, Foreign key, unique key, self referential integrity,
creating and maintain a table, Modifying a table, alter a table, Deleting a table
Create an Index, Alter Index, Drop Index, Function based index, obtaining information about index, Difference between ROWID and ROWNUM
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Feedback and Contact Information:
Your feedback is valuable! For any queries or suggestions, please contact muruganjit@agacollege.in
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
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Principles of Roods Approach!!!!!!!.pptxibtesaam huma
Principles of Rood’s Approach
Treatment technique used in physiotherapy for neurological patients which aids them to recover and improve quality of life
Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of God’s presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed God’s presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before God’s Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
2. Objects of The Act
The Act was enacted with the object of-
•Providing for the registration of trade unions
•Verification of the membership of trade unions
registered so that they may acquire a legal and
corporate status.
3. Principles to Govern Trade Union
• Doctrine of vested interest: It states that wages and
other conditions of employment should not be
mixed with work.
• Doctrine of supply and demand: It holds that
collective action on the part of workers enables the
attainment of their objectives.
• Doctrine of living wages: It talks empowering
workers to demand living wages.
• Doctrine of partnership: This doctrine accepts
workers as partners.
• Doctrine of socialism: It implies that every worker
has a right to work and leisure, maintenance in old
age, sickness and equal pay for equal work.
4. Function of Trade Union
• The functions of trade unions can be classified into:
1. The basic function of trade unions is to build their
organizations, both numerically and financially.
2. Economic function- essentially implies bread and butter
functions.
3. Welfare function: Trade unions should shoulder social
responsibilities.
4. Legal Function : Trade unions closely associate themselves
with the law- making process, interpretation of laws, and
providing information about the various for the benefit of
their members.
5. Political functions: Trade unions kept themselves abreast
of the political events.
5. Function of Trade Union
• The functions of trade unions can be subdivided as :
• Intra- mural: All those activities which can be done within
the organization to promote and protect the interests of
its members through collective action.
• mural: Performed outside the organization for the general
welfare of their members.
• Political functions: Trade unions send their
representatives to the legislative assemblies and
parliament through general elections in order to safeguard
their interests.
6. Classification of trade unions- Based on purpose
• Reformist Union:
I. Business Union- Built around congenial employer-
employee cooperation.
II. Friendly up- lift Union- Aspire to elevate the
morale, intellectual and social life of workers.
• Revolutionary Unions:
I. Political Union- Resort to political action to protect the
workers’ interest.
II. Anarchist Union- Try to destroy the existing economic
system by revolutionary means
7. Classification of trade unions- Based on membership
• Qualified Union: Membership <5% of the total
employees in any establishment in a continuous
area.
• Representative Union: Membership at least 15%
of the total employees in any establishment in a
continuous area.
• Primary Union: Membership is more than 15% of
the total employees in any establishment in a
continuous area.
8. Classification of trade unions- Based on Trade
• Craft Union: Workers of same craft or category of the job
form union. (drivers assn., signaling staff union etc.,)
• General Union: Workers of any industry, any region, and of
any occupation form a union in order to protect their
overall interest.
• Industrial Union: Workers of different industries form their
own union.
• Federation and Confederation: Association of different
trade union to make common representation.
9. Reasons for joining a Trade Union
1. Some workers join trade union because they believe that a union can:
a. To negotiate better pay
b. To negotiate better working conditions- more holidays- improve health and safety.
c. To provide training for better skills and
d. To give general advice and support.
2. Union members have the right to be accompanied to a discipline or
grievance hearing by a trade union representative
3. All employees, regardless of whether they are union members of a union
or not, are entitled to be accompanied by a colleague.
4. Recognized unions also have right to consultation where redundancies or a
transfer of business are proposed.
5. Trade unions help their members to secure protection from unexpected
economic distress like illness, accidents, injury etc.,
6. They take active part in satisfying social and psychological needs as well as
need for belongingness among the members.
7. Trade unions campaign on behalf of their members on a range of issues,
be it local, sectoral, or national.
8. Trade unions ensure that all employees are treated fairly and equally.
9. They protest injustices in pay, working hours and pensions at workplace.
10. Trade unions can help to change the government policy towards workers.
10. Trade union activities
• When a union is recognized by an employer, members have the
right to some time off to take part in trade union activities. These
may include :
• Voting for action on industrial action
• Voting in union elections
• Meeting to discuss important matters ; and
• Attending the annual conference.
However, workers do not have the right to be paid for any time
spent in these activities.
11. Problems of Indian Trade Unions
1. Multiplicity of unions: (Lack skill formation, political influence, external
leadership, recognition, inter- union rivalry etc)
2. Politicalization: (External leadership, exploitation of political parties)
3. Democracy and leadership: ( Centralised decision making, obsession
with political ideology)
4. Financial position: (Meagred membership subscription, legal charges are
high, donations are linked to obligations)
5. Management attitude: (Unions are blamed for all difficulties faced by
mgt., recognition of trade union leads to bargaining)
6. Statutory support: ( formation of multiple unions, recognition is not
obligatory, external members is allowed)
7. Illiteracy and ignorance: Majority illiterate, ignorant and
poor, Politicalization, division based caste and creed, external leadership)
13. Mode of Registration of Trade Union
• Any seven or more members of a Trade Union may, by
subscribing their names to the rules of the Trade Union
apply for registration of the Trade Union under this Act:
- Provided that no Trade Union of workmen shall be
registered unless at least ten per cent or one hundred of
the workmen, whichever is less, engaged or employed in
the establishment or industry with which it is connected
are the members of such Trade Union on the date of
making of application for registration.
14. Application for Registration of Trade Union
1.Every application for registration of a Trade Union shall be made to
the Registrar and shall be accompanied by a copy of the rules of the
Trade Union and a statement of the following particulars, namely:—
• (a) the names, occupations and address of the members making
application;
• (b) the name of the Trade Union and the address of its head office;
and
• (c) the titles, names, ages, addresses and occupations of the office-
bearers of the Trade Union.
• (2) Where a Trade Union has been in existence for more than one
year before the making of an application for its registration, there
shall be delivered to the Registrar, together with the application, a
general statement of the assets and liabilities of the Trade Union
prepared in such form and containing such particulars as may be
prescribed.
15. Provisions to be contained in the Rules of a Trade Union
A Trade Union shall not be entitled to registration under this
Act, unless the executive thereof is constituted in
accordance with the provisions of this Act, and the rules
thereof provide for the following matters, namely:—
(a) the name of the Trade Union;
(b) the whole of the objects for which the Trade Union
has been established;
(c) the whole of the purposes for which the general
funds of the Trade Union shall be applicable, all of
which purposes shall be purposes to which such
funds are lawfully applicable under this Act;
16. Provisions to be contained in the rules of a Trade Union
(d) the maintenance of a list of the members of the
Trade Union and adequate facilities for the
inspection thereof by the office-bearers and
members of Trade Union;
(e) the admission of ordinary members who shall be
persons actually engaged or employed in an
industry with which the Trade Union is connected,
and also the admission of the number of honorary
or temporary members as office-bearers required
under section 22 to form the executive of the Trade
Union;
17. Provisions to be contained in the rules of a Trade Union
(ee) the payment of a minimum subscription by
members of the Trade Union which shall not be less
than—
(i) one rupee per annum for rural workers;
(ii) three rupees per annum for workers in other
unorganised sectors; and
(iii) twelve rupees per annum for workers in any other
case;
(f) the conditions under which any member shall be
entitled to any benefit assured by the rules and under
which any fine or forfeiture may be imposed on the
members;
(g) the manner in which the rules shall be amended,
varied or rescinded;
18. Provisions to be contained in the rules of a Trade Union
(h) the manner in which the members of the executive and
the other office-bearers of the Trade Union shall be elected
and removed;
(hh) the duration of period being not more than three years,
for which the members of the executive and other office-
bearers of the Trade Union shall be elected;
(i) the safe custody of the funds of the Trade Union, an
annual audit, in such manner as may be prescribed, of the
accounts thereof, and adequate facilities for the inspection
of the account books by the office-bearers and members of
the Trade Union; and
(j) the manner in which the Trade Union may be dissolved.
19. Registration
• The Registrar, on being satisfied that the Trade
Union has complied with all the requirements of
this Act in regard to registration, shall register
the Trade Union by entering in a register, to be
maintained in such form as may be prescribed,
the particulars relating to the Trade Union
contained in the statement accompanying the
application for registration.
20. Certificate of registration
• The Registrar, on registering a Trade Union
under section 8, shall issue a certificate of
registration in the prescribed form which shall
be conclusive evidence that the Trade Union
has been duly registered under this Act.
21. Cancellation of registration
A certificate of registration of a Trade Union may be
withdrawn or cancelled by the Registrar—
(a) on the application of the Trade Union to be
verified in such manner as may be prescribed;
(b) if the Registrar is satisfied that the certificate has
been obtained by fraud or mistake or that the Trade
Union has ceased to exist or has willfully and after
notice from the Registrar contravened any provision
of this Act or allowed any rule to continue in force
which is inconsistent with any such provision or has
rescinded any rule providing for any matter
provision for which is required by section 6;
22. Cancellation of registration
• (c) if the Registrar is satisfied that a registered Trade Union
of workmen ceases to have the requisite number of
members:
• Provided that not less than two months’ previous notice in
writing specifying the ground on which it is proposed to
withdraw or cancel the certificate shall be given by the
Registrar to the Trade Union before the certificate is
withdrawn or cancelled otherwise than on the application
of the Trade Union.
23. Registered office
• All communications and notices to a
registered Trade Union may be addressed to
its registered office. Notice of any change in
the address of the head office shall be given
within fourteen days of such change to the
Registrar in writing, and the changed address
shall be recorded in the register referred to in
section 8.
24. Incorporation of registered Trade Union
1. It becomes a body corporate by the name under
which it is registered and becomes a legal entity
distinct from the members of which it is
incorporated.
2. It has a perpetual succession and a common
seal.
3. It has the power to acquire and hold both
movable and immovable properties.
4. It has power to enter into contract.
5. It can sue and be sued by the name under
which it is registered.
25. Certain Acts not to apply to registered Trade Union
(a) The Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860);
(b) The Co-operative Societies Act, 1912 (2 of 1912);
(c) The Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956)
shall not apply to any registered Trade Union, and the
registration of any such Trade Union under any such
Act shall be void.
27. Objects on which general funds may be spent
The general funds of a registered Trade Union shall not be spent on
any other objects than the following, namely:—
(a) the payment of salaries, allowances and expenses to
office-bearers of the Trade Union;
(b) the payment of expenses for the administration of the
Trade Union, including audit of the accounts of the
general funds of the Trade Union;
(c) the prosecution or defense of any legal proceeding to
which the Trade Union or any member thereof is a
party, when such prosecution or defense is undertaken
for the purpose of securing or protecting any rights of
the Trade Union as such or any rights arising out of the
relations of any member with his employer or with a
person whom the member employs;
28. Objects on which general funds may be spent
(d) the conduct of trade disputes on behalf of the Trade Union
or any member thereof;
(e) the compensation of members for loss arising out of trade
disputes;
(f) allowances to members or their dependants on account of
death, old age, sickness, accidents or unemployment of
such members;
(g) the issue of, or the undertaking of liability under, policies
of assurance on the lives of members, or (under) policies
insuring members against sickness, accident or
unemployment;
29. Objects on which general funds may be spent
(h) the provision of education, social or religious benefits
for members (including the payment of the expenses of
funeral or religious ceremonies for deceased members)
or for the dependants of members;
(i) the upkeep of a periodical published mainly for the
purpose of discussing questions affecting employers or
workmen as such;
30. Objects on which general funds may be spent
(j) the payment, in furtherance of any of the objects on which
the general funds of the Trade Union may be spent, of
contributions to any cause intended to benefit workmen in
general, provided that the expenditure in respect of such
contributions in any financial year shall not at any time
during that year be in excess of one-fourth of the combined
total of the gross income which has up to that time accrued
to the general funds of the Trade Union during that year
and of the balance at the credit of those funds at the
commencement of that year; and
(k) subject to any conditions contained in the notification, any
other object notified by the appropriate Government in the
Official Gazette.
31. Constitution of a separate fund for political purposes
(1) A registered Trade Union may constitute a separate
fund, from contributions separately levied for or made
to that fund, from which payments may be made, for
the promotion of the civic and political interests of its
members, in furtherance of any of the objects specified
in sub-section (2).
32. Constitution of a separate fund for political purposes
(2) The objects referred to in sub-section (1) are—
(a) the payment of any expenses incurred, either directly
or indirectly, by a candidate or prospective candidate for
election as a member of any legislative body constituted
under the Constitution or of any local authority, before,
during, or after the election in connection with his
candidature or election; or
(b) the holding of any meeting or the distribution of any
literature or documents in support of any such
candidate or prospective candidate; or
(c) the maintenance of any person who is a member of any
legislative body constituted under the Constitution or
for any local authority; or
33. Constitution of a separate fund for political purposes
(d) the registration of electors or the selection of a
candidate for any legislative body constituted under
[the Constitution] or for any local authority; or
(e) the holding of political meetings of any kind, or the
distribution of political literature or political documents
of any kind.
(2A) In its application to the State of Jammu and Kashmir,
references in sub-section (2) to any legislative body
constituted under the Constitution shall be construed
as including references to the Legislature of that State.
34. Constitution of a separate fund for political purposes
(3) No member shall be compelled to contribute to the fund
constituted under sub-section (1); and a member who does
not contribute to the said fund shall not be excluded from
any benefits of the Trade Union, or placed in any respect
either directly or indirectly under any disability or at any
disadvantage as compared with other members of the
Trade Union (except in relation to the control or
management of the said fund) by reason of his not
contributing to the said fund; and contribution to the said
fund shall not be made a condition for admission to the
Trade Union.
35. Criminal conspiracy in trade disputes
• No office-bearer or member of a Registered Trade
Union shall be liable to punishment under sub-
section (2) of section 120B of the Indian Penal
Code 1860 (45 of 1860) in respect of any
agreement made between the members for the
purpose of furthering any such object of the
Trade Union as is specified in section 15, unless
the agreement is an agreement to commit an
offence.
36. Immunity from civil suit in certain cases
(1) No suit or other legal proceeding shall be maintainable in
any Civil Court against any registered Trade Union or any
office-bearer or member thereof in respect of any act done
in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute to
which a member of the Trade Union is a party on the
ground only that such act induces some other person to
break a contract of employment, or that it is in
interference with the trade, business or employment of
some other person or with the right of some other person
to dispose of his capital or of his labour as he wills.
37. Immunity from civil suit in certain cases
(2) A registered Trade Union shall not be liable in any suit
or other legal proceeding in any Civil Court in respect
of any tortuous act done in contemplation or
furtherance of a trade dispute by an agent of the Trade
Union if it is proved that such person acted without
the knowledge of, or contrary to express instructions
given by, the executive of the Trade Union.
38. Enforceability of agreements
• Notwithstanding anything contained in any other
law for the time being in force, an agreement
between the members of a registered Trade Union
shall not be void or voidable merely by reason of the
fact that any of the objects of the agreement are in
restraint of trade:
• Provided that nothing in this section shall enable any Civil
Court to entertain any legal proceeding instituted for the
express purpose of enforcing or recovering damages for the
breach of any agreement concerning the conditions on
which any members of a Trade Union shall or shall not sell
their goods, transact business, work, employ or be employed
39. Right to inspect books of Trade Union
The account books of a registered Trade Union
and the list of members thereof shall be open
to inspection by an office-bearer or member
of the Trade Union at such times as may be
provided for in the rules of the Trade Union.
40. Rights of minors to membership of Trade Unions
Any person who has attained the age of fifteen years may
be a member of a registered Trade Union subject to
any rules of the Trade Union to the contrary, and may,
subject as aforesaid, enjoy all the rights of a member
and execute all instruments and give all acquaintances
necessary to be executed or given under the rules.
41. Disqualifications of office-bearers of Trade Unions
(1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for
being member of the executive or any other office-bearer of a
registered Trade Union if—
(i) he has not attained the age of eighteen years;
(ii) he has been convicted by a Court in India of any offence
involving moral turpitude and sentenced to imprisonment,
unless a period of five years has elapsed since his release.
(2) Any member of the executive or other office-bearer of a
registered Trade Union who, before the commencement of
the Indian Trade Unions (Amendment) Act, 1964, has been
convicted of any offence involving moral turpitude and
sentenced to imprisonment, shall on the date of such
commencement cease to be such member or office-bearer
unless a period of five years has elapsed since his release
before that date.
42. Amalgamation of Trade Unions
Any two or more registered Trade Unions may
become amalgamated together as one Trade
Union with or without dissolution or division of
the funds of such Trade Unions or either or any of
them, provided that the votes of at least one-half
of the members of each or every such Trade
Union entitled to vote are recorded, and that at
least sixty per cent of the votes recorded are in
favour of the proposal.
43. Notice of change of name or amalgamation
(1) Notice in writing of every change of name and of every
amalgamation signed, in the case of a change of name, by the
Secretary and by seven members of the Trade Union changing
its name, and in the case of an amalgamation, by the Secretary
and by seven members of each and every Trade Union which is
a party thereto, shall be sent to the Registrar and where the
head office of the amalgamated Trade Union is situated in a
different State, to the Registrar of such State.
(2) If the proposed name is identical with that by which any other
existing Trade Union has been registered or, in the opinion of
the Registrar, so nearly resembles such name as to be likely to
deceive the public or the members of either Trade Union, the
Registrar shall refuse to register the change of name.
44. Notice of change of name or amalgamation
(3) Save as provided in sub-section (2), the Registrar shall, if he is
satisfied that the provisions of this Act in respect of change of name
have been complied with, register the change of name in the register
referred to in section 8, and the change of name shall have effect
from the date of such registration.
(4) The Registrar of the State in which the head office of the
amalgamated Trade Union is situated shall, if he is satisfied that the
provisions of this Act in respect of amalgamation have been complied
with and that the Trade Union formed thereby is entitled to
registration under section 6, register the Trade Union in the manner
provided in section 8, and the amalgamation shall have effect from
the date of such registration.
45. Effects of change of name and of amalgamation
(1) The change in the name of a registered Trade Union
shall not affect any rights or obligations of the Trade
Union or render defective any legal proceeding by or
against the Trade Union, and any legal proceeding
which might have been continued or commenced by or
against it by its former name may be continued or
commenced by or against it by its new name.
(2) An amalgamation of two or more registered Trade
Unions shall not prejudice any right of any of such
Trade Unions or any right of a creditor of any of them.
46. Dissolution
(1) When a registered Trade Union is dissolved, notice of the
dissolution signed by seven members and by the Secretary of
the Trade Union shall, within fourteen days of the dissolution
be sent to the Registrar, and shall be registered by him if he is
satisfied that the dissolution has been effected in accordance
with the rules of the Trade Union, and the dissolution shall
have effect from the date of such registration.
(2) Where the dissolution of a registered Trade Union has been
registered and the rules of the Trade Union do not provide for
the distribution of funds of the Trade Union on dissolution,
the Registrar shall divide the funds amongst the members in
such manner as may be prescribed.
47. Returns
(1) There shall be sent annually to the Registrar, on or before such
date as may be prescribed, a general statement, audited in the
prescribed manner, of all receipts and expenditure of every
registered Trade Union during the year ending on the 31st day of
December next preceding such prescribed date, and of the assets
and liabilities of the Trade Union existing on such 31st day of
December. The statement shall be prepared in such form and shall
comprise such particulars as may be prescribed.
(2) Together with the general statement there shall be sent to the
Registrar a statement showing changes of office-bearers made by
the Trade Union during the year to which the general statement
refers together also with a copy of the rules of the Trade Union
corrected upto the date of the despatch thereof to the Registrar.
48. Returns
(3) A copy of every alteration made in the rules of a registered
Trade Union shall be sent to the Registrar within fifteen
days of the making of the alteration.
(4) For the purpose of examining the documents referred to
in sub-sections (1), (2) and (3), the Registrar, or any officer
authorised by him by general or special order, may at all
reasonable times inspect the certificate of registration,
account books, registers, and other documents, relating to
a Trade Union, at its registered office or may require their
production at such place as he may specify in this behalf,
but no such place shall be at a distance of more than ten
miles from the registered office of a Trade Union.
50. Power to make regulations
(1) The appropriate Government may make regulations for the
purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this Act.
(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the
foregoing power, such regulations may provide for all or any of the
following matters namely:—
(a) the manner in which Trade Unions and the rules of Trade Unions
shall be registered and the fees payable on registration;
(b) the transfer of registration in the case of any registered Trade
Union which has changed its head office from one State to
another;
(c) the manner in which, and the qualifications by whom, the
accounts of registered Trade Unions or of any class of such Unions
shall be audited;
(d) the conditions subject to which inspection of documents kept by
Registrars shall be allowed and the fees which shall be chargeable
in respect of such inspections; and
(e) any matter which is to be or may be prescribed.
52. The following reasons may be included in levying
penalties:
1. Failure to submit returns
2. Supplying false information regarding Trade
Unions
3. Cognizance of offences
53. Procedures for penalties: Failure to submit returns
(1) If default is made on the part of any registered Trade Union in giving
any notice or sending any statement or other document as required
by or under any provision of this Act, every office-bearer or other
person bound by the rules of the Trade Union to give or send the
same, or, if there is no such office-bearer or person, every member
of the executive of the Trade Union, shall be punishable with fine
which may extend to five rupees and, in the case of a continuing
default, with an additional fine which may extend to five rupees for
each week after the first during which the default continues,
provided that the aggregate fine shall not exceed fifty rupees.
(2) Any person who willfully makes, or causes to be made, any false
entry in, or any omission from, the general statement required by
section 28 or in or from any copy of rules or of alterations of rules
sent to the Registrar under that section, shall be punishable with fine
which may extend to five hundred rupees.
54. Procedures for penalties: Supplying false information
regarding Trade Unions
• Any person who, with intent to deceive, gives to any
member of a registered Trade Union or to any person
intending or applying to become a member of such Trade
Union any document purporting to be a copy of the rules of
the Trade Union or of any alterations to the same which he
knows, or has reason to believe, is not a correct copy of such
rules or alterations as are for the time being in force, or any
person who, with the like intent, gives a copy of any rules of
an unregistered Trade Union to any person on the pretence
that such rules are the rules of a registered Trade Union,
shall be punishable with fine which may extend to two
hundred rupees.
55. Procedures for penalties: Cognizance of offences
(1) No Court inferior to that of a Presidency Magistrate or
a Magistrate of the first class shall try any offence
under this Act.
(2) No Court shall take cognizance of any offence under
this Act, unless complaint thereof has been made by,
or with the previous sanction of, the Registrar or, in the
case of an offence under section 32, by the person to
whom the copy was given, within six months of the
date on which the offence is alleged to have been
committed.