The thermo electric effect
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The document summarizes the thermoelectric effect, which is the direct conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage and vice versa. It was discovered in the 1820s by Thomas Seebeck and Jean Peltier. The effect occurs due to charge carrier diffusion and phonon drag in materials. Thermoelectric modules use pairs of P-type and N-type semiconductors to generate electricity from heat gradients or create cooling by using electricity. Some applications of thermoelectric generators include cooling computers, drink coolers, recharging devices, and powering space probes.
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The document discusses various topics related to low temperature physics and thermoelectricity:
1. It lists the group members and their roll numbers working on the project.
2. It discusses low temperature physics, the Joule-Thomson effect, thermoelectricity, thermocouples, the Seebeck effect, and the Peltier effect.
3. Different group members provide explanations and examples for various topics like thermoelectric materials and applications, how thermocouples work, and the scientific principles behind the Seebeck and Peltier effects.
Thermoelectric cooling
1. The document is a project report on thermoelectric refrigeration written by Debasis Ray for his degree examination in physics.
2. It provides background on the historical discoveries of the Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects that form the basis of thermoelectric cooling.
3. Thermoelectric coolers have no moving parts, provide precise temperature control, and can operate in any orientation, making them suitable for applications in electronics, medical, aerospace, and other industries.
STEPHEN CHUKWUEMEKA REVIEW PAPER
In this paper, new thermal techniques for silicon-based thermoelectric materials were revealed as well as the characterisation processes involved in the manufacturing of silicon-based thermoelectric (TE) materials. The functionality of the silicon-based thermoelectric materials was emphasized in the course of writing this paper. The background, improvement & the physics of thermoelectric materials were examined.
Ppt final
In 1821, Seebeck discovered that a temperature difference across two dissimilar conductors produces a voltage. Good thermoelectric materials have a large Seebeck coefficient and high electrical conductivity with low thermal conductivity, such as bismuth telluride. A thermoelectric generator uses p-type and n-type semiconductors packed between hot and cold side plates to produce electricity from a temperature difference based on the Seebeck effect. The proposed work will fabricate a thermoelectric generator module and test it using a heat source and measuring the voltage and current output at different temperatures.
Peltierr based refrigerating system
This document outlines a research project to design a Peltier-based cooling and heating system as an alternative to conventional air conditioning. The objectives are to design and build the cooler section, hot section, and a precise temperature controller. A cost estimation is provided, and the methodology involves collecting materials, designing and fabricating the cooler, and assembling a controller printed circuit board. The intended beneficiaries would be hospitals, universities, and industries in Ethiopia.
Direct energy conservation system
Direct energy conversion (DEC) converts a charged particle's kinetic energy directly into electricity. It can be used to extract power from nuclear fusion. One DEC method is magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation, which uses a conducting fluid moving at high speed through a magnetic field to generate electricity via Faraday's law of induction. MHD generators operate at very high temperatures, using ionized gas as the working fluid moving between electrode plates under pressure and magnetic field conditions sufficient to overcome magnetic forces and induce a current.
Direct energy systems
The document discusses thermoelectric power generation. It describes how Seebeck discovered that a temperature difference across two dissimilar conductors produces a voltage (Seebeck effect), which is the operating principle of thermoelectric generators. A thermoelectric generator uses semiconductor materials like bismuth telluride that convert heat into electricity through the Seebeck effect. When heat is applied to one side of the semiconductor couple, electrons move from the hot side to the cold side, producing a current proportional to the temperature difference across the couple.
Electricity Generation using Thermoelectric System from Waste Heat of Flue Gases
Energy related cost have become a significant fraction of cost in any industry. The three top operating expenses are often to be found in any industry like energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If we were found the manageability of the above equipment's the energy emerges a top ranker. So energy is best field in any industry for the reduction of cost and increasing the saving opportunity. Thermoelectric methods imposed on the application of the thermoelectric generators and the possibility application of Thermoelectrity can contribute as a "Green Technology" in particular in the industry for the recovery of waste heat. Finally the main attention is too focused on selecting the thermoelectric system and representing the analytical and theoretical calculation to represent the Thermoelectric System.
Thermoelectric Refrigeration System Running On Solar Energy
Abstract: The global increasing demand for refrigeration in field of refrigeration, food preservation, storages, medical services, and cooling of electronic devices, led to production of more electricity and consequently more release of CO2 all over the world which it is contributing factor of global warming on climate change. With the increase awareness towards environmental degradation due to the production, use and disposal of Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) and Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) as heat carrier fluids in conventional refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Thermoelectric refrigeration is new alternative because it can convert waste electricity into useful cooling, is expected to play an important role in today's energy challenges. It does not require working fluids or any moving parts, which is friendly to the environment and it simply uses electrons rather than refrigerants as a heat carrier. Continuous efforts are given by researchers for development of thermo electric materials with increase figure of merit may provide a potential commercial use of thermoelectric refrigeration system.
In this work it has been identified that there is enormous scope to develop TER system running on solar energy and its performance evaluation along with mathematical modeling. Mathematical results can be correlate by performing experimental test set up. Present paper especially focuses on evaluation of numbers of thermoelectric cooling module; heat sink fan assembly for each module which is used to increase heat dissipation rate and time required for attaining the cooling of heat sink fan assembly after a solar power is applied.
1. thermoelec
Thermal electromotive force (EMF) is generated when dissimilar metals touch, creating a small voltage. The thermoelectric effect directly converts temperature differences into voltage and vice versa. Specifically, the Seebeck effect produces a voltage when two different conductors or semiconductors have a temperature difference at their junction, proportional to the temperature difference. This physical principle is used in thermocouples for temperature measurement. The Peltier effect involves heating or cooling at the junction of two conductors when an electric current passes through.
Similar to The thermo electric effect (20)
Solar Energy based Refrigeration System using Peltier Device 18 ABHISHEK.pdf
Solar Energy based Refrigeration System using Peltier Device 18 ABHISHEK.pdf
Electricity Generation using Thermoelectric System from Waste Heat of Flue Gases
Electricity Generation using Thermoelectric System from Waste Heat of Flue Gases
Thermoelectric Refrigeration System Running On Solar Energy
Thermoelectric Refrigeration System Running On Solar Energy
The thermo electric effect
- 1. THE THERMO- ELECTRIC EFFECT By, Prajwal Keranahalli
- 2. WHAT IS IT? The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage or vice-versa. The direction of heat flow can be controlled by changing polarity of the voltage source
- 3. HISTORY In the 1820’s Thomas Seebeck (Germany) discovered that if two metals at different temperatures were touching you could create an electric current Jean Peltier discovered that the opposite was also true. By sending a current through two metals you could create differences in temperature
- 4. WHY DOES THIS EFFECT OCCUR? Charge Carrier Diffusion and Phonon Drag Seebeck Effect Peltier Effect
- 6. THE ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Pairs of P and N type conductors are both it contact with a copper plate. There will thermo power until the system is at equilibrium. (All three materials are at the same temperature)
- 7. SEMICONDUCTORS Semiconductors have an electrical conductivity between materials like copper and glass They possess and interesting property where its conductivity increases with added temperature P and N type (thermocouples) semiconductors are created by doping.
- 10. APPLICATIONS Thermoelectric generator Cooling Computers Drink Coolers Recharging Devices Space Probes Solar Power Clothing Useful, Quiet, no Moving Parts It is less efficient (10%) and more expensive
- 11. TEST FOR UNDERSTANDING The USB Coffee cup warmer is an example of the Seebeck Effect or the Peltier Effect? Before the P and N type Semiconductors what material were used instead as thermal couples for thermoelectric modules? What are the advantages of using thermoelectric generators over, for example heat engines?
- 12. REFERENCES Rockwood, Alan L. (1984). "Relationship of thermoelectricity to electronic entropy". Phys. Rev. A 30 (5): 2843–4. Bibcode 1984PhRvA..30.2843R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.30.2843 G. Jeffrey Snyder and Eric S. Toberer "Complex Thermoelectric Materials" Nature Materials 7, 105-114 (2008). CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics, Introduction, Edited by D.M. Rowe, CRC Press, 1995. G. Jeffrey Snyder, Tristan Ursell. "Thermoelectric efficiency and compatibility" Physical Review Letters, Vol 91 p. 148301 (2003)
Editor's Notes
- Change in electrons
- Charge carrier diffusion if electrons move from hot to cold, then a positive immobile nucleus is left at hot side to conserve charge. So this gives rise to a voltage. Phonon Drag: Similar, P has holes while N has excess by running current the incoming electrons distort nearby electrons thus causing a degradation in mobility and thus a lower temperature.
- Thermo Couples used to be only two different metals but now you have p and n type Used to be metal not p and n semiconductors2000 degress Celsiusseries
- P type has a deficiency of charge carriers and n types have an excess
- Thermo power is measured across the material