Ppt on types of lamps

PPT
ON
TYPES OF LAMPS
AT B.M.POLYTECHNIC
BELATI, SOLAPUR.
By - Mr. KANTOLI S.B. Subject: IEN (17639)
Electrical Engineering Dept. Date: 06-01-2016
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

Construction, working and Applications of
Following Lamps:
- Incandescent Lamps.
- Low Pressure Mercury Vapour. Vapor (U.S spelling) or Vapour (British spelling)
Lamps (Fluorescent Tube).
- Halogen Lamps.
- Sodium Vapour Lamps.
- High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps.
- Compact Fluorescent Lamps (C.F.L.)
- Metal Halide Lamps.
- LED Lamps.
- Neon Signs.
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP
Gas Discharge Lamps

1. Incandescent Lamp. (Filament lamp) : Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

.
Filament lamps must have,
1. It should have high melting point (3500º C).
2. It should have high resistivity.
3. It should have low temperature co-efficient.
4. It should have low vapor pressure.
5. Mechanically Strong, ductile.
Material used for filament is Carbon, Osmium tantalum and
Tungsten.
Gas used inside the lamp ( Nitrogen or Argon )
Life: 1000 Hrs working hrs. Lamp efficiency: 10 - 30 lumens/watt
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

Working:
Lamp work on the principal of Incandescence
( i.e. when a hot body is heated, radiant energy is emitted in waveform).
◘ An incandescent bulb generates light through heat.(95% Heat,5% Light)
◘ When electrical current passes through the tungsten filament, it
heats to the point where it glows and gives off a yellow-red light.
◘ To keep the filament from burning up immediately, it's housed in a
vacuum. Even so, the intense heat of the filament ensures a
comparatively short and expensive life span.(Working avi)
Applications: Domestic, Commercial and Industrial. Etc…
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

2. Fluorescent Tube:
Construction:
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

A fluorescent lamp tube is filled with a gas containing low
pressure mercury vapor and argon, xenon, neon, or krypton.
The pressure inside the lamp is around 0.3% of atmospheric
pressure.
The inner surface of the lamp is coated with a fluorescent (and
often slightly phosphorescent) coating made of varying blends of
metallic and rare-earth phosphor salts.
The lamp's electrodes are typically made of coiled tungsten and
usually referred to as cathodes because of their prime function of
emitting electrons. For this, they are coated with a mixture of
barium, strontium and calcium oxides chosen to have a low
thermionic emission temperature.
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

Working: (Working Avi.)
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

Working:
Cathode filament emitting electrons after getting heated due to supply of current .
These electrons while accelerating collide with Argon and Mercury vapour atoms.
The excited atoms of Mercury give a radiation
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

Applications:
1.In US residences, fluorescent lamps are mostly found in kitchens,
basements, and garages.
2. In countries, like India…
i) Residential.
ii) Commercial.
iii) Small scale industries ….Etc.
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

3. Halogen Lamps.
Wattage: 20/50 w 12 V
300w, 500w, 1000w 230 V.
Some of them only works
Horizontal and Vertical
Efficiency- 23 to 25
lumen/watt
Argon &
Nitrogen
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

500 W Tungsten Halogen Lamp :
Types of Halogen Lamps:
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

Working avi.
1. Indoor lighting.
2. Outdoor lighting.
3. Flood lighting.
4. For vehicle head lights.
5. TV studios
Applications:
6. Photo film.
7. Signaling.
8.Large gardens.
9.Fountains.
10. Airport runways.
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

4. Sodium Vapour Lamps.
Small Tx is used
for heating the
Cathode.
Operating Temp.r
300ºC.
Efficiency: 110
lumens/watt.
Containing Sodium Gas
And Inert gas either Neon or Argon
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

Function of Ignitor:
T0 provide a strong/hot enough
arc to light (strike) the lamp by
overcoming the resistance of the
gas in the lamp.
Function of Capacitor:
To improve the power factor.
Lamp Working Avi.
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

Applications:
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

5. High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp.
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

This lamp start with a small arc
between the starting electrode and the
main electrode.
This arc goes through argon gas which
easily strikes, even in cold weather.
This little arc heats the tube, and over
several minutes the tube gets hot
enough to vaporize the solid mercury
stuck to the sides.
The mercury vaporized creates a strong
light between the two main electrodes.
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

◘ The mercury vapor lamp is a negative resistance device.
◘ This means its resistance decreases as the current through
the tube increases.
◘ So if the lamp is connected directly to a constant-voltage
source like the power lines, the current through it will
increase until it destroys itself.
◘ Therefore it requires a ballast to limit the current through
it. (Working avi)
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

6. Metal Halide Lamps.
Assembly of a quartz or ceramic
tube and electrodes is commonly
called the arc tube.
Arc tube contains argon or xenon
starting gas, mercury and metal
halide salts.
Metal halide arc tubes operates at
temperatures of 900-1100º C.
Average life= 8000 – 10,000 Hrs
Wattage : 35 w – 1500 watt.
Efficiency : 65 – 110 lumens/watt
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

Working of Metal Halide Lamps.
Applications:
1) Flood lighting.
2) Indoor lighting.
3) Landscape lighting
4) Shopping malls
5) Showrooms
6) Super markets. etc
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

7.Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

COMPARISION WITH INCANDESCENT LAMPS:
Incandescent CFL
1) Life Span: 1000 Hrs 6000-15,000 Hrs
2) Energy consumption: More Less
3) Cost : Less More
4) Starting time: Immediately Take time to give
full illumination.
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

8. LED ( Light Emitting Diode) Lamps:
LEDs are semiconductor devices
that produces light when an
electrical current applied to them.
Latest Lighting Technology.
Invented in 1962.
Lower energy consumption.
Longer life : 50,000 – 100,000 Hrs.
Smaller size , Faster switching.
Dimming.
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

Efficiency: 130 lumens/watt.
RGB-Method mixing the proper
amount of light from red, green,
blue
LED yield white light.
Working of LED avi.
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

Application:
1) Signs and Traffic signals.
2) Displays.
3) Exit signs.
4) Indicators and Flash lights.
5) Under counters. Etc.
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

9. Neon Signs.
Avi on Neon.
And also called cold cathode discharge lamps.
These lamps Operates at a very low temperature (200º C)
The electrodes are housed at the two ends of the tube.
Tube contains neon gas.
Neon gas discharge gives a characteristic red light.
Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

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