2nd semester grammar book
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This document provides an outline of topics covered in a 2nd semester Spanish grammar book, including: the conditional and irregular verbs, perfect tenses (present, past, present irregulars, subjunctive perfect), tan and tanto, impersonal "se", saber vs conocer, commands (affirmative, negative, irregular, nosotros), subjunctive and irregular verbs, subjunctive triggers, impersonal expressions, expressions of emotion, conjunctions of time, and demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. The outline lists chapter titles and provides examples of key grammar concepts.
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2nd semester grammar book
- 1. 2nd Semester Grammar BookJose Luis Hume
- 2. Table of ContentsConditional & IrregularsPerfect TensePresentPastPresent Perfect IrregularsSubjunctive perfectTanto & TanImpersonal “se”Saber vs. ConocerLos MandatosInformal/FormalAffirmativeNegativeIrregularNosotrosComandsMono-verbsSubjunctive & IrregularsTrigger WordsImpersonal ExpressionsExpressions of EmotionsConjunctions of TimeDemonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns
- 4. The Conditional Irregularshablar comer vivir hablaría comería viviría hablarías comerías vivirías hablaría comería viviría hablaríamos comeríamos viviríamos hablaríais comeríais viviríais hablarían comerían vivirían
- 5. Perfect Tense:PresentActions that have happened recently and/or actions that still hold true.He hemosHas Ha han
- 6. Perfect tense:PastFormed by Using the Imperfect tense of Haber and combining it with the past participle.había habíamos habíashabía habían Yo había vivido. I hadlived
- 8. Perfect Tense:Subjunctive PerfectFormed by the present subjunctive of haber and the past participleHayahayamosHayasHayahayanYohayacomidoI had eaten.
- 9. Tan y Tanto
- 10. Impersonal SEUse “se” to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.Se vendefruta en la frutería.When using “se”, verb is always in the 3rd person.Aquí se hablaespañol.“Se” can be used in all tensesSe hizo mucho.Se hara mucho.Se habíahecho.
- 11. Saber vs. ConocerSABERCONOCERTo knowPersonPlace Literary WorkTo knowFactsInformationHow to do something
- 12. Los Mandatos:AffirmativeFORMALINFORMALChange verb to the yo formDrop the “o” and add the opposite vowel.Coma su comida por favor.Conjugate to the second person singularDrop the –sCometu comida.
- 13. Los Mandatos:NegativeFORMALINFORMALConjugate like affirmative formal commandBut a –no in the frontNo coma estomanzanaConjugate just like the Affirmative formal commandAdd an “s” and a no before the verbNo comas estomanzana.
- 14. Los Mandatos:IrregularsFORMALINFORMALStem changing verbs such as Volver (vuelven)Basically any verbs that are irregular in the yo form are irregular in the comand form. Decir- DiHacer- HazIr- VePoner- ponSalir- Sal Ser- SéTener- Ten Venir- Ven
- 15. Nosotros Commands and –mono VerbsChange to the Yo formAdd opposite vowelAdd –mosCorrerCorramosReflexive verbs take on their pronounSentir+nosSentémonos
- 16. Subjunctive and IrregularsAttitudes, Uncertainty, Hypothetical, Will, Influence, Emotion, Doubt/Disbelief, IndefinitnessMain Clause + Connector Word + Subjunctive ClauseIr/ErA as a amos anArE es e emos enEs muyimportante + que + aprendas el subjuntivo. IrregularsTVDISHES
- 17. Subjunctive TriggersW– wishing/wantingE – emotions D – doubt D – disbeliefI – impersonal expressionsN – negation G – god/grief
- 18. Demonstrative AdjectivesMASCULINEFEMININEEste – thisEstos – theseEse – thatEsos – those Aquel – that over thereAquellos – those over thereEsta – thisEstas – theseEsa - thatEsas - thoseAquella – that over thereAquellas – those over there