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- 2. • Aircraft emissions include greenhouse gases such as CO2 and H2O that trap terrestrial radiation and chemically active gases that alter natural greenhouse gases, such as O3 and CH4. Particles may directly interact with the Earth’s radiation balance or influence the formation and radiative properties of clouds • The direct emissions of aircraft accumulate in the atmosphere, change the chemistry and the microphysics, and alter radiatively active substances in the atmosphere, which change radiative forcing and hence the climate.
- 3. • The Earth absorbs radiation from the sun, mainly at the surface. This energy is then redistributed by atmospheric and oceanic circulations and radiated to space at longer (“terrestrial” or “infrared”) wavelengths. • On average, for the Earth as a whole, incoming solar energy is balanced by outgoing terrestrial radiation. Any factor that alters radiation received from the sun or lost to space or the redistribution of energy within the atmosphere and between atmosphere, land, and ocean can affect climate.
- 4. • Increases in the concentrations of greenhouse gases reduce the efficiency with which the surface of the Earth radiates heat to space: More outgoing terrestrial radiation from the surface is absorbed by the atmosphere and is emitted at higher altitudes and colder temperatures. This process results in positive radiative forcing, which tends to warm the lower atmosphere and the surface. This radiative forcing is the enhanced greenhouse effect— an enhancement of an effect that has operated in the Earth’s atmosphere for billions of years as a result of naturally occurring greenhouse gases (i.e., water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, and nitrous oxide).
- 5. • Aircraft emissions are expected to modify the Earth’s radiative budget and climate as a result of several processes emission of radiatively active substances (e.g., CO2 or H2O); emission of chemical species that produce or destroy radiatively active substances (such as NOx, which modifies O3 concentration, or SO2, which oxidizes to sulfate aerosols); and emission of substances (e.g., H2O, soot) that trigger the generation of additional clouds (e.g., contrails).
- 6. • At the 37th International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Assembly in October 2010, governments resolved to achieve collective global aspirational goals for the international aviation sector: to improve fuel efficiency by 2% per year and keeping net CO2 emissions from 2020 at the same levels. These aspirational goals were reaffirmed by the 38th ICAO Assembly in 2013. Governments also agreed to work further to explore the feasibility of a long-term global goal for international aviation.
- 7. • The aviation industry, represented through the cross- sector Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), set itself ambitious short-, medium- and long-term goals as early as 2008. These goals, agreed by airports, airlines, air navigation service providers and the manufacturers of aircraft and engines, include: a) Improving fleet fuel efficiency by 1.5% per year through until 2020. b) Stabilizing net emissions from 2020 through carbon- neutral growth, subject to concerted industry and government initiatives. c) Reducing net aviation carbon emissions 50% by 2050, relative to 2005 levels.
- 9. Governments, civil society and the industry are collaborating on the development by ICAO of a global CO2 standard for new aircraft – building upon the research and development already taking place amongst the manufacturers of aircraft, engines and components. Since the first jet aircraft flew in the early 1950s, fuel-use on a per-passenger basis has improved by well over 70%. Each new generation of aircraft brings about double-digit emissions reductions over the models they replace. The civil aerospace industry spends in excess of $15 billion a year on research and development of new technologies which will further improve fuel efficiency and airlines are investing billions more every year to continually upgrade their fleets with the latest technology aircraft. Underpinning this will be a global CO2 standard on fuel efficiency for new aircrafts, currently being prepared and expected to be finalized in 2016.
- 10. Three pathways for the production of sustainable alternative fuels for use in aviation have already been approved by the relevant authorities and over 1,500 commercial flights by 18 airlines have taken place so far. However, more can be done in this regard to reduce the sector’s net carbon emissions. Whilst a number of airlines and their partners are taking a leading role in supporting the development of sustainable alternative fuels for aviation, there remains a role for governments to set the right conditions for a viable commercial alternative fuels industry for aviation. In particular, in some parts of the world, the use of alternative energy by other transport modes is prioritized at the expense of the air transport sector. To foster this new energy opportunity, partnerships are being established in many countries and regions, bringing together airlines, airframe and engine manufacturers, civil society, fuel producers, agriculture, research institutions and governments. Initiatives such as the Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) are also partners in this process, ensuring that the high standards of sustainability are being maintained.
- 11. This is an area where the industry has been making significant progress. Airlines around the world have been reviewing their operations and cutting fuel-consumption: from new methods of landing aircraft, which reduce fuel- use and noise; to projects aimed at reducing weight on- board aircraft through new materials used to construct cabin equipment; washing aircraft engines to improve performance and the use of tablet computers to replace heavy flight manuals. The reason is simple – fuel is the number one cost for airlines, around a third of operating costs for most carriers, or over $210 billion last year.
- 12. • ICAO is working with Member States and the industry to implement the Global Air Navigation Plan, the latest iteration of which was adopted by States during the 2013 Assembly. This will help reduce emissions through the rollout of advanced air traffic management systems. The Global Plan has been developed as a set of ‘block upgrades’ that Member States can implement in line with national circumstances and the availability of technology. Developed as part of a collaborate effort involving states, ICAO and the industry, the Global Plan provides a strategic direction for the development of global air navigation services based on a common understanding. Many of the blocks will allow better use of airspace capacity, providing room for air traffic to grow whilst reducing inefficiencies in the system, and emissions.
- 13. • The Global Air Navigation Plan is consistent with several large-scale air traffic management efficiency and modernization projects already underway, for example, the NextGen project in the United States and the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR). The aviation industry encourages governments to make rapid progress and help deliver the millions of tonnes of CO2 reductions that will result from implementation of these two projects and other such projects around the world.
- 14. • In October 2013, governments meeting at the 38th ICAO Assembly agreed to develop a global market-based measure for international aviation, for consideration at the next ICAO Assembly in 2016 and for implementation from 2020. ICAO, governments, civil society and the industry are working in partnership to deliver a robust worldwide measure that will enable the achievement of ICAO’s aspirational goal to stabilize international aviation’s net CO2 emissions from 2020 through carbon- neutral growth.
- 15. • In order to ensure comprehensive global deployment of these initiatives, ICAO, in partnership with the industry, is undertaking capacity-building activities, including hands-on training of national focal points in all ICAO regions. The purpose is to support the development and implementation of Member States' action plans to reduce CO2 emissions from international aviation • States’ action plans allow governments in partnership with the aviation industry (airlines, manufacturers, airports and air navigation service provides), to identify and include mitigation measures and assistance needs to implement such measures. In turn, the compilation of information contained in the States’ action plans enables ICAO to assess the progress toward achieving the global aspirational goals, as well as address the identified assistance needs.