Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be produced from straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste cooking oil. The process used to convert these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This process is described in more detail below
Comparative Analysis of CI Engine Fuelled with Mahua oil & Jatropha oil deriv...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of operating a compression ignition (CI) engine using fuels comprised of single and dual biodiesel blends derived from Mahua and Jatropha oils. Biodiesel is produced through a transesterification process involving vegetable oils and an alcohol (typically methanol) catalyzed by a base. The properties of biodiesel are similar to conventional diesel, including improved characteristics like reduced sulfur and aromatics content. The study aims to test Mahua oil biodiesel, Jatropha oil biodiesel, and a 50% blend of each, to analyze their performance characteristics when used in a CI engine. The results will help determine if dual biodiesel blends can provide benefits like reduced
The document provides an overview of biofuels and discusses their history, current uses, and future perspectives. It begins with defining biofuels as fuels derived from organic substances like crops and residues. It then discusses the brief history of biofuels dating back to the 1850s and reasons for their reemergence in the early 1900s. The document outlines the current energy policy goals in the US related to biofuel production and notes some of the key biofuels in use today like corn ethanol and E85 blends. In closing, it discusses perspectives on land use requirements and environmental impacts related to expanding biofuel production.
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including what they are, their advantages over fossil fuels, examples of biofuel feedstocks and production processes, and the current state of the biofuel industry regionally. It discusses that biofuels are fuels produced from plant or animal matter rather than fossil fuels, and are seen as alternatives that are renewable. Examples mentioned include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.
The document discusses using unwanted food waste as a source for biofuels like biogas, bioethanol, and biodiesel. It notes that food waste production is huge and current disposal causes pollution, while food waste is rich in hydrocarbons that can be converted to biofuels. It concludes that using food waste for biofuels production requires coordination across industries and would benefit from government policy support to help the industry grow and lower costs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Biofuel as an alternative source of energy Gaurav Bohra
This document provides an overview of biofuels as an alternative energy source. It defines fuels and classifies them as fossil fuels and biofuels. Biofuels are produced from plants, waste, and biomass rather than fossil sources. The document outlines the history of biofuels and discusses current and potential future global production. It also examines India's role in biofuel production and different generations of biofuels including their feedstocks and examples of companies involved. Specific biofuels like biogas, biodiesel, and ethanol are explained in terms of their composition and impacts.
Biodiesel B5 is a renewable fuel made from 5% biodiesel (made from used cooking oil) blended with 95% petroleum diesel. It provides environmental benefits like reduced emissions and is supported for use in diesel engines by major manufacturers. Lootah Biofuels produces Biodiesel B5 by collecting used cooking oil, converting it to biodiesel, and blending it with petroleum diesel. They distribute B5 through fuel stations in Dubai and offer it at a lower price than conventional diesel to customers. Using B5 provides savings for customers while helping reduce waste and carbon emissions compared to petroleum diesel.
Significance of Bio-fuel in Aspect of BangladeshThought Maker
This document summarizes information about biofuels. It defines biofuels as solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels derived from biomass or living organisms. It discusses various biomass resources that can be used, such as agricultural crops and residues. It also outlines some of the technologies used to produce biofuels, including chemical/transesterification, physical/chemical extraction, and biochemical/fermentation processes. The document notes benefits of biofuels like being renewable and reducing greenhouse gases, but also mentions drawbacks like potentially being less sustainable or impacting food security. It concludes by discussing Bangladesh's potential to produce biofuels from native plants to reduce fuel imports and save foreign currency.
This document discusses biofuels as a safer substitute for gasoline. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from living organisms through biomass conversion. The document outlines the three generations of biofuels: first generation from sugar, starch or vegetable oil; second generation from sustainable feedstock; and future cellulosic ethanol. It then focuses on ethanol biofuels, describing their production from corn or cellulosic biomass. While corn ethanol currently reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 20% compared to gasoline, cellulosic ethanol has the potential to reduce emissions by 86%. The document concludes that with depleting fossil fuels, biofuels can act as a perfect substitute and have less environmental impact.
This presentation provides an overview of different types of biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugars and vegetable oils, while second generation biofuels can be made from various biomass sources like cellulosic ethanol from algae or wood. Specific biofuels discussed include bioethanol, biomethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, green diesel, biofuel gasoline, vegetable oils, bioethers, biogas, and solid biofuels. Advantages are reduced reliance on foreign oil and reduced pollution, while disadvantages include potential rises in food prices, vehicle safety concerns, and issues with energy balance. Biofuels can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels for transportation, heating homes, and
This document provides an introduction to a course on biofuels. The course will cover biodiesel production and use of straight vegetable oil as an alternative fuel. Students will learn how to make and test biodiesel, convert vehicles to run on straight vegetable oil, and the sustainability benefits of biofuels. The course instructors, Rachel and Leif, are introduced. Key topics that will be covered include how diesel engines and fuel systems work, the future of biodiesel, and sustainability. Readings and resources are provided.
Eai presentation on second generation biofuels bangalore dec 2009Renganathan M G
Second generation biofuels have the potential to help India meet its biofuel mandates and reduce dependence on fossil fuel imports. Cellulosic ethanol made from agricultural waste and Jatropha biodiesel could utilize waste lands and meet India's entire gasoline needs. However, second generation biofuels in India remain in the pilot stage due to high production costs, lack of R&D investment, and insufficient government incentives. For second generation biofuels to succeed in India will require coordinated national efforts, significant R&D funding, and accelerated development of demonstration plants.
Biofuels are a type of renewable energy derived from biological carbon fixation. They include fuels produced from biomass conversion as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels, and biogases. Factors such as rising oil prices, energy security concerns, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are driving increased attention to biofuels. Biomass can be used to produce transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel, as well as thermal energy. Advanced biofuel production may utilize biorefineries that integrate processes to produce multiple fuels and chemicals from biomass, analogous to petroleum refineries. Environmental impacts of biofuel production include both benefits like carbon neutrality and waste reduction, and concerns over air and soil pollution.
The Growing Importance of Biomass in Biodiesel Production QZ1
This document discusses biomass as an energy source and focuses on biodiesel production from algae. It provides background on biomass energy and discusses some challenges with traditional biomass usage. The objectives are outlined as moving to modern biomass energy technologies to provide a renewable and sustainable fuel source. Details are given on biodiesel production processes from algae and some potential advantages are noted, such as high oil yield per acre compared to other crops. Methods for algae cultivation and oil extraction are summarized. The conclusion states that algae show potential as a bioenergy source due to using carbon dioxide and sunlight to produce biomass.
This document discusses renewable fuels and provides an overview of their use in India. It begins with an introduction to fossil fuels and renewable fuels such as wind, solar, biomass and biofuels. It then discusses the need for renewable fuels due to depletion of fossil fuels, increasing energy demand, and global warming. The document defines renewable fuels as those obtained from biomass and biodegradable substances like ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. It describes the forms renewable fuels take and different methodologies for their production, from large-scale plants to decentralized and individual units. Advantages include replacing fossil fuels, energy independence, and reducing global warming by balancing the carbon cycle. Disadvantages include potential effects on biodiversity,
Biofuels provide a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and are becoming increasingly important. There are several types of biofuels like biogas produced from anaerobic digestion, bioethanol commonly from sugarcane or corn, and biodiesel usually from oils. Countries like Brazil and India have developed biofuel industries using their agricultural resources. New technologies allow extraction of oils from plants like jatropha and algae for biodiesel production. Microalgae have the highest oil yield per hectare and could potentially meet global fuel demands if commercially produced. Overall, biofuels offer environmental and economic benefits but large-scale production faces challenges.
The document describes Growdiesel's waste to biofuel project which treats various organic wastes in a decentralized manner to produce biofuels and fertilizer. The project uses Growdiesel's WTG1XG process, which converts food waste, kitchen waste, and other organic materials into bio-compressed natural gas (Bio-CNG), bio-piped natural gas (Bio-PNG), and bio-manure in an odorless process. The process involves four stages - hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis - to break down the waste into methane and other outputs.
The document discusses biodiesel, including what it is, how it is made through transesterification, its properties and benefits compared to petroleum diesel. It also discusses biodiesel blends, production of biodiesel from algae, and potential applications and adoption of biodiesel in Pakistan.
Ethical and social issues arising from biofulesmirzausman555
This document discusses some of the ethical and social issues arising from biofuels. It begins by defining biofuels as fuels produced from organic matter in a short period of time. It then contrasts biofuels with fossil fuels, noting that biofuels can provide energy security as an alternative to finite fossil fuels. The document outlines the two generations of biofuels and some of the main types - biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas. Finally, it lists some issues with biofuel production, including high costs, risks of monoculture farming, fertilizer use, impacts on food supply and price, industrial pollution, water use, and potential future price rises.
This document discusses alternative fuels to petroleum, focusing on biodiesel. It notes that fossil fuels are finite and contribute to pollution, while global energy demand is rising. Vegetable oils were considered as alternatives due to their fuel properties, but were not widely adopted due to higher costs than petroleum. The document defines biodiesel as the mono alkyl esters produced from renewable lipid sources through a transesterification reaction with methanol. Biodiesel offers environmental and performance benefits compared to petroleum diesel and vegetable oils.
-“Biofuel is an inexhaustible, biodegradable fuel manufactured from Biomass.”
• Renewable energy
• Derived from living materials.
• Pure and the easiest available fuels on planet earth.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on the production and application of biodiesel. It discusses the history of biodiesel dating back to 1893 when diesel first used peanut oil. Methods of biodiesel production discussed include transesterification using supercritical methanol, ultrasonication, and microwave techniques. Nano particles are also explored as an additive to reduce emissions when biodiesel is used in engines without modification. Biodiesel cultivation and harvesting techniques for plants like jatropha are also summarized.
A review: Advantages and Disadvantages of BiodieselIRJET Journal
This document reviews biodiesel as an alternative fuel, including its advantages and disadvantages. It discusses how biodiesel is made through a transesterification process where vegetable oils or animal fats are reacted with methanol or ethanol to produce biodiesel and glycerin. The document outlines various feedstocks that can be used to produce biodiesel like soybeans, rapeseed, algae and waste oils. It also discusses different biodiesel production methods and the use of biodiesel as a cleaner burning alternative to fossil fuels that can help address energy security and environmental issues.
Journal of Science and Technology .It's our journal Original Quality Research papers and Strictly No Plagiarism on all the Publications. Journal of Science and Technology Research in practical, theoretical, and experimental Technological studies is the focus of this journal.
Reduction of CO2 And Production of Biodiesel From AlgaeNayanGaykwad
The use of energy sources has reached at the level that whole world is relying on it. Being the major
source of energy, fuels are considered the most important. The fear of diminishing the available sources
thirst towards biofuel production has increased during last decades. Considering the food problems,
algae gain the most attention to be used as biofuel producers. The use of crop and food-producing plants
will never be a best fit into the priorities for biofuel production as they will disturb the food needs.
Different types of algae having the different production abilities. Normally algae have 20% to 80% oil
contents that could be converted into different types of fuels such as kerosene oil and biodiesel. The
diesel production from algae is economical and easy. Gene technology can be used to enhance the
production of oil and biodiesel contents and stability of algae. By increasing the genetic expressions, we
can find the ways to achieve the required biofuel amounts easily and continuously to overcome the fuels
deficiency. The present review article focusses on the role of algae as a possible substitute for fossil fuel as
an ideal biofuel reactant.
Bio diesel energy systems and technology best sie.v17 ch9 twas trieste publicProf Parameshwar P Iyer
Chapter from an UNDP Project Report on Sustainable Energy Systems prepared by the Third World Academy of Sciences, Trieste, Italy based on an International Workshop conducted in August 2006
Zero waste water treatment and biofuel productioniqraakbar8
A number of studies have reported successful cultivation of several species of microalgae such as Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Phormidium, Botryococcus, Chlamydomonas, and Arthrospira for wastewater treatment and the efficacy of this method is promising
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be used in diesel engines. It is made through a chemical process called transesterification that uses triglycerides from vegetable oils and fats. Biodiesel has advantages over petroleum diesel like reduced emissions and biodegradability. However, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content and issues with operating in cold weather. Producing enough biodiesel to replace petroleum diesel at a large scale presents economic and logistical challenges.
This document summarizes different types of biofuels including their production processes and pros and cons. It discusses bioethanol produced through fermentation of biomass and its use of corn and other crops which competes with food supply. Biogas and biohydrogen are produced through anaerobic digestion or gasification of organic biomass. Biodiesel is derived from vegetable or waste oils and mimics diesel. Bio butanol holds promise as it can be used directly in gasoline engines without modification. The document provides examples of major companies involved in different biofuels.
Biofuels are liquids that derive from bio mass, both from plant materials and animal fat. Biofuels are products that can be processed in to liquid fuels for either transport or heating purposes. The most popular forms of biofuel are bioethanol, biodiesel and methanol. Bio ethanol is an alcohol derived from sugar or starch crops by fermentation. A second generation of bio ethanol-lignocelluloses includes a range of forestry products such as forestry coppices and energy grasses. Bio ethanol can be used in pure from or blended with gasoline. Bio ethanol is produced from agricultural products including starchy and cereal crops such as sugarcane, corn, beets, wheat and sorghum. Bio diesel is derived from vegetable oils by reaction of the oil with methanol. A second generation of bio diesel technologies synthesizes diesel fuel from wood and straw to a gasification stage. Biodiesel can be used in pure form or blended with automotive diesel. Biodiesel is made from oil or tree seeds such as rapeseed, sunflower, soya, palm, Pongamapinnata, Andiroba(Carporaguianensis), Babassu(Orbigniasp), barley, Camelina(Camelina sativa) coconut(copra), Jatropha curcas, Cumary (Dipterus odorata),groundnut, mustard, peanut, fishoil, and animal fat. Biodiesel derived from green algae and cyanobacteria biomass has the potential for high volume and cost effective production. It is carbon neutral. In recent years, bioenergy has drawn attention as a sustainable energy resource that may help cope with rising energy prices, but also provides income to poor farmers and rural communities around the globe. Developing countries with tropical climate have a comparative advantage in growing energy with biomass. Advantages of using bio fuel are renewable fuel, low toxicity, biodegradable, lower emissions of contaminants, lower health risk, no sulfur dioxide emissions and higher flash point and also decreases the country’s dependence on imported petroleum. Biofuels represent important opportunities and challenges for sustainable development, both globally and domestically. Bio fuels can help to tackle climate change and improve rural employment and livelihood. Their reduced carbon emissions compared to conventional fuels and their positive impacts on rural development, together with the current high oil prices are key elements behind their market development. Thus bio diesel is a potential replacement for petroleum based liquid fuels. Biomass for fuel production is gaining importance in terms of its productivity, practicality and innovative potential to create a cost competitive, environment friendly and renewable source of liquid fuel.
A review paper on comparative analysis of Diesel blends with different propor...ijtsrd
Biodiesel is an attracted alternative fuel and biodiesel“diesel blends can be used as fuel in order to substitute some part of diesel in engine at various applications. In this study, the spray properties of different type of blends of biodiesel“diesel (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% biodiesel) as well as pure diesel is investigated under various ambient conditions by means of high-speed schlieren photography technique. A comparative analysis of blended fuels and diesel sprays is also presented. The experimental results show that when adopting fuel blends with variable biodiesel“diesel fractions in the swirl-type injector sprays, the spray developing patterns are not significantly changed. In the case of low ambient pressure (surrounding condition), the main spray tip penetration decreases and the spray angle increases with the increase of biodiesel fraction. Under the elevated ambient pressure condition, the difference of spray penetration amongst the blends shows inconspicuous, meanwhile the spray angle of all test fuels keeps almost constant in the fully developed stage except that the spray of pure diesel shows a larger cone angle in the beginning of injection period. Ajeet Kumar Prajapati | Vipin Kumar Patel"A review paper on comparative analysis of Diesel blends with different proportions of karanja oil Biodiesel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12896.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/12896/a-review-paper-on-comparative-analysis-of-diesel-blends-with-different-proportions-of-karanja-oil-biodiesel/ajeet-kumar-prajapati
IRJET- Production of Biodiesel from used Kitchen Oil using Hydrodynamic Cavit...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using hydrodynamic cavitation to produce biodiesel from used kitchen oil. It begins by providing background on biodiesel and how cavitation can enhance mass transfer and the transesterification reaction. It then discusses that India produces a large amount of waste cooking oil annually that could be used as a feedstock. The document reviews the chemical composition of various oils used in cooking and how they break down during the frying process. It proposes that cavitation can help overcome limitations in mixing during transesterification to produce biodiesel from this low-cost waste feedstock in a more efficient manner.
A technical report on BioFuels GenerationMohit Rajput
This document provides an overview of biofuels, including:
1. Biofuels are divided into three generations - first from sugars/starches, second from non-edible plants, third from algae/microbes.
2. First generation includes bioethanol from crops like corn, sugar cane.
3. Second generation includes biodiesel made from vegetable/plant oils or animal fats.
4. The document discusses production methods and feedstocks for different biofuels.
Experimental Investigation of Blends of Esterified Coconut Oil and Sunflower ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of blends of esterified coconut oil and sunflower oil used in a 4-stroke compression ignition engine. Various blends of the two vegetable oils with diesel were tested in a single cylinder engine to analyze their performance characteristics and emissions. The best performing blend was identified as having the highest brake power and thermal efficiency, lowest brake specific fuel consumption, and minimum smoke density emissions. This blend could serve as a suitable alternative to diesel fuel.
This document summarizes a research paper on biodiesel as a future fuel. It discusses how biodiesel is produced through transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol. Jatropha oil is examined as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Experiments were conducted running a diesel engine on blends of jatropha biodiesel and producer gas. The results showed that blends with higher proportions of jatropha biodiesel (JOBD30+PG) produced lower emissions of CO, NOx, and CO2 compared to blends with more producer gas or pure diesel. The document concludes biodiesel is a promising renewable alternative fuel that can help address the decreasing fossil fuel supply while
Modern fuels and their environmental impactsSaurav Gurung
Modern fuels include renewable fuels synthesized from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. Biofuels are considered modern fuels and are made from biomass sources like plants and waste. First generation biofuels are made from food crops while second and third generation biofuels can be made from non-food sources like cellulosic biomass and engineered plants. The production of biofuels is increasing but has led to concerns about food prices and using food for fuel. Future fuels will likely focus on electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles to address sustainability and emissions issues.
IRJET- Production of Biodiesel from Cannabis Sativa (Hemp) Seed Oil and its P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that produced biodiesel from Cannabis sativa (hemp) seed oil through a transesterification process. The physicochemical properties of the hemp biodiesel were tested and found to meet ASTM standards. The hemp biodiesel was blended with base diesel in ratios from B10 to B100. Engine tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that B10 and B20 blends had similar brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption as base diesel. Emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were reduced on average, but nitrous oxide emissions increased compared to base diesel when using the hemp biodiesel blends. Smoke opacity also improved up
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the performance of a CI engine using blends of diesel fuel and waste cooking oil. Waste cooking oil is converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and blended with diesel fuel in various proportions. The blends are then tested in a CI engine to analyze performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions. The results are compared to operation on pure diesel fuel to evaluate the potential of using waste cooking oil biodiesel blends as an alternative fuel in CI engines.
This document reviews Moringa oleifera seed oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. It discusses how Moringa oleifera seed oil can be extracted using solvent extraction methods like Soxhlet extraction. It also outlines the process for producing biodiesel from Moringa oleifera seed oil through transesterification, which involves reacting the seed oil with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to produce fatty acid alkyl esters. The results indicate that biodiesel produced from Moringa oleifera seed oil, called Moringa oleifera methyl ester biodiesel, has fuel properties within ASTM standards and comparable to other biodiesel fuels. However, NOx emissions are marginally
Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. It discusses biodiesel production processes and feedstocks used worldwide. The key points are:
- Biodiesel has advantages over fossil fuels like being renewable, biodegradable and reducing exhaust emissions. However, biodiesel has less energy content than diesel.
- Common biodiesel feedstocks discussed are cottonseed, soybean, rapeseed, jatropha and palm oil. Feedstock selection is important as it affects 75% of production costs.
- The document also looks at biodiesel potential in India, including a national mission to promote jatropha cultivation and use. It concludes that biodiesel can reduce
OCS Training Institute is pleased to co-operate with
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learn to implement the relevant standards &
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verify the condition of a rig’s equipment & improve
safety, thus reducing the number of accidents and
protecting the asset.
Exploring Deep Learning Models for Image Recognition: A Comparative Reviewsipij
Image recognition, which comes under Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a critical aspect of computer vision,
enabling computers or other computing devices to identify and categorize objects within images. Among
numerous fields of life, food processing is an important area, in which image processing plays a vital role,
both for producers and consumers. This study focuses on the binary classification of strawberries, where
images are sorted into one of two categories. We Utilized a dataset of strawberry images for this study; we
aim to determine the effectiveness of different models in identifying whether an image contains
strawberries. This research has practical applications in fields such as agriculture and quality control. We
compared various popular deep learning models, including MobileNetV2, Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNN), and DenseNet121, for binary classification of strawberry images. The accuracy achieved by
MobileNetV2 is 96.7%, CNN is 99.8%, and DenseNet121 is 93.6%. Through rigorous testing and analysis,
our results demonstrate that CNN outperforms the other models in this task. In the future, the deep
learning models can be evaluated on a richer and larger number of images (datasets) for better/improved
results.
Development of Chatbot Using AI/ML Technologiesmaisnampibarel
The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and natural language processing have significantly transformed human-computer interactions. This thesis presents the design, development, and evaluation of an intelligent chatbot capable of engaging in natural and meaningful conversations with users. The chatbot leverages state-of-the-art deep learning techniques, including transformer-based architectures, to understand and generate human-like responses.
Key contributions of this research include the implementation of a context- aware conversational model that can maintain coherent dialogue over extended interactions. The chatbot's performance is evaluated through both automated metrics and user studies, demonstrating its effectiveness in various applications such as customer service, mental health support, and educational assistance. Additionally, ethical considerations and potential biases in chatbot responses are examined to ensure the responsible deployment of this technology.
The findings of this thesis highlight the potential of intelligent chatbots to enhance user experience and provide valuable insights for future developments in conversational AI.
How to Manage Internal Notes in Odoo 17 POSCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to leverage internal notes within Odoo 17 POS to enhance communication and streamline operations. Internal notes provide a platform for staff to exchange crucial information regarding orders, customers, or specific tasks, all while remaining invisible to the customer. This fosters improved collaboration and ensures everyone on the team is on the same page.
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a logical numeric address that is assigned to every single computer, printer, switch, router, tablets, smartphones or any other device that is part of a TCP/IP-based network.
Types of IP address-
Dynamic means "constantly changing “ .dynamic IP addresses aren't more powerful, but they can change.
Static means staying the same. Static. Stand. Stable. Yes, static IP addresses don't change.
Most IP addresses assigned today by Internet Service Providers are dynamic IP addresses. It's more cost effective for the ISP and you.
In May 2024, globally renowned natural diamond crafting company Shree Ramkrishna Exports Pvt. Ltd. (SRK) became the first company in the world to achieve GNFZ’s final net zero certification for existing buildings, for its two two flagship crafting facilities SRK House and SRK Empire. Initially targeting 2030 to reach net zero, SRK joined forces with the Global Network for Zero (GNFZ) to accelerate its target to 2024 — a trailblazing achievement toward emissions elimination.
Unblocking The Main Thread - Solving ANRs and Frozen FramesSinan KOZAK
In the realm of Android development, the main thread is our stage, but too often, it becomes a battleground where performance issues arise, leading to ANRS, frozen frames, and sluggish Uls. As we strive for excellence in user experience, understanding and optimizing the main thread becomes essential to prevent these common perforrmance bottlenecks. We have strategies and best practices for keeping the main thread uncluttered. We'll examine the root causes of performance issues and techniques for monitoring and improving main thread health as wel as app performance. In this talk, participants will walk away with practical knowledge on enhancing app performance by mastering the main thread. We'll share proven approaches to eliminate real-life ANRS and frozen frames to build apps that deliver butter smooth experience.
Profiling of Cafe Business in Talavera, Nueva Ecija: A Basis for Development ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study aimed to profile the coffee shops in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, to develop a standardized checklist for aspiring entrepreneurs. The researchers surveyed 10 coffee shop owners in the municipality of Talavera. Through surveys, the researchers delved into the Owner's Demographic, Business details, Financial Requirements, and other requirements needed to consider starting up a coffee shop. Furthermore, through accurate analysis, the data obtained from the coffee shop owners are arranged to derive key insights. By analyzing this data, the study identifies best practices associated with start-up coffee shops’ profitability in Talavera. These findings were translated into a standardized checklist outlining essential procedures including the lists of equipment needed, financial requirements, and the Traditional and Social Media Marketing techniques. This standardized checklist served as a valuable tool for aspiring and existing coffee shop owners in Talavera, streamlining operations, ensuring consistency, and contributing to business success.
Social media management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project "Social Media Platform in Object-Oriented Modeling" aims to design
and model a robust and scalable social media platform using object-oriented
modeling principles. In the age of digital communication, social media platforms
have become indispensable for connecting people, sharing content, and fostering
online communities. However, their complex nature requires meticulous planning
and organization.This project addresses the challenge of creating a feature-rich and
user-friendly social media platform by applying key object-oriented modeling
concepts. It entails the identification and definition of essential objects such as
"User," "Post," "Comment," and "Notification," each encapsulating specific
attributes and behaviors. Relationships between these objects, such as friendships,
content interactions, and notifications, are meticulously established.The project
emphasizes encapsulation to maintain data integrity, inheritance for shared behaviors
among objects, and polymorphism for flexible content handling. Use case diagrams
depict user interactions, while sequence diagrams showcase the flow of interactions
during critical scenarios. Class diagrams provide an overarching view of the system's
architecture, including classes, attributes, and methods .By undertaking this project,
we aim to create a modular, maintainable, and user-centric social media platform that
adheres to best practices in object-oriented modeling. Such a platform will offer users
a seamless and secure online social experience while facilitating future enhancements
and adaptability to changing user needs.
Encontro anual da comunidade Splunk, onde discutimos todas as novidades apresentadas na conferência anual da Spunk, a .conf24 realizada em junho deste ano em Las Vegas.
Neste vídeo, trago os pontos chave do encontro, como:
- AI Assistant para uso junto com a SPL
- SPL2 para uso em Data Pipelines
- Ingest Processor
- Enterprise Security 8.0 (Maior atualização deste seu release)
- Federated Analytics
- Integração com Cisco XDR e Cisto Talos
- E muito mais.
Deixo ainda, alguns links com relatórios e conteúdo interessantes que podem ajudar no esclarecimento dos produtos e funções.
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/campaigns/the-hidden-costs-of-downtime.html
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/pdfs/gated/ebooks/building-a-leading-observability-practice.pdf
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/pdfs/gated/ebooks/building-a-modern-security-program.pdf
Nosso grupo oficial da Splunk:
https://usergroups.splunk.com/sao-paulo-splunk-user-group/
A brief introduction to quadcopter (drone) working. It provides an overview of flight stability, dynamics, general control system block diagram, and the electronic hardware.
1. 1
BIODIESEL AS A FUEL IN IC ENGINE
A Project Report
Submitted by:
SHAHJAHAN SIDDIQUI (1608797)
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHALOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
At
INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ABHIPUR, NEW CHANDIGARH
MOHALI, PUNJAB (INDIA) -140109
(AFFILIATED TO PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR, PUNJAB
(INDIA)) APRIL,2019
2. 2
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project entitled “BIODIESEL AS A FUEL IN IC
ENGINE” Submitted for the B. Tech. (ME) degree is my original work and the project
has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or any o
ther similar titles.
Signature of the Student
Place:
Date:
3. 3
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project titled “BIODIESEL AS A FUEL IN IC ENGINE”
is the bonafide work carried out by SHAHJAHAN SIDDIQUI , a student of
B.Tech (ME) of Indo Global College of Engineering, Abhipur, New Chandigarh
(Mohali) affiliated to Punjab Technical University Jalandhar, Punjab(India) duri
ng the academic year 2019,in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award
of the degree of Bachelor of Technology (Mechanical Engineering) and that the
project has not formed the basis for the award previously of any other degree,
diploma, fellowship on any other similar title.
Signature of the guide
Place:
Date:
4. 4
ABSTRACT
Alternative fuels research has been on-going for well over many years at a number of instituti
ons. Driven by oil price and consumption, engine emissions and climate change, along with t
he lack of sustainable fossil fuels, transportation sector has generated an interest in alternative
, renewable sources of fuel for internal combustion engines. The focus has ranged from feed s
tock optimization to engine-out emissions, performance and durability. Biofuels for transporta
tion sector, including alcohols (ethanol, methanol...etc.), biodiesel, and other liquid and gaseo
us fuels such as methane and hydrogen, have the potential to displace a considerable amount o
f petroleum-based fuels around the world. First generation biofuels are produced from sugars,
starches, or vegetable oils. On the contrary, the second-generation biofuels are produced from
cellulosic materials, agricultural wastes, switch grasses and algae rather than sugar and starch.
By not using food crops, second generation biofuel production is much more sustainable and h
as a lower impact on food production. Also known as advanced biofuels, the second-generatio
n biofuels are still in the development stage.Combining higher energy yields, lower requireme
nts for fertilizer and land, and the absence of competition with food, second generation biofue
ls, when available at prices equivalent to petroleum derived products, offer a truly sustainable
alternative for transportation fuels. There are main four issues related to alternative fuels: prod
uction, transportation, storage, handling and usage. This chapter presents a review of recent lit
erature related to the alternative fuels usage and the impact of these fuels on fuel injection sys
tems, and fuel atomization and sprays for both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engin
es. Effect of these renewable fuels on both internal flow and external flow characteristics of
the fuel injector will be presented.
5. 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper is based on a real time project carried out by the students of Indo Global College o
f Engineering, Abhipur.The project on “BIODIESEL AS A FUEL IN IC ENGINE” was ma
de possible with the help and assistance provided by Mr. Kulbir Singh, Assistant Professor,
Indo Global College of Engineering, Abhipur.
We express our profound gratitude to Mr. ANIL KUMAR, Head of Mechanical Engineering
Department, Indo Global College of Engineering, Abhipur.
We are delighted to work under our principal Dr. Promila Kaushal, Indo Global College of
Engineering, Abhipur.
Our sincere thanks to all the faculty members of the department and technicians for the help
during the course of the project work.
The project was taken by a team of 4 members namely Shahjahan Siddiqui (1608797), Mohd
Arif Wani (1608792), Vinit Kumar Pandey (1608799), Himanshu Kumar (1608798)
6. 6
LIST OF FIGURES
• Crude oil prices……………………………………………………………. 1
• properties of biodiesel from vegetable oil…………………………………(1.10.1) [91]
• Basic technology of biodiesel production……………...……………………1.10.1
• photographic image of magnetic stirrer with
hot plate on mechanical Lab UIT-RGPV…………….………. …………….3.1.1
• Separating funnel for biodiesel separation at UIT-RGPV.………………….3.1.2
• catalyst KOH, Reactant methanol & different samples of
blended biodiesel B10 to B100 …………………………………………….3.1.3
• Flow chart of biodiesel production from jatropha oil……………………….3.1.4
• Flow chart of Biodiesel production by different vegetable oils……………..3.1.5
• Biodiesel cycle………………………………………………………………3.1.6
7. 7
1. INTRODUCTION
The world is presently confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and
environmental degradation. Indiscriminate extraction and lavish consumption of fossil fuels
have led to reduction in underground-based carbon resources. The search for alternative fuels,
which promise a harmonious correlation with sustainable development, energy conservation,
efficiency and environmental preservation, has become highly pronounced in the present
context. The fuels of bio-origin can provide a feasible solution to this worldwide petroleum
crisis. Gasoline and diesel-driven automobiles are the major sources of greenhouse gases
(GHG) emission [1–3]. Scientists around the world have explored several alternative energy
resources, which have the potential to quench the ever-increasing energy thirst of today’s
population. Various biofuel energy resources explored include biomass, biogas [4], primary
alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel, etc. These alternative energy resources are largely
environment-friendly but they need to be evaluated on case-to-case basis for their advantages,
disadvantages and specific applications. Some of these fuels can be used directly while others
need to be formulated to bring the relevant properties closer to conventional fuels. Due to the
recent widespread use of petroleum fuels in various sectors, this study concentrates on
assessing the viability of using alternative fuels in the existing internal combustion
engines. The present energy scenario has stimulated active research interest in non-petroleum,
renewable, and non-polluting fuels. The world reserves of primary energy and raw materials
are, obviously, limited. According to an estimate, the reserves will last for 218 years for coal,
41 years for oil, and 63 years for natural gas, under a business-as-usual scenario [1,5,6]. The
enormous growth of world population, increased technical development, and standard of living
in the industrial nations has led to this intricate situation in the field of energy supply and
demand. The prices of crude oil keep rising and fluctuating on a daily basis. The crude oil
prices are at near record levels and are stabilizing at about US$65 per barrel now. The variations
in the energy prices over last decade are shown in Fig. 1. This necessitates developing and
commercializing fossilfuel alternatives from bio-origin. This may well be the main reason
behind the growing awareness and interest for unconventional bio energy sources and fuels in
various developing countries, which are striving hard to offset the oil monopoly.
8. 8
1.1 Biodiesel as a fuel in IC engine: -
The best way to use vegetable oil as fuel in IC engine is to convert it in to biodiesel. Biodiesel
is the name of a clean burning mono-alkyl ester-based oxygenated fuel made from natural,
renewable sources such as used or unused vegetable oils and animal fats. The resulting
biodiesel is quite similar to conventional diesel in its main characteristics. Biodiesel contains
no petroleum products, but it is compatible with conventional diesel and can be blended in any
proportion with mineral diesel to create a stable biodiesel blend. The level of blending with
petroleum diesel is referred as Bxx, where xx indicates the amount of biodiesel in the blend
(i.e. B10 blend is 10% biodiesel and 90% diesel. It can be used in CI engine with no major
modification in the engine hardware.
9. 9
1.10.1 Transesterification: -
Biodiesel is formed from vegetable oil by Transesterification method. Biodiesel is
biodegradable, non-toxic and essentially free from sulphur; it is renewable and can be produced
from agriculture and plant resources. Biodiesel is biodegradable, non-toxic and essentially free
from sulphur; it is renewable and can be produced from agriculture and plant resources.
Transesterification is the reaction of a fat or oil with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol.
Alcohol combines with the triglycerides to form glycerol and esters. A catalyst is usually used
to improve the reaction rate and yield. Since the reaction is reversible, excess alcohol is
required to shift the equilibrium to the product side. Among the alcohols that can be used in
the Transesterification process are methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and amyl alcohol [92].
Alkali-catalysed Transesterification is much faster than acid-catalysed Transesterification and
is most often used commercially. The process of transesterification brings about drastic change
in viscosity of vegetable oil. The biodiesel thus produced by this process is totally miscible
with mineral diesel in any proportion. Biodiesel viscosity comes very close to that of mineral
diesel hence no problems in the existing fuel handling system. Flash point of the biodiesel gets
lowered after esterification and the cetane number gets improved. Even lower concentrations
of biodiesel act as cetane number improver for biodiesel blend. Calorific value of biodiesel is
also found to be very close to mineral diesel. Some typical observations from the engine tests
suggested that the thermal efficiency of the engine generally improves, cooling losses and
exhaust gas temperature increase, smoke opacity generally gets lower for biodiesel blends.
Possible reason may be additional lubricity properties of the biodiesel; hence reduced frictional
losses (FHP). The energy thus saved increases thermal efficiency, cooling losses and exhaust
losses from the engine. The thermal efficiency starts reducing after a certain concentration of
biodiesel. Flash point, density, pour point, cetane number, calorific value of biodiesel comes
in very close range to that of mineral diesel [97,98].
Diesel engine can perform satisfactory for long run on biodiesel without any hardware
modifications. Twenty percent biodiesel is the optimum concentration for biodiesel blend with
improved performance. Increase in exhaust temperature however lead to increased NOx
emissions from the engine. While short-term tests are almost positive, long-term use of neat
vegetable oils or their blend with diesel leads to various engine problems such as, injector
coking, ring sticking, injector deposits etc. [99,100]. High viscosity, low volatility and a
tendency for polymerization in the cylinder are root causes of many problems associated with
direct use of these oils as fuels. The process of transesterification yields vegetable oil ester,
which has shown promises as alternative diesel fuel as a result of improved viscosity and
volatility. Several researchers investigate the different vegetable oil esters and find esters
comparable to mineral diesel [96-101]. The yield of biodiesel in the process of
transesterification is affected by several process parameters/variables.
1.10.2 The most important variables affecting the yield of biodiesel from transesterification
are:-
_ Reaction temperature.
_ Molar ratio of alcohol and oil.
_ Catalyst.
_ Reaction time.
_ Presence of moisture and free fatty acids (FFA).
10. 10
1.10.2 The effect of reaction temperature:-
The rate of reaction is strongly influenced by the reaction temperature. However, given enough
time, the reaction will proceed to near completion even at room temperature. Generally, the
reaction is conducted close to the boiling point of methanol (60–70˚C) at atmospheric pressure.
The maximum yield of esters occurs at temperatures ranging from 60 to 80 ˚C at a molar ratio
(alcohol to oil) of 6:1 [91-93]. Several researchers have studied the effect of temperature on
conversion of oils and fats into biodiesel. Freedman et al. [96] studied the transesterification of
refined soybean oil with methanol (6:1), 1% NaOH catalyst, at three different temperatures 60,
45 and 32 1C. After 0.1 h, ester yields were 94%, 87% and 64% for 60, 45 and 32˚C,
respectively. After 1 h, ester formation was identical for 60 and 45 1C reaction temperature
runs and only slightly lower for 32 1C. It shows that temperature clearly influenced the reaction
rate and yield of esters and transesterification can proceed satisfactorily at ambient
temperatures, if given enough time, in the case of alkaline catalyst.
1.2 The effect of molar ratio:-
Another important variable affecting the yield of ester is the molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable
oil. The stoichiometry of the transesterification reaction requires 3mole of alcohol per mole of
triglyceride to yield 3 mole of fatty esters and 1 mole of glycerol. To shift the transesterification
reaction to the right, it is necessary to use either a large excess of alcohol or remove one of the
products from the reaction mixture continuously. The second option is preferred wherever
feasible, since in this way, the reaction can be driven towards completion. When 100% excess
methanol is used, the reaction rate is at its highest. A molar ratio of 6:1 is normally used in
industrial processes to obtain methyl ester yields higher than 98% by weight. Freedman et al.
[96] studied the effect of molar ratio (from 1:1 to 6:1) on ester conversion with vegetable oils.
Soybean, sunflower, peanut and cottonseed oils behaved similarly and achieved highest
conversions (93–98%) at a 6:1 molar ratio. Ratios greater than 6:1 do not increase yield (already
98–99%), however, these interfere with separation of glycerol.
1.3 The effect of catalyst:-
Catalysts are classified as alkali, acid, or enzymes. Alkali-catalyzed transesterification is much
faster
than acid-catalyzed reaction. However, if a vegetable oil has high free fatty acid and water
content, acid catalyzed transesterification reaction is suitable. Partly due to faster esterification
and partly because alkaline catalysts are less corrosive to industrial equipment than acidic
catalysts, most commercial transesterification reactions are conducted with alkaline catalysts.
Sodium methoxide was found to be more effective than sodium hydroxide. Sodium alkoxides
are among the most efficient catalysts used for this purpose, although NaOH, due to its low
cost, has attracted its wide use in largescale transesterification. The alkaline catalyst
concentrations in the range of 0.5–1% by weight yield 94–99% conversion of vegetable oils
into esters. Further increase in catalyst concentration does not increase the conversion and it
adds to extra costs because it is necessary to remove the catalyst from the reaction products at
the end [91,96,97]. Methanol can quickly react with triglycerides and NaOH is easily dissolved
in it. The reaction can be catalyzed by alkalis, acids, or enzymes. The alkalis include NaOH,
KOH, carbonates and corresponding sodium and potassium alkoxides such as sodium
methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium propoxide and sodium butoxide. Sulfuric acid, sulfonic
11. 11
acids and hydrochloric acid are usually used as acid catalysts. Lipases also can be used as
biocatalysts.
1.4 The effect of reaction time:-
The conversion rate increases with reaction time. Freedman et al. [96] trans esterified peanut,
cottonseed, sunflower and soybean oils under the condition of methanol to oil ratio of 6:1, 0.5%
sodium methoxide catalyst and 60˚C. An approximate yield of 80% was observed after 1 min
for soybean and sunflower oils. After 1 h, the conversions were almost the same for all four
oils (93–98%). Ma and Hanna [92] studied the effect of reaction time on transesterification of
beef tallow with methanol. The reaction was very slow during the first minute due to the mixing
and dispersion of methanol into beef tallow. From 1 to 5 min, the reaction proceeded very fast.
The apparent yield of beef tallow methyl esters surged from 1% to 38%.
1.5 The effect of moisture and FFA:-
For an alkali-catalyzed transesterification, the glycerides and alcohol must be substantially
anhydrous because water makes the reaction partially change to saponification, which produces
soap. The soap lowers the yield of esters and renders the separation of ester and glycerol and
water washing difficult. The glycerol is then removed by gravity separation and remaining ester
is mixed with hot water for separation of catalyst. Moisture can be removed using silica gel.
Ester formation eliminates almost all the problems associated with vegetable oils.
Saponification reaction also takes place simultaneously along with transesterification process
but soap formation is not a major problem if presence of water is less than 1% [92-98]. Starting
materials used for alkali-catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides must meet certain
specifications. The glyceride should have an acid value less than 1 and all reactants should be
substantially anhydrous. If the acid value was greater than 1, more NaOH is required to
neutralize the FFA. Freedman et al. found that ester yields were significantly reduced if the
reactants did not meet these requirements. Sodium hydroxide or sodium methoxide reacted
with moisture and carbon dioxide in the air, which diminished their effectiveness [96]. The
effects of FFA and water on transesterification of beef tallow with methanol were investigated
by Ma and Hanna [92]. The results showed that the water content of beef tallow should be kept
below 0.06% w/w and free fatty acid content of beef tallow should be kept below 0.5%, w/w
in order to get the best conversion. Water content was a more critical variable in the
transesterification process than FFA [92].
12. 12
Properties Biodiesel from vegetable oils
Peanut Soyabean palm sun flower linseed
Kinematic viscosity at 37.8˚C 4.9 4.5 5.7 4.6 3.59
Cetane number 54 45 62 49 52
Lower heatingvalue(MJ/L) 33.6 33.5 33.5 33.5 35.3
Cloud point 5 1 13 1
Pour point - ˗7 - ˗ -15
Flash point 176 178 164 183 172
Density (gm/ml) 0.883 0.885 0.88 0.86 0.874
Carbon residue (wt%) 1.74 ˗ ˗ ˗ 1.83
Table (1.10.1) [91] properties of biodiesel from vegetable oil
Basic technology of biodiesel production:-
Figure 1.10.1 Basic technology of biodiesel production
13. 13
CHAPTER-2
PRODUCTION OF BIOFUELS: BIODIESEL & BIOGAS
2.1 Production of the Biodiesel:-
Biodiesel is fatty acid alkyl ester. It can be produced by transesterification process of different
types of vegetable oils, animal fats and waste oils. It has similar composition and properties as
that of petroleum diesel. The Biodiesel used in this experiment is produced from the palm oil.
The palm oil is obtained from the palm tree. The phenomenon of replacement of an alcohol by
a different alcohol from an ester is known as transesterification, the process of
transesterification is also known as alcoholysis. By the help of this process we reduce down
the viscosity of triglycerides. The general equation of transesterification is
RCOOR’ + R” OH ↔ RCOOR” + R'OH
In the above reaction if methanol is used, it is termed methanolysis. The Biodiesel can be
produced from Biodiesel is produced by the transesterification or alcoholysis.
Raw palm oil must be treated before transesterification process. Raw oil having less than 5%
free fatty acid need not require pretreatment. The alkali catalyst added to the palm oil with
greater than 5% free fatty acid, alkali catalyst form soap and water after reacting with palm oil.
Transesterification is reversible reaction, a catalyst either strong acid or base is required to
accelerate the reaction. In this study the transesterification reaction is conducted in the presence
of base catalyst. The mechanism of alkali-catalyzed transesterification is described below. The
first step is the attack of the alkoxides ion to the carbonyl carbon of the triglyceride molecule,
which results in the formation of tetrahedral intermediate product. In the second step, this
intermediate product reacts with an alcohol and produces the alkoxides ion. The same
mechanism is applied to diglyceride and monoglyceride.
14. 14
3.1.1 Experimental setup of Biodiesel production:-
3.1.2 The experimental setup for production of Biodiesel palm oil consist of reactor has a
capacity of 1 liters is shown in the figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1.1 photographic image of magnetic stirrer with hot plate on mechanical Lab UIT-
RGPV
15. 15
Figure 3.1.2 Separating funnel for biodiesel separation at UIT-RGPV
Figure 3.1.3 catalyst KOH, Reactant methanol & different samples of blended biodiesel B10
to B100
3.1.2 Materials Required for biodiesel production:-
• Feedstock: palm oil,
• Base Catalyst: KOH 1% w/w of palm oil,
• Reactant: Methanol to palm oil-molar ratio is 13%
• Reactor
• Electric power and timer
• Hot plate with magnetic stirrer
• Separating funnel
• stands
16. 16
2.1.3 Pretreatment:-
In pretreatment process, palm oil is filtered first to remove solid matter in it and then preheated
at 110℃ for 30 min to remove moisture content because presence of moisture in palm oil
creates condition of saponification during the reaction. After the demoisturisation of oil we
removed wax, unsaponicable matter, Carbon residue, and fiber; these are present in palm oil in
small quantity.
2.1.4 Esterification:-
Palm oil contains 6% to 20% free fatty acids by weight we obtained the methyl ester palm oil
with methyl alcohol in the presence of catalyst KOH. A two stage process is used for the trans
esterification of palm oil. First stage (acid catalyzed) is the reduction of the free fatty acid from
the palm oil by esterification with methanol (99% pure) and acid catalyst sulphuric acid (98%)
in 1-hour time at 57℃ in a closed reactor. The palm oil is first heated to 50℃ and 0.5% by
weight sulphuric acid is added to it then methyl alcohol near about 13% by weight is added.
Methyl alcohol is added in excess amount to speed up the esterification reaction. This reaction
proceeded with stirring at 700rpm and temperature was controlled in between 55℃ to 57℃ for
90 minutes with regular analysis of free fatty acids after every 25 to 30 minutes. The reaction
was stopped when free fatty acids were reduced up to 1%. Formation of the water is the major
hindrance to acid catalyzed esterification for free fatty acids. Water can prevent the conversion
of free fatty acids to esters. After dewatering the esterified oil was fed to the transesterification
process.
2.1.5 Transesterification:-
Base catalyzed reaction: Mixing of alcohol and catalyst:-
The catalyst used was potassium hydroxide (NaOH) 1% of the weight of the palm oil. It is
dissolved in the 13% of distilled methanol (CH3OH) by using a standard agitator at 700rpm
for 20 minutes. The alcohol-catalyst solution was prepared just prior to the reaction to maintain
the catalytic activeness and avoid the moisture absorbance. After completion it is slowly
charged into preheated esterified oil.
Transesterification Reaction:- The system was closed to avoid the loss of the alcohol and
avoid moisture by adding the methoxide to the palm oil. To speed up the reaction the
temperature of the reaction was maintained at 60-65℃ (i.e. near to the boiling point of methyl
alcohol). The recommended time for the reaction is 70 minutes. The stirring speed was
maintained at 560 to 700rpm. Excess alcohol is normally utilized to ensure the maximum
conversion of fats into its esters. The reaction mixture was taken after each 20 minutes for
analysis of free fatty acids. After the confirmation of completion of formation of the methyl
ester, the heating was stopped and the product was cooled and transferred to separating funnel.
3.1.6 Settling and Separation:-
After the completion of the reaction, it is leaved alone for 8 to 10 hours and allowed to settle
down in the separating funnel. At this stage two major products obtained they are glycerin and
biodiesel. Each product has a substantial amount of the excess methanol that was used in the
reaction. The glycerin phase is much denser than the biodiesel phase therefore glycerin was
settled down while biodiesel was floated up. These two products were separated by gravity.
Glycerin was simply drawn off from the bottom of the settling vessel.
17. 17
Alcohol Removal:- After the separation of the biodiesel and glycerin phases, the excess
alcohol from each phase was removed by distillation process. In either case, the alcohol is
recovered using distillation equipment and is reused. Care must be taken to ensure no water
should accumulate in the recovered alcohol stream.
Methyl Ester Wash:- After the separation of glycerin and the removal of alcohol, the crude
biodiesel was purified by washing it gently with warm water to remove residual catalyst or
soaps. The biodiesel was washed by air bubbling method up to the clear water was drained out.
This shows the impurities present in biodiesel was removed completely.
Drying of the Biodiesel:- The water present in the biodiesel was removed which results in a
clear amber-yellow liquid with a viscosity similar to petro diesel. In some systems the biodiesel
is distilled in an additional step to remove small amounts of colour bodies to produce a
colourless biodiesel.
21. 21
ADVANTAGES
• Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and
aromatics.
• It can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer ones, and emits less air pollutants
and greenhouse gases other than nitrogen oxides.
• It’s safer to handle and has virtually the same energy efficiency as petroleum diesel. In
addition it has lubricity benefits that fossil fuels do not.
• Biodiesel blends as low as B2 have been found to significantly reduce the amount of
toxic carbon-based emissions.
• With the soaring price of petroleum-based products, Biodiesel is becoming an
increasingly affordable option relative to petroleum diesel.
• The use of Biodiesel helps reduce dependence on finite fossil fuel reserves. As an
alternative energy source it is relatively easy to process and available – with machines
like the BioCube™ – to all communities from rural communities in developing nations,
to urban in developed countries.
• Scientific research confirms that Biodiesel exhaust has a less harmful impact on human
health than petroleum diesel fuel. Biodiesel emissions have decreased levels of
hydrocarbons and nitrited compounds that have been identified as potential cancer
causing compounds.
22. 22
Conclusion
The results of this study indicated that biodiesel is a more environmental-friendly option than
petroleum diesel based on the reductions in CO and NOx in the tailpipe emissions. This comes
at the cost of performance, though biodiesel has lower energy content than petroleum diesel.
Biodiesel A (the 80% beef, pork and sheep tallow and 20% waste cooking oil methyl ester)
was found to have lower exhaust emissions across the board compared with Biodiesel B (70%
chicken tallow and 30% waste cooking oil methyl ester). Without knowing more about the
exact fuel properties of these two fuels, such as ultimate analysis, it was difficult to draw any
definitive conclusions about why emissions were higher for biodiesels. It is recommended that
a follow-up study should be completed to further investigate the fuel properties of Biodiesels
A and B in order to determine how the differences in chemical properties affect performance
and emissions. Once these fuel properties data are obtained, it could be inputted into an
appropriate engine simulation programme to analyse theoretical emissions data. If the model
was found to be accurate enough, these theoretical data could be compared against the practical
data found in this study, which would provide more insight into the performance and emissions
of biodiesel fuels.
23. 23
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