Biomechanics of wrist complex

This document discusses the structure and biomechanics of the hip joint. It describes the anatomy of the acetabulum and femoral head that form the ball and socket joint. It details the angles of the acetabulum, including the center edge angle and acetabular anteversion angle. It also describes the acetabular labrum and angles of the femur relative to the shaft. The primary function of the hip joint is to support weight and enable mobility through walking, running, and other activities.

Two adjacent vertebrae and the associated soft tissues are considered as the functional unit of the spine.

The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. It is formed by the acetabulum of the pelvis articulating with the femoral head. The primary function is to support the weight of the upper body. Key biomechanical aspects include the angles of inclination and torsion of the femur, congruence of the joint surfaces, and forces transmitted during weight bearing that are balanced by the joint capsule and trabecular bone structure. Motion occurs through tilting and rotation of the pelvis on a fixed femur. Surrounding muscles provide dynamic stability and control movement.

The document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the hip joint. It describes the ball and socket structure of the hip joint formed by the acetabulum and femoral head. It details the angles of the hip joint including the central edge angle and angle of anteversion. It discusses the muscles, ligaments, biomechanics including ranges of motion, and forces across the hip joint during activities like standing, walking, and squatting. Pathomechanics of conditions like hip fractures and dislocations are also mentioned.

Connective tissues exhibit viscoelastic properties that make their mechanical behavior dependent on time, rate, and loading history. When a constant strain is applied, stress will decrease over time as the tissue relaxes. Conversely, under constant stress, strain will increase over time as the tissue creeps. This viscoelastic behavior, along with the tissue's adaptive responses, allow connective tissues to absorb loads while maintaining structural integrity.

The document discusses static and dynamic stability of the glenohumeral joint. Statically, the joint is stabilized by the humeral head resting in the glenoid fossa, creating negative pressure. The rotator cuff muscles and deltoid provide a vertical force to counteract gravity. Dynamically, the deltoid, rotator cuff, biceps and scapulohumeral rhythm work together to precisely guide humeral movement and stabilize the joint throughout its range of motion. Scapulohumeral rhythm involves greater scapular movement in the first 90 degrees of arm elevation compared to humeral movement.

This document provides an overview of biomechanics of posture. It defines static and dynamic posture and describes the major goals and elements of postural control, including maintaining the body's center of gravity over its base of support. It discusses perturbations that can disrupt posture and the compensatory muscle synergies and strategies used to regain equilibrium, such as ankle and hip synergies. The document also covers kinetics of posture involving forces like inertia, gravity and ground reaction forces. It analyzes optimal posture and deviations, and describes various postural abnormalities.

This document discusses strategies to reduce force on the hip joint for individuals with hip osteoarthritis or weak hip abductor muscles. It analyzes using a lateral lean, cane on the same side, or cane on the opposite side. A lateral lean reduces gravitational torque but increases energy expenditure. A cane on the same side provides some relief but a cane on the opposite side may offset gravity's torque, reducing the need for abductor muscle force and joint compression to just body weight. However, the full distance between hand and hip may overestimate the cane's effectiveness.

Here are potential answers to your questions: If you fall down to the ground with wrist hyperextension, you could injure the ligaments and bones in your wrist. The most common injuries are: - Ligament sprains of the dorsal radiocarpal ligaments which stabilize the wrist in extension. A sprain means the ligament is stretched or torn. - Fractures of the distal radius bone. Since the wrist bone is forcefully hyperextended, it can fracture at the end of the radius bone near the wrist joint. Instability generally refers to a lack of stability in a joint. In the wrist, instability means the bones and ligaments can no longer properly control and

The document discusses gait and the gait cycle. It defines gait as a person's pattern of walking and notes walking patterns can differ between individuals. The gait cycle is defined as the period from one heel strike to the next heel strike of the same limb. The gait cycle consists of the stance phase, when the foot is on the ground, and the swing phase, when the foot is off the ground. Temporal and distance variables are used to analyze gait, including single limb support time, stride length, and degree of toe out. The document also reviews the kinematics and kinetics of normal gait.

The lumbar spine supports great compressive loads from body weight and ground reaction forces. The lumbar vertebrae have large, thick bodies and intervertebral disks to withstand these loads. Flexion and extension occur primarily in the sagittal plane due to facet orientation, while rotation is most limited at L5-S1. The ligaments and fascia, including the thoracolumbar fascia, provide stability and transmit forces between the spine and pelvis. Lumbar-pelvic rhythm increases the range of motion of bending by coordinating pelvic and spinal motion. Compressive loads are shared between the intervertebral disks and facet joints.

posture analysis and alignment in different views, deformities of different parts of the body segments

This document discusses forces on the hip joint during bilateral and unilateral stance. In bilateral stance, each hip experiences approximately one-third of body weight compression from gravity. Additional compression may come from hip muscles. In unilateral stance, the supporting hip experiences compression of approximately five-sixths of body weight from gravity. Additional compression comes from hip abductor muscle contraction needed to counter the adduction torque from the weight of the body. Together these forces can result in a total hip joint compression of around 2-3 times body weight in unilateral stance.

This document summarizes the biomechanics of the hip joint. It describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head, acetabulum, and labrum. It also discusses the capsule, ligaments including the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments. Muscles that act on the hip joint and the ranges of motion are outlined. Factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized. Pathomechanics related to variations in the neck shaft angle and angle of torsion are covered.

This slideshow describes about the anatomy, biomechanics and pathomechanics regarding to cervical joints

The knee is a complex joint composed of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. It functions to provide mobility and support body weight during both static and dynamic activities. The knee joint contains menisci that increase joint congruence and distribute weight forces. It also contains cruciate and collateral ligaments that restrict motion and provide stability. During flexion and extension, the tibia glides and rotates on the femur through rolling and sliding motions controlled by the ligaments and menisci.

Anatomical pulleys in the hand redirect the pulling force of flexor tendons to provide precise control of finger movement. There are two types - annular pulleys, which are rings of connective tissue at the finger joints, and cruciate pulleys, which are smaller cross-shaped pulleys in between. Damage to the annular pulleys, especially the major A2 and A4 pulleys, can cause the tendon to be pulled away from the finger bone during movement, weakening grip. The pulley system enhances tendon power and allows normal range of motion in the fingers.

The shoulder complex is composed of three bones - the clavicle, scapula, and humerus - joined by three joints. It provides a wide range of motion to the arm. The glenohumeral joint between the humerus and scapula has the greatest mobility of any joint. The sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints link the clavicle, scapula, and upper extremity to the axial skeleton. These joints contain articular surfaces, discs, capsules, and ligaments that allow motion while providing stability to the shoulder complex.

The document summarizes the kinematics and biomechanics of the wrist. It describes: 1. The wrist has 2 degrees of freedom - flexion-extension and ulnar-radial deviation. Wrist circumduction is a combination of these movements. 2. Movements typically combine elements of both frontal and sagittal planes. Extension occurs with radial deviation and flexion with ulnar deviation. 3. The axis of rotation passes through the head of the capitate bone. Axes migrate slightly throughout range of motion. 4. Flexion-extension and ulnar-radial deviation occur through synchronous rotations at the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints.

This document summarizes recent advances in understanding the structure and function of the wrist. It describes the anatomy of carpal bones and ligaments. The proximal row includes the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum bones connected by strong interosseous ligaments. The distal row includes the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones. Motion occurs at both the mid-carpal joint between rows and the radiocarpal joint. The row theory, not column theory, best explains wrist kinematics. Ligament strength testing showed interosseous ligaments are stronger than capsular ligaments.

The document provides information on the biomechanics of the wrist joint. It discusses the basic anatomy including the ligaments and muscles. It describes the two joints of the wrist complex - the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints. It details the range of motion of the wrist in flexion, extension, ulnar deviation, and radial deviation. It explains the osteokinematics and arthrokinematics of wrist movement including the convex-concave rule and how the bones roll and slide during flexion, extension, ulnar deviation, and radial deviation.

The document provides an overview of the anatomy and biomechanics of the wrist complex. It describes the wrist as comprising two joints - the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints. Key points include descriptions of the carpal bones and ligaments, biomechanics of flexion/extension and other motions, and clinical examination techniques for evaluating common wrist injuries such as scaphoid fractures and carpal tunnel syndrome.

This document provides information about the anatomy and biomechanics of the wrist joint. It discusses the following key points: 1. The wrist joint is made up of the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints, which allow for fine adjustment of grip. It has ligaments and muscles that provide stability and control rather than maximize torque. 2. The wrist joint involves the lower end of the radius articulating with three carpal bones. It is stabilized by various intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments. Flexion and extension occurs in the sagittal plane while ulnar and radial deviation occurs in the coronal plane. 3. During flexion and extension, the convex lunate bone rolls and slides on the

The document provides an overview of hand biomechanics and examination. It discusses the components of hand movement including muscles, tendons, joints, and spatial movement. It describes the 27 degrees of freedom of the hand and details the stabilizing structures like ligaments. The document reviews biomechanics concepts including arthrokinematics, osteokinematics, and degrees of freedom. It examines the biomechanics of different grips and pinches. The joints, muscles, tendons, and stabilizing ligaments of the hand are described.

This document provides an overview of the anatomy and biomechanics of the forearm, wrist, and hand. It describes the bones and joints in these regions, including the radioulnar joint, radiocarpal joint, intercarpal joints, and joints within the hand. It discusses the range of motion, ligaments, muscles, vascular supply, and common injuries or conditions that can affect these structures. Key points include that the wrist is a biaxial joint that connects the forearm and hand, while the joints of the hand allow for intricate finger movement and grasping abilities.

This document provides information about the anatomy and kinesiology of the wrist joint. It discusses the following key points: 1. The wrist joint is made up of the radiocarpal joint between the radius and carpal bones, and the midcarpal joint between carpal bones. 2. Ligaments connecting the radius, ulna, carpals and metacarpals provide stability to the joint. Muscles crossing the volar and dorsal aspects of the wrist allow for flexion, extension, ulnar and radial deviation motions. 3. Kinesiologically, flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane around a coronal axis. Ulnar and radial deviation occur in the cor

The document provides an overview of elbow joint anatomy, including bones, ligaments, muscles, and range of motion. It describes the compound synovial joint formed by the distal humerus, proximal radius, and proximal ulna. Common fractures are also classified, such as supracondylar fractures in children and radial head fractures in adults. X-ray projections of the elbow joint are outlined to properly evaluate fractures and dislocations.

the presentation is about anatomy of hand and wrist and its abnormalities

1) The wrist joint complex includes the radiocarpal joint between the radius and proximal carpal row, midcarpal joints between the proximal and distal carpal rows, and carpometacarpal joints of the thumb and fingers. 2) Key structures include the triangular fibrocartilage complex between the ulna and triquetrum bone, ligaments such as the radiocarpal and intercarpal ligaments, joint capsules, and muscles that cross the wrist including flexors and extensors. 3) The document describes the bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, movements, blood supply and common injuries of the wrist complex in detail.

The elbow is a complex joint that allows flexion-extension and pronation-supination movements. It has multiple bony structures that articulate including the distal humerus, ulna, and radius. The elbow is stabilized by ligaments like the medial and lateral collateral ligaments as well as surrounding muscles. During motion, the elbow experiences changing axes of rotation and joint forces that can reach up to 3 times body weight during activities. The biomechanics of the elbow are crucial for understanding normal function and injury mechanisms.

The wrist joint, also known as the radiocarpal joint, is a complex synovial joint that involves the distal end of the radius, articular disc, and three carpal bones. It allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements and is supplied by branches of the median, radial, and ulnar nerves. Common injuries to the wrist joint include fractures of the scaphoid bone and Colles' fracture of the radius.

The document summarizes the anatomy and biomechanics of the wrist and hand complex. It describes: 1) The wrist complex consists of the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints, providing a large range of motion with protection of articular surfaces. 2) The radiocarpal joint involves the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex, scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum bones. The midcarpal joint connects these proximal carpals to the distal carpal row. 3) The hand complex includes 19 bones and joints distal to the carpals forming the fingers and thumb. Each finger has carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal and interphalange

this is a slide show which gives in brief about anatomy and detailed description about biomechanics as well as pathomechanics of shoulder joint. various rhythms of shoulder complex are discussed as well along with the stability factors

This document provides information on the biomechanics of the wrist and hand complex. It describes the bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and range of motion of the wrist, hand, fingers, and thumb. Key points include that the wrist is a complex of two joints (radiocarpal and midcarpal) that allow flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation. The hand has 19 bones and joints distal to the carpals that form transverse and longitudinal arches to enhance grip. Each finger has carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints while the thumb only has one interphalangeal joint. Ligaments and muscles work together to provide stability and

Clavicle anatomy consists of medial end, middle and lateral end. There are many ligaments and muscles connecting to these parts of clavicle.

The wrist joint, or radiocarpal joint, connects the forearm to the hand. It is formed by the distal end of the radius articulating with the proximal row of carpal bones. The ulna does not directly articulate with the wrist joint. The wrist joint allows for flexion, extension, adduction and abduction through movement along two axes. Common injuries to the wrist joint include fractures of the scaphoid, anterior dislocation of the lunate, and Colles' fractures of the radius.

distal end radius is a common fracture in elderly groups and also in young by high velocity trauma its assessment and radiology should know for its management

Retinal artery occlusion is a blockage in one or more of the arteries that carry blood to the retina. Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmic emergency which is analogous to a cerebral stroke. It is caused by sudden, painless monocular vision loss. Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion ( BRAO ) Cilio-retinal Artery Occlusion ( CLRAO )

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Application of Prodrugs for Sustained Drug Action and few examples.

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Case presentation of a 14-year-old female presenting as unilateral breast enlargement and found to have a giant breast lipoma. The tumour was successfully excised with the result that the presumed unilateral breast enlargement reverting back to normal. A review of management including a photo of the removed Giant Lipoma is presented.

Electrophoresis is separation of charged compounds based on their electric charge.

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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/pCU7Plqbo-E - Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/kbDs1uaeyyo - Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html - Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com - Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html

Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates at which chemical reactions occur and the factors that influence these rates. Importance in Pharmaceuticals: Understanding chemical kinetics is essential for predicting the shelf life of drugs, optimizing storage conditions, and ensuring consistent drug performance. Rate of Reaction: The speed at which reactants are converted to products. Factors Influencing Reaction Rates: Concentration of Reactants: Higher concentrations generally increase the rate of reaction. Temperature: Increasing temperature typically increases reaction rates. Catalysts: Substances that increase the reaction rate without being consumed in the process. Physical State of Reactants: The surface area and physical state (solid, liquid, gas) of reactants can affect the reaction rate.

Chair and Presenter, Stephen V. Liu, MD, Benjamin Levy, MD, Jessica J. Lin, MD, and Prof. Solange Peters, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to NSCLC for this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Decoding Biomarker Testing and Targeted Therapy in NSCLC: The Complete Guide for 2024.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4bBb8fi. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until July 1, 2025.

In healthcare, every day, millions of conversations fail. They fail to cover what’s really important, fail to resolve key issues, miss the point and lead to misunderstandings and disagreements. Clean Language is one approach that can improve things. It’s a set of precise questions – and a way of asking them – which help us all get clear on what matters, what we’d like to have happen, and what’s needed. Around 1000 people working in healthcare have trained in Clean Language skills over the past 20+ years. People are using what they’ve learnt, in their own spheres, and share anecdotes of significant successes. But the various local initiatives have not scaled, nor connected with each other, and learning has not been widely shared. This project, which emerged from work done by the NHS England South-West End-Of-Life Network, with help from the Q Community and especially Hesham Abdalla, aims to fix that.

- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/FHV_jNJUt3Y - Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/D5kYfTMFA8E - Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html - Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com - Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html

In this lecture, we delve into the intricate anatomy and physiology of the coronary blood supply, a crucial aspect of cardiac function. We begin by examining the physiological anatomy of the coronary arteries, which lie on the heart's surface and penetrate the cardiac muscle mass to supply essential nutrients. Notably, only the innermost layer of the endocardial surface receives direct nourishment from the blood within the cardiac chambers. We then explore the specifics of coronary circulation, including the dynamics of blood flow at rest and during strenuous activity. The impact of cardiac muscle compression on coronary blood flow, particularly during systole and diastole, is discussed, highlighting why this phenomenon is more pronounced in the left ventricle than the right. Regulation of coronary circulation is a complex process influenced by autonomic and local metabolic factors. We discuss the roles of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, emphasizing the dominance of local metabolic factors such as hypoxia and adenosine in coronary vasodilation. Concepts like autoregulation, active hyperemia, and reactive hyperemia are explained to illustrate how the heart adjusts blood flow to meet varying oxygen demands. Ischemic heart disease is a major focus, with an exploration of acute coronary artery occlusion, myocardial infarction, and subsequent physiological changes. The lecture covers the progression from acute occlusion to infarction, the body's compensatory mechanisms, and the potential complications leading to death, such as cardiac failure, pulmonary edema, fibrillation, and cardiac rupture. We also examine coronary steal syndrome, a condition where increased cardiac activity diverts blood flow away from ischemic areas, exacerbating the condition. The long-term impact of myocardial infarction on cardiac reserve is discussed, showing how the heart's capacity to handle increased workloads is significantly reduced. Angina pectoris, a common manifestation of ischemic heart disease, is analyzed in terms of its causes, presentation, and referred pain patterns. We identify factors that exacerbate anginal pain and discuss both medical and surgical treatment options. Finally, the lecture includes a case study to apply theoretical knowledge to a practical scenario, helping students understand the real-world implications of coronary circulation and ischemic heart disease. The role of biochemical factors in cardiac pain and the interpretation of ECG changes in myocardial infarction are also covered.

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The uroculturome indicates the profile of culturable microbes inhabiting the urinary tract, and it is often required to do a urine culture to find an effective antimicrobial to treat UTIs. This study targeted to understand the profile of culturable pathogens in the urine of apparently healthy (128) and humans with clinical UTIs (161). In urine samples from UTI cases, microbial counts were 1.2×104 ± 6.02×103 colony-forming units (cfu)/ mL, while in urine samples from apparently healthy humans, the average count was 3.33± 1.34×103 cfu/ mL. In eight samples (six from UTI cases and two from apparently healthy people) of urine, Candida (C. albicans 3, C. catenulata 1, C. krusei 1, C. tropicalis 1, C. parapsiplosis 1, C. gulliermondii 1) and Rhizopus species (1) were detected. Candida krusei was detected only in a single urine sample from a healthy person and C. albicans was detected both in urine of healthy and clinical UTI cases. Fungal strains were always detected with one or more types of bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were more commonly (OR, 1.98; CI99, 1.01-3.87) detected in urine samples of apparently healthy humans, and Gram -ve bacteria (OR, 2.74; CI99, 1.44-5.23) in urines of UTI cases. From urine samples of 161 UTI cases, a total of 90 different types of microbes were detected and, 73 samples had only a single type of bacteria. In contrast, 49, 29, 3, 4, 1, and 2 samples had 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 types of bacteria, respectively. The most common bacteria detected in urine of UTI cases was Escherichia coli detected in 52 samples, in 20 cases as the single type of bacteria, other 34 types of bacteria were detected in pure form in 53 cases. From 128 urine samples of apparently healthy people, 88 types of microbes were detected either singly or in association with others, from 64 urine samples only a single type of bacteria was detected while 34, 13, 3, 11, 2 and 1 samples yielded 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and seven types of microbes, respectively. In the urine of apparently healthy humans too, E. coli was the most common bacteria, detected in pure culture from 10 samples followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus (9), S. intermedius (5), and S. aureus (5), and similar types of bacteria also dominated in cases of mixed occurrence, E. coli was detected in 26, S. aureus in 22 and S. haemolyticus in 19 urine samples, respectively. Gram +ve bacteria isolated from urine samples' irrespective of health status were more often (p, <0.01) resistant than Gram -ve bacteria to ajowan oil, holy basil oil, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamon oil, but more susceptible to sandalwood oil (p, <0.01). However, for antibiotics, Gram +ve were more often susceptible than Gram -ve bacteria to cephalosporins, doxycycline, and nitrofurantoin. The study concludes that to understand the role of good and bad bacteria in the urinary tract microbiome more targeted studies are needed to discern the isolates at the pathotype level.