O documento discute os princípios da óptica geométrica, incluindo a propagação retilínea da luz, a independência dos raios de luz e a reversibilidade dos raios de luz. Também aborda as leis da reflexão e refração da luz, assim como a formação de imagens por espelhos e lentes.
Calor sensível causa variação de temperatura enquanto calor latente causa mudança de estado físico. A quantidade de calor latente depende do material e estado de mudança e é representada por L. Em um sistema termicamente isolado, todo calor cedido é igual ao calor recebido.
This document provides an outline on the topic of harmonic motion in physics. It discusses key concepts such as Hooke's law, elastic potential energy, simple harmonic motion, the period and frequency of oscillation, and using a simple pendulum as an example of simple harmonic motion. The document defines important terms and provides examples to illustrate harmonic motion concepts.
Lecture 4 (b) Reversible and Irreversible processes.pptx
1) A reversible process is one that can proceed in either direction, returning both the system and surroundings to their original states. It occurs through infinitesimally small steps and involves no friction.
2) An irreversible process cannot reverse direction and results in a permanent change to the system or surroundings. Examples include tearing paper or free expansion of a gas into a vacuum.
3) Reversible processes are idealizations since real processes involve some irreversibility. However, the concept is important because it establishes the minimum heat and maximum work values for a given change between states.
This document discusses phase diagrams and how they can be used to determine information about alloy mixtures. It describes how cooling curves can be used to identify phase change temperatures. Two key rules are discussed: 1) the lever rule, which uses tie lines to determine phase compositions, and 2) another lever rule which uses tie lines and their relative lengths to determine phase amounts. Different types of phase diagrams are shown including ones for complete solubility, partial solubility, and eutectic systems. The document explains how to interpret features and apply the rules to extract information from phase diagrams.
1. O documento discute a exploração espacial, especificamente satélites geostacionários.
2. Satélites geostacionários giram com o mesmo período da Terra, permanecendo sobre o mesmo ponto.
3. Esses satélites são úteis para comunicações e coletam dados ambientais, climáticos e de poluição.
1) Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a type of periodic motion where an object moves back and forth over the same path, like a mass on a spring or a pendulum.
2) For motion to be SHM, there must be a restoring force acting towards the equilibrium position that is proportional to the displacement.
3) The acceleration during SHM is directly proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position and always acts to restore the object towards equilibrium.
This document discusses oscillations and wave motion. It begins by introducing mechanical vibrations and simple harmonic motion. It then covers damped and driven oscillations, as well as different oscillating systems like springs, pendulums, and driven oscillations. The document goes on to discuss traveling waves, the wave equation, periodic waves on strings and in electromagnetic fields. It also covers waves in three dimensions, reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference of waves. Key concepts covered include amplitude, frequency, period, angular frequency, energy of oscillating systems, and resonance.
1) O documento discute conceitos de cinemática, incluindo movimento retilíneo uniformemente variado (MRUV), cuja velocidade varia uniformemente com o tempo e a aceleração é constante.
2) Apresenta equações para calcular posição, velocidade e aceleração média no MRUV.
3) Exibe gráficos típicos de aceleração, velocidade e posição no tempo para o MRUV.
1) Carnot's theorem states that no heat engine operating between a constant temperature heat source and sink can be more efficient than a reversible heat engine.
2) This leads to the corollary that the efficiency of all reversible heat engines operating between the same temperature levels is the same, regardless of the working substance.
3) An absolute thermodynamic temperature scale can be defined based on this, with the efficiency of any heat engine cycle depending only on the temperature difference between the heat source and sink. Kelvin defined the simplest scale where the temperature is directly proportional to the efficiency.
This document discusses rectilinear motion of particles. Rectilinear motion refers to motion along a straight line, with position defined by the distance x from a fixed origin O. Velocity is defined as the rate of change of position with respect to time. Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Displacement refers to the change in position, while distance traveled is the total length of the path traveled over a time interval. The document provides mathematical definitions and derivations for these key concepts in rectilinear motion.
O documento discute conceitos de cinemática, incluindo movimento retilíneo uniformemente variado. Apresenta equações, gráficos e exemplos de movimentos acelerados e retardados. Também lista tópicos recorrentes em vestibulares como queda livre e encontros de veículos.
Subcooling is the amount of heat removed from a refrigerant after it has condensed into a liquid. Liquid refrigerant is subcooled at constant pressure before entering the expansion valve, which increases both the refrigeration effect and the coefficient of performance (COP) of the refrigeration system. The degree of subcooling is measured as the saturation temperature of the refrigerant minus the temperature of the refrigerant leaving the condenser.
1. Free-body diagrams (FBDs) represent all known and unknown forces acting on a body by isolating it from its surroundings. They are necessary to apply equations of equilibrium.
2. FBDs show all external forces including applied loads, reactions at supports, the body's weight, as well as couple moments. Internal forces between particles within the body are not shown.
3. Common support types include rollers/cylinders that prevent vertical translation, pins that prevent all translation, and fixed supports that prevent both translation and rotation.
This document describes an experiment measuring the thermal conductivity of a copper cylinder using a one-dimensional heat equation. The experimental setup involves running tap water through one end of a copper cylinder to cool it to 5°C while the other end is heated to 60°C to create a linear thermal gradient. Thermocouples spaced along the cylinder measure the temperature gradient as it cools, which is fitted to a numerical model to determine the thermal conductivity. The correlation between the model and experimental data increased from 0.995 to over 0.999 with adjustments to the boundary conditions.
O documento descreve diferentes tipos de instrumentos ópticos, incluindo instrumentos de projeção como máquinas fotográficas e projetores de filmes que formam imagens reais, e instrumentos de observação como microscópios e telescópios que formam imagens virtuais. Detalha também como esses instrumentos funcionam e exemplos específicos como o Telescópio Espacial Hubble.
Pakistan's Relations with SAARC Countries
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) came into being in 1985.
The organization has eight members, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal,
Maldives, Bhutan and Afghanistan. The SAARC has set following objectives:
(i) Understanding each other's problems and taking steps to build mutual confidence.
(ii) Improve and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia.
Develop better understanding and promote cooperation in the Economic, cultural,
technological and scientific fields among the member countries.
(iii) Take a common position on the international issues of mutual interest. Explore ways
to increase cooperation with other regional and international organizations.
Pakistan's relations with SAARC countries are discussed below:
Pakistan and India
· India is located in the East of Pakistan. Its capital is Delhi. India has opted for
parliamentary system. Several efforts have been made to develop good
relations and enhance cooperation between the two countries within the
framework of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).
Pakistan has always expressed its wish to resolve its differences with India
through dialogue.
· Pak India relations have always been a story of ups and downs. Due to this, the
bilateral relations could not produce any significant result. Pakistan has always
invited India to come to the negotiation table resolve the unsettled issues
between the two countries but India has always ignored it.
· In 1988, on the sidelines of the SAARC Conference, Pakistan and Indian Prime
Ministers had the opportunity to meet and sign an agreement. Under the
agreement, the two countries agreed not to attack each other's nuclear facilities.
· Under the SAARC Organization, relations between Pakistan and India have
improved to some extent after 1990. Mutual trade and transportation between
the two countries increased. However these relations could not go beyond a
certain limit.
· During the SAARC Conference (Islamabad) in January 2004, talks were held
between the President of Pakistan and the Prime Minister of India. A number of
agreements were made between the two countries. Both leaders declared that
dialogue process shall continue to resolve the unsettled issues between the two
countries.
· Kashmir issue is the basic cause of contention between Pakistan and India. It is
not in the interest of India to come to fair and just solution of Kashmir issue. On
the other hand, Pakistan still stands by its just position that the Kashmir issue be
resolved in accordance with the United Nation's resolutions and the opinion of
the oppressed Kashmiris.
Web Version of PCTB
Not for sale
1010 Pakistan Studies 39
· SAARC member countries have always played an effective role in resolving the
all issues including Kashmir and water issues between Pakistan and India. India
has always been an obstacle, thus the Kashmir issue .
O documento discute os princípios básicos da óptica geométrica, incluindo a propagação retilínea da luz em meios transparentes e homogêneos, a independência dos raios de luz, e a reversibilidade dos raios de luz. Também explica as consequências da propagação retilínea da luz, como sombras, penumbra e eclipses solares e lunares.
1) The document discusses TTT (time-temperature-transformation) diagrams, which show the kinetics of isothermal transformations by plotting temperature versus the logarithm of time.
2) TTT diagrams indicate when specific transformations start and end for heat treatments, and what percentage of austenite transformation is achieved at different temperatures.
3) In the upper half of the TTT diagram, slower cooling allows full austenite to pearlite transformation, while faster cooling can retain some percentage of untransformed austenite. In the lower half, very fast cooling leads to full austenite to martensite transformation.
General Theory of Relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics.
O documento discute os princípios da óptica geométrica, incluindo a propagação retilínea da luz, a independência dos raios de luz e a reversibilidade dos raios de luz. Também aborda as leis da reflexão e refração da luz, assim como a formação de imagens por espelhos e lentes.
Calor sensível causa variação de temperatura enquanto calor latente causa mudança de estado físico. A quantidade de calor latente depende do material e estado de mudança e é representada por L. Em um sistema termicamente isolado, todo calor cedido é igual ao calor recebido.
This document provides an outline on the topic of harmonic motion in physics. It discusses key concepts such as Hooke's law, elastic potential energy, simple harmonic motion, the period and frequency of oscillation, and using a simple pendulum as an example of simple harmonic motion. The document defines important terms and provides examples to illustrate harmonic motion concepts.
Lecture 4 (b) Reversible and Irreversible processes.pptxHassan Yousaf
1) A reversible process is one that can proceed in either direction, returning both the system and surroundings to their original states. It occurs through infinitesimally small steps and involves no friction.
2) An irreversible process cannot reverse direction and results in a permanent change to the system or surroundings. Examples include tearing paper or free expansion of a gas into a vacuum.
3) Reversible processes are idealizations since real processes involve some irreversibility. However, the concept is important because it establishes the minimum heat and maximum work values for a given change between states.
This document discusses phase diagrams and how they can be used to determine information about alloy mixtures. It describes how cooling curves can be used to identify phase change temperatures. Two key rules are discussed: 1) the lever rule, which uses tie lines to determine phase compositions, and 2) another lever rule which uses tie lines and their relative lengths to determine phase amounts. Different types of phase diagrams are shown including ones for complete solubility, partial solubility, and eutectic systems. The document explains how to interpret features and apply the rules to extract information from phase diagrams.
1. O documento discute a exploração espacial, especificamente satélites geostacionários.
2. Satélites geostacionários giram com o mesmo período da Terra, permanecendo sobre o mesmo ponto.
3. Esses satélites são úteis para comunicações e coletam dados ambientais, climáticos e de poluição.
1) Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a type of periodic motion where an object moves back and forth over the same path, like a mass on a spring or a pendulum.
2) For motion to be SHM, there must be a restoring force acting towards the equilibrium position that is proportional to the displacement.
3) The acceleration during SHM is directly proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position and always acts to restore the object towards equilibrium.
This document discusses oscillations and wave motion. It begins by introducing mechanical vibrations and simple harmonic motion. It then covers damped and driven oscillations, as well as different oscillating systems like springs, pendulums, and driven oscillations. The document goes on to discuss traveling waves, the wave equation, periodic waves on strings and in electromagnetic fields. It also covers waves in three dimensions, reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference of waves. Key concepts covered include amplitude, frequency, period, angular frequency, energy of oscillating systems, and resonance.
1) O documento discute conceitos de cinemática, incluindo movimento retilíneo uniformemente variado (MRUV), cuja velocidade varia uniformemente com o tempo e a aceleração é constante.
2) Apresenta equações para calcular posição, velocidade e aceleração média no MRUV.
3) Exibe gráficos típicos de aceleração, velocidade e posição no tempo para o MRUV.
1) Carnot's theorem states that no heat engine operating between a constant temperature heat source and sink can be more efficient than a reversible heat engine.
2) This leads to the corollary that the efficiency of all reversible heat engines operating between the same temperature levels is the same, regardless of the working substance.
3) An absolute thermodynamic temperature scale can be defined based on this, with the efficiency of any heat engine cycle depending only on the temperature difference between the heat source and sink. Kelvin defined the simplest scale where the temperature is directly proportional to the efficiency.
This document discusses rectilinear motion of particles. Rectilinear motion refers to motion along a straight line, with position defined by the distance x from a fixed origin O. Velocity is defined as the rate of change of position with respect to time. Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Displacement refers to the change in position, while distance traveled is the total length of the path traveled over a time interval. The document provides mathematical definitions and derivations for these key concepts in rectilinear motion.
O documento discute conceitos de cinemática, incluindo movimento retilíneo uniformemente variado. Apresenta equações, gráficos e exemplos de movimentos acelerados e retardados. Também lista tópicos recorrentes em vestibulares como queda livre e encontros de veículos.
Subcooling is the amount of heat removed from a refrigerant after it has condensed into a liquid. Liquid refrigerant is subcooled at constant pressure before entering the expansion valve, which increases both the refrigeration effect and the coefficient of performance (COP) of the refrigeration system. The degree of subcooling is measured as the saturation temperature of the refrigerant minus the temperature of the refrigerant leaving the condenser.
1. Free-body diagrams (FBDs) represent all known and unknown forces acting on a body by isolating it from its surroundings. They are necessary to apply equations of equilibrium.
2. FBDs show all external forces including applied loads, reactions at supports, the body's weight, as well as couple moments. Internal forces between particles within the body are not shown.
3. Common support types include rollers/cylinders that prevent vertical translation, pins that prevent all translation, and fixed supports that prevent both translation and rotation.
This document describes an experiment measuring the thermal conductivity of a copper cylinder using a one-dimensional heat equation. The experimental setup involves running tap water through one end of a copper cylinder to cool it to 5°C while the other end is heated to 60°C to create a linear thermal gradient. Thermocouples spaced along the cylinder measure the temperature gradient as it cools, which is fitted to a numerical model to determine the thermal conductivity. The correlation between the model and experimental data increased from 0.995 to over 0.999 with adjustments to the boundary conditions.
O documento descreve diferentes tipos de instrumentos ópticos, incluindo instrumentos de projeção como máquinas fotográficas e projetores de filmes que formam imagens reais, e instrumentos de observação como microscópios e telescópios que formam imagens virtuais. Detalha também como esses instrumentos funcionam e exemplos específicos como o Telescópio Espacial Hubble.
Pakistan's Relations with SAARC Countries
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) came into being in 1985.
The organization has eight members, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal,
Maldives, Bhutan and Afghanistan. The SAARC has set following objectives:
(i) Understanding each other's problems and taking steps to build mutual confidence.
(ii) Improve and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia.
Develop better understanding and promote cooperation in the Economic, cultural,
technological and scientific fields among the member countries.
(iii) Take a common position on the international issues of mutual interest. Explore ways
to increase cooperation with other regional and international organizations.
Pakistan's relations with SAARC countries are discussed below:
Pakistan and India
· India is located in the East of Pakistan. Its capital is Delhi. India has opted for
parliamentary system. Several efforts have been made to develop good
relations and enhance cooperation between the two countries within the
framework of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).
Pakistan has always expressed its wish to resolve its differences with India
through dialogue.
· Pak India relations have always been a story of ups and downs. Due to this, the
bilateral relations could not produce any significant result. Pakistan has always
invited India to come to the negotiation table resolve the unsettled issues
between the two countries but India has always ignored it.
· In 1988, on the sidelines of the SAARC Conference, Pakistan and Indian Prime
Ministers had the opportunity to meet and sign an agreement. Under the
agreement, the two countries agreed not to attack each other's nuclear facilities.
· Under the SAARC Organization, relations between Pakistan and India have
improved to some extent after 1990. Mutual trade and transportation between
the two countries increased. However these relations could not go beyond a
certain limit.
· During the SAARC Conference (Islamabad) in January 2004, talks were held
between the President of Pakistan and the Prime Minister of India. A number of
agreements were made between the two countries. Both leaders declared that
dialogue process shall continue to resolve the unsettled issues between the two
countries.
· Kashmir issue is the basic cause of contention between Pakistan and India. It is
not in the interest of India to come to fair and just solution of Kashmir issue. On
the other hand, Pakistan still stands by its just position that the Kashmir issue be
resolved in accordance with the United Nation's resolutions and the opinion of
the oppressed Kashmiris.
Web Version of PCTB
Not for sale
1010 Pakistan Studies 39
· SAARC member countries have always played an effective role in resolving the
all issues including Kashmir and water issues between Pakistan and India. India
has always been an obstacle, thus the Kashmir issue .
2. ﻋﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ:ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ
2
ﺘﻭﺜﻴــﻕ
اﻟﺒﯿﺎن
Physics for Scientists and Engineers
By
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett
6th Edition
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8-4-2009
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Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett
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