This document discusses layer 2 security attacks on Ethernet switches. It begins with an overview of common layer 2 attacks like MAC address spoofing, VLAN hopping, ARP spoofing, and spanning tree attacks. It then details the MAC flooding attack, which works by overflowing the content-addressable memory (CAM) table of a switch using tools like macof to generate thousands of fake MAC addresses. Once the CAM table is full, traffic is flooded onto the local VLAN. The document recommends port security as a mitigation, which limits the number of MAC addresses that can be learned on each port.
Securing network switches at the layer 2 level is important to prevent various attacks. The document outlines steps to secure administrative access to switches, protect the management port, turn off unused services and interfaces, and use features like DHCP snooping, dynamic ARP inspection (DAI), port security, and VLANs to mitigate attacks like VLAN hopping, STP manipulation, DHCP spoofing, ARP spoofing, CAM table overflows, and MAC address spoofing. Following configuration best practices and securing switches at layer 2 helps strengthen network security.
The document discusses router and routing protocol attacks. It provides an overview of common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, BGP and discusses their vulnerabilities. Specific attacks against these protocols are described like route injection attacks, spoofing, denial of service attacks. The document emphasizes the need for routing protocol security best practices like authentication, access control and monitoring to prevent such attacks.
Layer 2 protocols like CDP, VTP, DTP, and HSRP are vulnerable to attacks if not properly secured. An attacker can use tools like Yersinia to perform reconnaissance on layer 2 protocols to gain information about devices, protocols, and network topology. Common attacks include denial of service attacks, traffic hijacking, and bypassing network restrictions. To prevent attacks, companies should secure switches, use secure trunking configurations, disable unused ports and protocols, and deploy security features like DHCP snooping.
Eigrp Cheatsheet - EIGRP in 15 min - Rishabh Dangwal - www.theprohack.comRishabh Dangwal
EIGRP is a hybrid routing protocol that uses DUAL algorithm. It supports IP, IPX and Appletalk and uses reliable transport protocol. EIGRP has internal administrative distance of 90 and external of 170. It uses hello packets, update packets, query packets and reply packets. The default metric is based on bandwidth and delay. EIGRP can experience stuck in active issues if queries are not responded to within timers. EIGRP stub routing allows selective route advertisement.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model, TCP/IP protocols, Cisco IOS modes, router components, cabling, router management, LAN switching concepts, IP addressing, routing protocols, and IPv6 migration methods. It summarizes key topics for the CCNA exam in 10 sentences or less per section.
Explain the purpose of VLANs in a switched network.
1) Analyze how a switch forwards frames based on VLAN configuration in a multi-switched environment.
2) Configure a switch port to be assigned to a VLAN based on requirements.
3) Configure a trunk port on a LAN switch.
4) Configure Dynamic Trunk Protocol (DTP).
5) Troubleshoot VLAN and trunk configurations in a switched network.
6) Configure security features to mitigate attacks in a VLAN-segmented environment.
7) Explain security best practices for a VLAN-segmented environment.
This document provides an overview of networking and security concepts including the OSI model, functions of common network devices like routers, switches, firewalls and IDS/IPS systems. It describes technologies like NAT, VPNs, encryption, file integrity monitoring and SIEM. It also includes brief introductions to Linux, the CCNA and a case study on site-to-site VPN deployment considerations.
This document summarizes the history and current state of Linux bridging. It discusses how bridging has evolved from Ethernet bridging in 1985 to modern standards like 802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging. It also outlines key topics in bridging including tunneling protocols, the spanning tree protocol for avoiding loops, and security features. The status section notes that VXLAN support is in the mainline kernel but that updates to spanning tree and additional security features may be added in future kernel versions.
Philippe Langlois - LTE Pwnage - P1securityP1Security
Today, we’re entering the realm of LTE super high speed always-on connectivity and with that comes the victory of TCP/IP in front of the old ITU/3GPP protocols. And with this comes many side effects: software gets standardized, everything runs on top of ATCA (Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture) hardware running mostly Linux -give or take 6 or 8 proprietary FPGA-based sister cards, TFTP-booted with decade old VxWorks that routinely show hardcoded DES credentials and funny “behaviour”. Easily 20 GB of fat C++ binaries, some for x86, PPC, MIPS, some with up to 200 Mbytes file sizes for one single EXE! It’s called a vulnerability research and reverse engineering paradise… or hell.
All the protocols now run on top of IP, which ends up having 12 layers thanks to encapsulation and still the weight of legacy in bugs quantity and diversity. We’ll see how the porting of SS7 MAP on top of IP (SIGTRAN, Diameter) has given rise to funny Denial of Service (DoS) attacks against telecom core elements (DSR, STP), with trashy-crashy anti-forensics consequences for DPI and tracking (Hey @grugq!!).
We’ll look into specific vulnerabilities, and talk about the very particular way that Network Equipment Vendors deal with security in the telecom domain.
We will demo a virtualized Huawei HSS from our testbed and show some of the vulnerabilities and attacks directly on the equipment itself. We will finally talk about telco equipment and product security reviews and the fallacy of (some) certification and (many) standardization attempts. We will then see how to conduct a practical and fast telecom product security life cycle with automation and open source tools.
The Secret Sauce is the Control Plane, not the Encapsulation
Host Route Distribution decoupled from the Underlay protocol
Use MultiProtocol-BGP (MP-BGP) on the Leaf nodes to distribute internal Host/Subnet Routes and external reachability information
Route-Reflectors deployed for scaling purposes
VXLAN terminates its tunnels on VTEPs (Virtual Tunnel End Point).
Each VTEP has two interfaces, one is to provide bridging function for local hosts, the other has an IP identification in the core network for VXLAN encapsulation/decapsulation.
VXLAN Encapsulation and De-encapsulation occur on T2
Bridging and Gateway are independent of the port type (1/10/40G ports)
Encapsulation happens on the egress port
Decapsulation happens on the ingress port
Service Oriented Architecture
2 or 3 layer network to Leaf & Spine
High density and bandwidth required
Layer 3 ECMP
No oversubscription
Low and uniform delay characteristic
Wire & configure once network
Uniform network configuration
Workload Mobility
Workload Placement
Segmentation
Scale
Automation & Programmability
L2 + L3 Connectivity
Physical + Virtual
Open
VLANs logically segment networks to limit broadcast domains and improve performance. VLANs use tagging to associate packets with VLAN IDs and allow machines on different physical LAN segments to communicate logically as if on the same segment. Port security features on switches can limit access to ports by blocking unauthorized MAC addresses and alerting network managers of potential security issues.
This document summarizes a key management protocol for ad hoc networks. It discusses:
1) Ad hoc networks have no infrastructure and are decentralized, with all nodes as peers.
2) Key challenges include implementing network services and security without a centralized authority.
3) The presented NSAUKDP protocol uses 5 phases - initialization, route request, key setup, authentication, and communication - to securely distribute symmetric keys between nodes to enable encrypted communication.
This document summarizes a key management protocol for ad hoc networks. It discusses ad hoc networks, which have no infrastructure and are decentralized peer-to-peer networks. It then describes AODV, a reactive routing protocol used to discover routes in ad hoc networks. The novel key distribution protocol presented has five phases: initialization, route request, key setup, authentication, and communication. Nodes are registered with a certificate authority during initialization. The route request phase discovers a path between nodes, while key setup distributes symmetric keys between nodes along the path. Authentication verifies keys and nodes, allowing secure communication between the source and destination nodes.
This document discusses spanning tree protocols used in local area networks (LANs). It begins with an introduction to spanning tree concepts and how they address issues with redundant network paths such as broadcast storms and unstable MAC address tables. The document then covers various spanning tree protocols including IEEE 802.1D STP, PVST+, and Rapid PVST+. It describes the operation of each protocol including BPDU frame formats, port states, and how they select the root bridge and block redundant paths. Configuration of PVST+ and Rapid PVST+ in a switched LAN environment is also discussed.
VXLAN BGP EVPN is a technology that uses VXLAN, BGP and EVPN to build multi-tenant IP fabrics. The document discusses VXLAN and EVPN concepts and acronyms, as well as providing sample configurations and outputs for a VXLAN BGP EVPN setup on Arista switches. Key technologies covered include VXLAN, VTEPs, VNIs, EVPN instances, MAC learning in the control plane, and the advantages of EVPN over traditional VXLAN.
Protecting Data In Motion with MACsec - Gijs Willemse - Rambus Design Summit ...Rambus
In this presentation, we will be talking about protecting data in motion, examining what is the most appropriate protocol and what can Rambus do to protect your data when transferred from device to device.
Read also our primer: https://www.rambus.com/blogs/macsec/
The document discusses the history and technical details of Ethernet networking. It describes how Ethernet was developed in the 1970s and standardized in later decades. The key topics covered include transmission media, topologies, protocols, access methods, collision management, addressing, frame formats, extensions, repeater/hubs, bridges, switches, and typical office wiring configurations.
Angewandte Netzwerkgrundlagen reloaded - von Layer 1 bis 3Maximilan Wilhelm
Dieses Jahr versuchen wir uns auf vielfachen Wunsch an einem noch praktischer orientierten Grundlagen-Vortrag. Wir fangen an bei Verkabelung (Kupfer, Glasfasern, Stecker, etc.), gehen weiter zu Ethernet (STP, VLANs, LAGs / Bonding) und enden unseren Ausflug bei IP und Grundlagen des Debugging (Ping, Traceroute).
PLNOG16: Kreowanie usług przez operatorów – SP IWAN, Krzysztof KonkowskiPROIDEA
The document discusses an SP-IWAN (Service Provider Intelligent WAN) architecture that can be offered by network operators. It proposes separating the transport and service layers, using DMVPN as an overlay and allowing applications to flow freely between MPLS and internet links using PfR. It also discusses using virtual network functions and orchestration to automate service provisioning and deliver application-aware services like monitoring, optimization and security. The architecture is meant to help operators deliver new cloud services, optimize application performance across networks and generate new revenue streams.
Positive Hack Days. Гуркин. Нулевой день для SCADA (0-day)Positive Hack Days
Уязвимости систем SCADA после массового распространения червя Stuxnet стали любимой страшилкой журналистов и страшным сном для всех, кто связан с промышленностью и национальной безопасностью.
Насколько тяжело найти уязвимость в SCADA? Какие векторы атак для этих систем наиболее опасны? Сколько неустранённых уязвимостей в SCADA известно на настоящий момент? В рамках доклада пройдет практическая демонстрация уязвимостей нулевого дня в популярных системах управления производственным процессом.
Тестирование на проникновение в сетях Microsoft (v.2)Dmitry Evteev
Как показывает практика проведения тестирований на проникновение компанией Positive Technologies, всего 4-х часов достаточно атакующему, находящемуся во внутренней сети компании, для того, чтобы получить максимальный уровень привилегий. С чем это связано и можно ли от этого защититься? Данная тема будет освещена в ходе доклада Дмитрия Евтеева. На вебинаре будут подробно рассмотрены типовые успешные сценарии атак в сетях Microsoft, а также действия атакующего, связанные с пост эксплуатацией в Active Directory.
Time Sensitive Networking in the Linux Kernelhenrikau
Time Sensitive Networking provides mechanisms for sending data accross the network with very low latency, low jitter and low framedrops, opening up a whole range of new applications.
This talk primarily focuses on media, but the driver should be interesting for industrial applications and automotive as well.
Brkarc 3454 - in-depth and personal with the cisco nexus 2000 fabric extender...kds850
The document provides an overview of Cisco Nexus 2000 Fabric Extender architectures, features, and topologies. It begins with introductions to Cisco's Nexus 5000/6000/7000/9000 parent platform switches that support Nexus 2000 FEX. It then discusses Nexus 2000 platform architectures, supported topologies and features. The agenda covers parent switch overviews, Nexus 2000 platform details, configuration and connectivity options. The goal is to discuss Nexus 2000 designs, topologies, and implementation in depth without covering more advanced topics like vPC, FCoE, QoS, etc.
This document discusses how integrating time-sensitive networking (TSN) with a data-centric connectivity approach using the Data Distribution Service (DDS) can improve industrial control systems. TSN provides real-time and deterministic networking over Ethernet, while DDS enables loose coupling, plug-and-play integration, and data sharing through its publish-subscribe model. Together, TSN and DDS can address challenges with traditional connectivity approaches by leveraging commodity hardware, simplifying integration, and allowing for improved data usage. The document outlines relevant TSN standards and how DDS quality of service policies can map to TSN priorities to provide deterministic networking.
FactoryTalk View SE - Building a Better ViewTony Carrara
FactoryTalk View Site Edition is Rockwell Automation's HMI/SCADA software that provides tools to efficiently develop applications, scale architectures, and easily maintain systems. It offers solutions ranging from a single station to large distributed systems. Key features include global objects for application development, server redundancy for continuous visibility, and integration with FactoryTalk alarm and event services.
Fiber Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) – Design, operations and management best p...Cisco Canada
This document discusses best practices for designing, operating, and managing Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) networks. It covers topics such as the benefits of a unified fabric using FCoE, FCoE protocol fundamentals including the FCoE and FIP protocols, Nexus switch FCoE capabilities, design considerations for single-hop and multi-hop FCoE networks, and requirements for lossless Ethernet using data center bridging. The presentation provides an overview of key concepts for implementing FCoE in a converged network infrastructure.
LAS16-400K2: TianoCore – Open Source UEFI Community UpdateLinaro
LAS16-400K2: TianoCore – Open Source UEFI Community Update
Speakers: Brian Richardson
Date: September 29, 2016
★ Session Description ★
Title: TianoCore – Open Source UEFI Community Update
The TianoCore project hosts EDK II, an open source implementation of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI). EDK II has become the defacto UEFI implementation for ARM and Intel platforms, expanding standards based firmware across multiple architectures. This keynote will provide an update on the current status of the TianoCore project, plans for future improvements, and a discussion of why firmware is critical in today’s digital ecosystem.
Bio
Brian Richardson is an Intel technical evangelist who has spent most of his career as a “BIOS guy” working on the firmware that quietly boots billions of computers. Brian has focused on the industry transition to the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), demystifying how firmware works and simplifying firmware development tools. Brian has presented at LinuxCon, UEFI Plugfests, and Intel Developer Forum. He is a blogger for the Intel Software Evangelists project, former writer forlinux.com, and (apropos of nothing) executive producer for DragonConTV.
★ Resources ★
Watch the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQ5X8vqdSu0
Etherpad: pad.linaro.org/p/las16-400k2
Presentations & Videos: http://connect.linaro.org/resource/las16/las16-400k2/
★ Event Details ★
Linaro Connect Las Vegas 2016 – #LAS16
September 26-30, 2016
http://www.linaro.org
http://connect.linaro.org
1) The document discusses IoT market opportunities and how Intel's vision and technology can enable transformation across various verticals like video, health, agriculture, smart homes, and smart cities.
2) It highlights challenges and solutions for each vertical, showcasing examples of Intel's work with partners to deliver end-to-end IoT solutions using Intel processors, gateways, and software.
3) The presentation is intended for partners, OEMs, and internal audiences to educate them on Intel's vision and approach to capturing opportunities in various IoT vertical markets.
The document discusses the use of Trusted Platform Modules (TPMs) to provide hardware-based security functions for automotive applications. It describes how TPMs can establish a root of trust to securely store keys, authenticate software, and provide a hardware-protected security environment. The document also outlines how TPMs integrate with software stacks and can help defend against threats to vehicles by providing features like encrypted storage, secure boot, and attestation of software integrity.
Cisco Systems was founded in 1984 by computer scientists Len Bosack and Sandy Lerner from Stanford University. It now has over 60,000 employees and annual revenue of $40 billion. The document lists the names and employee IDs of six Cisco employees. It provides background on Cisco's history, vision, mission, global facts, business segments, and strategies for human resources, finance, and operations. It also discusses Cisco's presence and market leadership in India.
This document discusses layer 2 security attacks and defenses. It begins with an overview of layer 2 attacks and why they are a concern. It then covers specific attacks like VLAN hopping, MAC attacks that exploit CAM table limitations, DHCP attacks, ARP attacks, and spoofing attacks. Defenses discussed include securing VLAN configurations, disabling trunking auto-negotiation, and CAM table hardening. The document aims to help network and security teams understand layer 2 risks and collaborate on mitigations.
BRKRST-3068 Troubleshooting Catalyst 2K and 3K.pdfssusercbaa33
This document provides an overview of troubleshooting Catalyst 2K and 3K switches. It discusses monitoring system resources like CPU usage, port ASICs, memory and TCAM. Common issues covered include link problems, hardware failures, and high CPU. A variety of show commands are provided to monitor resources, analyze errors and diagnose potential causes. The goal is to identify and solve access layer incidents with confidence.
This document provides instructions for configuring Cisco Catalyst switches. It describes:
- The default configurations of Catalyst 1900 and 2950 switches, including IP address, CDP, port settings, and passwords
- How to configure management settings like IP address, default gateway, and VLANs
- How to view and configure duplex settings, port names, spanning tree settings, and the MAC address table
- How to set static and secure MAC addresses, enable port security, and handle violations
- Procedures for common changes like adding new switches, ports, or MAC addresses
The document describes a Secure Active Switch (SAS) system that implements modifications to the Linux kernel bridge to prevent ARP poisoning attacks on a local network. The SAS runs on an embedded system using a ColdFire Motorola processor. It functions as an active network switch that can detect and block ARP attacks by monitoring packets and learning the MAC-IP bindings. Testing showed the SAS successfully blocked ARP poisoning attempts while only adding around 1% more latency to regular network traffic.
The document discusses establishing Frame Relay WAN connections. Frame Relay uses virtual circuits (PVCs) identified by DLCIs, and the Link Management Interface (LMI) protocol is used to report PVC status. Frame Relay subinterfaces can be configured in either point-to-point or multipoint mode, with different addressing requirements for each. The show commands frame-relay lmi, frame-relay pvc, and frame-relay map can be used to verify Frame Relay connectivity and map entries.
The presentation introduces to local ethernet networks. Explains physical and data link OSI layers of ethernet networks. Few fundamental terms are also explained:
- duplex and half duplex communication
- collision domain
- ethernet switch logic
- VLAN tags
CCNA Lab 2-Configuring a Switch Part IIAmir Jafari
This document provides instructions for configuring a Cisco switch, including:
1) Configuring basic port security to restrict access to specific ports and MAC addresses.
2) Enabling SSH on the switch to allow remote access and disabling Telnet for security.
3) Verification steps like showing port security settings, SSH status, and connected users.
In This PPT we are discussed about complete details of that product (Use,Operation, Technical details, Dimensions, Wiring, and etc..)
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The document provides sample exam questions for CCNA Exploration 4.0 related to LAN switching and wireless networking. Specifically:
- The questions cover topics such as VLAN configuration, trunking, switch port security, the OSI model, hierarchical network design, and Ethernet switching functions.
- Multiple choice answers are provided for each question to test understanding of networking concepts and configuration.
So in summary, the document appears to be practice exam questions for a CCNA certification focusing on layer 2 switching and wireless LAN technologies.
This document describes a lab that configures Rapid PVST+, PortFast, and BPDU Guard on a network with three switches (S1, S2, S3) and two PCs (PC-A, PC-C). The lab has four parts: 1) build the network and configure basic settings, 2) configure VLANs, native VLAN, and trunks, 3) configure the root bridge and examine PVST+ convergence, and 4) configure Rapid PVST+, PortFast, BPDU Guard, and examine convergence. The objectives are to optimize network performance by configuring Rapid PVST+ for faster convergence, and configure PortFast and BPDU Guard on edge ports.
This document contains notes from a Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) training course covering networking topics such as IP subnetting, routers, routing, access lists, switching, VLANs, NAT, wireless LANs, IPv6, and WANs. The notes provide definitions and explanations of key concepts, such as what a subnet is, the benefits of subnetting, IPv4 addressing rules, and the different classes of IP addresses. Examples and configuration instructions are also included for various networking devices and protocols.
The document provides answers to exam questions for CCNA 1 chapters 7-11. It gives the questions, multiple choice answers, and a brief explanation or reference to read more. The summaries focus on the key topics covered in each chapter including network cabling, Ethernet, OSI model, router configuration, and saving router configurations.
Chapter 13 : Introduction to switched networksteknetir
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
1) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
2) Configure initial settings on a Cisco switch.
3) Configure switch ports to meet network requirements.
4) Configure the management switch virtual interface.
5) Describe basic security attacks in a switched environment.
6) Describe security best practices in a switched environment.
7) Configure the port security feature to restrict network access.
This document provides answers to exam questions for the CCNA 1 certification. It includes answers for the final exam, chapter exams, and explanations of networking concepts covered in CCNA 1 such as network protocols, cable types, router configuration, and Ethernet standards.
The document discusses configuring basic security features on a network switch, including password protection, login banners, and port security to restrict access by MAC address. It describes how to configure port security options like maximum MAC addresses, static vs. dynamic addressing, violation modes, and how to verify the port security configuration using show commands. The goal is to secure the switch ports and prevent common attacks like MAC flooding.
The document discusses various methods for attacking network switches, including MAC flooding attacks, MAC spoofing attacks, and attacks against the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). It describes how MAC flooding can overwhelm a switch's bridging table and cause frames to flood across all ports. It also outlines several countermeasures switches can implement, such as port security, BPDU guard, and root guard, to prevent MAC flooding and spoofing attacks as well as STP attacks.
Chapter 02 - Introduction to Switched NetworksYaser Rahmati
Chapter 2: Objectives
--------------------------------------------------
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
Configure initial settings on a Cisco switch.
Configure switch ports to meet network requirements.
Configure the management switch virtual interface.
Describe basic security attacks in a switched environment.
Describe security best practices in a switched environment.
Configure the port security feature to restrict network access.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
This document provides an overview of switched network configuration and security. It begins with the switch boot sequence and basic configuration. It then covers configuring switch ports, security features like SSH and port security, and best practices. Port security limits the number of MAC addresses on a port and can shut down the port if additional devices attempt to connect. The document emphasizes replacing Telnet with SSH for secure remote access.
Similar to Cisco systems hacking layer 2 ethernet switches (20)
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Megalive99 telah menetapkan standar tinggi untuk platform taruhan online. Berbagai macam permainan, desain ramah pengguna, dan transaksi aman menjadikannya pilihan utama para petaruh.
Have you ever built a sandcastle at the beach, only to see it crumble when the tide comes in? In the digital world, our information is like that sandcastle, constantly under threat from waves of cyberattacks. A cybersecurity course is like learning to build a fortress for your information!
This course will teach you how to protect yourself from sneaky online characters who might try to steal your passwords, photos, or even mess with your computer. You'll learn about things like:
* **Spotting online traps:** Phishing emails that look real but could steal your info, and websites that might be hiding malware (like tiny digital monsters).
* **Building strong defenses:** Creating powerful passwords and keeping your software up-to-date, like putting a big, strong lock on your digital door.
* **Fighting back (safely):** Learning how to identify and avoid threats, and what to do if something does go wrong.
By the end of this course, you'll be a cybersecurity champion, ready to defend your digital world and keep your information safe and sound!
The advent of social media has revolutionized communication, transforming the way people connect, share, and interact globally. At the forefront of this digital revolution are visionary entrepreneurs who recognized the potential of the internet to foster social connections and create communities. This essay explores the founders of some of the most influential social media platforms, their journeys, and the lasting impact they have made on society.
Mark Zuckerberg, along with his college roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes, founded Facebook in 2004. Initially created as a social networking site for Harvard University students, Facebook rapidly expanded to other universities and eventually to the general public. Zuckerberg's vision was to create an online directory that connected people through their real-life social networks.
Twitter, founded in 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams, brought a new dimension to social media with its microblogging platform. Dorsey envisioned a service that allowed users to share short, real-time updates, limited to 140 characters (now 280). This concise format encouraged rapid sharing of information and fostered a culture of brevity and immediacy.
Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger co-founded Instagram in 2010, focusing on photo and video sharing. Systrom, who studied photography, wanted to create an app that made mobile photos look professional. The app's unique filters and easy-to-use interface quickly gained popularity, amassing over a million users within two months of its launch.
Instagram's emphasis on visual content has had a significant cultural impact. It has popularized the concept of influencers, giving rise to a new industry where individuals can monetize their popularity and reach. The platform has also revolutionized digital marketing, enabling brands to connect with consumers in more authentic and engaging ways. Acquired by Facebook in 2012, Instagram continues to be a dominant force in social media, shaping trends and cultural norms.
Reid Hoffman founded LinkedIn in 2002 with the goal of creating a professional networking platform. Unlike other social media sites focused on personal connections, LinkedIn was designed to connect professionals, facilitate job searches, and foster business relationships. The platform allows users to create professional profiles, network with colleagues, and share industry insights.
LinkedIn has become an indispensable tool for job seekers, recruiters, and businesses. It has transformed the job market by making it easier to find and connect with potential employers and employees. LinkedIn's influence extends beyond job searches; it has become a hub for professional development, thought leadership, and industry news. Hoffman's vision has significantly impacted how professionals manage their careers and build their networks.
Jan Koum and Brian Acton co-founded WhatsApp in 2009, aiming to create a simple, reliable..