Advantages & Limitations of CNC machine tools,Introduction DNC,Component of a DNC system,Principle,Functions of DNC
Types of DNC systems,Comparison between NC, CNC and DNC machine tools
CNC machines use computer programs and numeric control to operate machine tools like milling machines and lathes. Key features include automated tool changes and multi-axis movement controlled by motors. CNC programming involves specifying coordinates, feed rates, spindle speeds, and preparatory codes like G-codes for different motions and functions. Programs are debugged to ensure accurate machining based on part designs.
The document summarizes the history and development of numerical control, including its evolution from mechanized machining in the 15th century to computerized numerical control (CNC) in the 20th century. It describes the basic components and functions of NC machines, including the machine control unit, machine tool, control loops unit, and data processing unit. It also discusses the different types of numerical control systems such as conventional NC, direct NC, and computer NC.
Chapter 2 constructional feature of cnc machineRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses the constructional features of CNC machines. It classifies CNC systems according to the type of machine into point-to-point, straight-cut, and continuous path systems. It also categorizes them based on programming method as absolute or incremental, and by control system type as open-loop or closed-loop. Point-to-point systems move in straight lines for operations like drilling. Continuous path systems enable contouring for milling complex profiles. Programming specifies tool movements, and feedback loops help verify final positions match programs. Common machine elements include motors, ball screws, and feedback devices.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use a machine control unit to read numerical input from a program and translate it into mechanical motions of the machine tool.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide even greater flexibility and precision by using computers to generate and process NC programs and control machine tools.
1. The document discusses the history and development of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines from conventional machines to NC (Numerical Control) machines to CNC machines.
2. It describes the key elements of an NC system including the machine control unit, machine tool, and part program/drawings.
3. The document provides details on different types of CNC machines based on their motion type (point-to-point vs continuous path systems) and explains fixed and floating zero systems.
The document discusses different methods of NC part programming including manual part programming, computer-assisted part programming, manual data input, NC programming using CAD/CAM, and computer automated part programming. It also provides details on punched tape formats, G-codes and M-codes used in NC part programming.
An automatic tool changer (ATC) allows CNC machines to work with multiple tools. It stores tools in a magazine and automatically exchanges tools to improve production capacity. There are two main types of ATC - drum-type storage and tool changers on turning centers. An ATC reduces tool change time, increases machine uptime, and provides automatic storage and delivery of tools to the machine.
The document discusses computer numerical control (CNC), direct numerical control (DNC), and adaptive control systems. It describes how CNC replaced conventional NC by using a computer to store machining programs instead of punched tapes. DNC connects multiple CNC machines to a central computer to facilitate programming and data collection. Adaptive control systems measure output variables during machining and dynamically adjust speeds/feeds to optimize performance based on variability in workpieces and tools.
CNC machines use computer programs and numeric control to operate machine tools like milling machines and lathes. Key features include automated tool changes and multi-axis movement controlled by motors. CNC programming involves specifying coordinates, feed rates, spindle speeds, and preparatory codes like G-codes for different motions and functions. Programs are debugged to ensure accurate machining based on part designs.
The document summarizes the history and development of numerical control, including its evolution from mechanized machining in the 15th century to computerized numerical control (CNC) in the 20th century. It describes the basic components and functions of NC machines, including the machine control unit, machine tool, control loops unit, and data processing unit. It also discusses the different types of numerical control systems such as conventional NC, direct NC, and computer NC.
Chapter 2 constructional feature of cnc machineRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses the constructional features of CNC machines. It classifies CNC systems according to the type of machine into point-to-point, straight-cut, and continuous path systems. It also categorizes them based on programming method as absolute or incremental, and by control system type as open-loop or closed-loop. Point-to-point systems move in straight lines for operations like drilling. Continuous path systems enable contouring for milling complex profiles. Programming specifies tool movements, and feedback loops help verify final positions match programs. Common machine elements include motors, ball screws, and feedback devices.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use a machine control unit to read numerical input from a program and translate it into mechanical motions of the machine tool.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide even greater flexibility and precision by using computers to generate and process NC programs and control machine tools.
1. The document discusses the history and development of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines from conventional machines to NC (Numerical Control) machines to CNC machines.
2. It describes the key elements of an NC system including the machine control unit, machine tool, and part program/drawings.
3. The document provides details on different types of CNC machines based on their motion type (point-to-point vs continuous path systems) and explains fixed and floating zero systems.
The document discusses different methods of NC part programming including manual part programming, computer-assisted part programming, manual data input, NC programming using CAD/CAM, and computer automated part programming. It also provides details on punched tape formats, G-codes and M-codes used in NC part programming.
An automatic tool changer (ATC) allows CNC machines to work with multiple tools. It stores tools in a magazine and automatically exchanges tools to improve production capacity. There are two main types of ATC - drum-type storage and tool changers on turning centers. An ATC reduces tool change time, increases machine uptime, and provides automatic storage and delivery of tools to the machine.
The document discusses computer numerical control (CNC), direct numerical control (DNC), and adaptive control systems. It describes how CNC replaced conventional NC by using a computer to store machining programs instead of punched tapes. DNC connects multiple CNC machines to a central computer to facilitate programming and data collection. Adaptive control systems measure output variables during machining and dynamically adjust speeds/feeds to optimize performance based on variability in workpieces and tools.
What is process planning .Difficulties in traditional process planning,CAPP Model,Types of CAPP ,1.Retrieval type CAPP (variant) systems.
2.Generative CAPP systems.
3.Hybrid CAPP systems.
Process planning system , Machinability data systems , Benefits of CAPP
This document provides an introduction to electrical discharge machining (EDM). EDM is an unconventional machining process where material is removed by electric sparks between an electrode tool and conductive workpiece, with no direct contact between them. Key aspects of EDM covered include the construction of EDM machines, the role of dielectric fluids, factors that affect the material removal rate such as capacitance and spark parameters, and electrode tool materials and wear characteristics. Graphite, copper, and copper-tungsten are commonly used as tool materials in EDM due to properties like machinability and erosion resistance.
This document contains information about computer-assisted part programming using APT (Automatically Programmed Tool) language. It discusses the tasks divided between the human programmer and computer, including input translation, arithmetic computations, editing, and post processing. It also describes defining part geometry, specifying tool paths and operations, and includes examples of part programs for drilling and milling operations.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use machine control units to read part programs containing coded instructions and translate them into mechanical actions to control machine tools.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide greater flexibility over early NC systems by using computers to generate part programs and allow real-time adjustments to machine operations.
This document provides an overview of CNC (computer numerical control) machines. It discusses the history and evolution of CNC machines from the 1940s to present day. The key elements of a CNC machine are described as the input device, machine control unit, machine tool, driving system, feedback devices, and display unit. The document also covers the basic programming and operation of CNC machines using G and M codes to control axes movement, feed rates, spindle speeds, tool changes, and other functions. Advantages of CNC include easier programming and reducing human errors, while challenges include high setup costs and requiring computer and programming knowledge.
Chapter 3 CNC turning and machining centersRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses CNC turning and machining centers. It describes turning as a machining process using a lathe where the tool moves parallel to the workpiece axis to remove material. CNC lathes are replacing older lathes. Milling involves using rotating cutting tools to produce flat and helical surfaces. Machining centers are classified as vertical, horizontal, or universal depending on the spindle orientation. Machining centers have automatic tool changers and may have automatic workpiece positioners or pallet changers to reduce non-productive time during machining operations.
The document discusses CNC machining centers. It defines a CNC machine center as an advanced manufacturing machine tool that can perform various machining operations with accuracy and quality. CNC machine centers allow operations like drilling, milling, and lathing to be done on a single machine. They are used to manufacture parts that require multiple operations, reducing production time compared to separate machines. CNC machine centers can be horizontal, vertical, or universal depending on the configuration, and include mechanisms like automatic tool changers to further reduce production time.
This presentation provides an overview of CNC machines. It discusses that CNC machines use computer programs to control slide movements and machine functions rather than a human operator. The evolution of numerical control is described beginning in 1947 with the development of using punched cards to operate digitron systems. Different types of CNC machines such as mills, lathes, and EDM machines are covered. The presentation also discusses CNC programming basics including codes, tool paths, and an example programming for a cylindrical part.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
Elson Paul V's thesis discusses direct numerical control (DNC) systems. A DNC system connects multiple machine tools to a central computer in real-time. The computer stores NC part programs and transmits them to machines on demand over telecommunication lines. This allows programs to be edited centrally and eliminates tape readers. DNC systems provide advantages like convenient program storage, reporting, and editing compared to conventional NC systems.
Automatic lathes are machine tools that can machine components automatically through an entire work cycle without operator participation. They are used for high volume production. The machines contain control systems that actuate all tool and workpiece movements in a defined sequence. Automatic lathes are classified based on how they load workpieces, number of spindles, and orientation of spindles. Single spindle automatics include cutoff machines and screw machines. Multi-spindle automatics like parallel action and progressive action machines can machine multiple workpieces simultaneously to greatly increase production rates.
Non-traditional machining techniques remove material using various energy sources besides traditional cutting tools. They are divided into mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical techniques. Non-traditional techniques are needed for hard or complex materials, and can machine intricate shapes and deep holes. Selection depends on the part geometry, material properties, machining capabilities, and cost effectiveness. While more expensive initially than traditional techniques, non-traditional machining offers higher precision, surface finish, and ability to machine difficult materials.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Nilrajsinh Vasandia on introduction to NC, CNC, and DNC machine tools. The presentation included definitions and components of NC, CNC, and DNC systems. It discussed the differences between NC, CNC, and DNC, covering topics like part program input/storage, program modification, the inclusion of feedback systems, and ability to import CAD files. Motion control systems and programming methods for NC and CNC machines were also outlined.
This document discusses tooling for CNC machines, including cutting tools made of materials like high-speed steel, tungsten carbide, and ceramic. It also describes design features of CNC tooling like accuracy, flexibility, and rigidity. Finally, it covers automatic tool changers, which allow CNC machines to change tools through program instructions by rotating a tool magazine or drum to replace old tools with new ones.
1. CNC machines evolved from NC machines with the introduction of computers to control machine tools numerically.
2. Early CNC systems used punched tapes to input programs, while modern systems use computers and memory to input, edit, and store programs along with accepting CAD files.
3. CNC machines use feedback devices like encoders and touch probes to provide closed loop control and accurately position tools.
The document provides an introduction to computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and numerical control (NC) systems. It defines CAM as using computer programs to generate tool paths for machining parts. It then defines NC as a form of programmable automation where a machine's mechanical actions are controlled by a coded program. The basic components of an NC system are described as the program of instructions, machine control unit, and processing equipment. Different types of NC machines like horizontal machining centers (HMC) and vertical machining centers (VMC) are also summarized.
difference of NC and CNC ,Part programming,Methods of manual part programming,Basic CNC input data,Preparatory Functions ,Miscellaneous Functions,Interpolation:Canned cycles:part programming on component,Tool length compensation,Cutter Radius,Task compensation:Types of media of NC
DNC is a manufacturing system where a central computer controls a number of NC machines in real time through direct connections. The central computer is connected to machine tools and bulk memory for storing NC part programs. It can transmit programs on demand to machines and allows two-way real-time communication and program editing between the computer and machine tools. There are two systems for linking the computer and machines: behind-the-tape-reader and a special machine control unit.
The document discusses Direct Numerical Control (DNC) systems. It defines DNC as a manufacturing system where a central computer controls multiple machines in real-time through direct connections. A DNC system consists of a central computer, bulk memory to store NC programs, telecommunication lines, and machine tools. The central computer transmits NC programs to machine tools on demand via the communication network. DNC systems provide advantages like eliminating tape readers, conveniently storing and editing NC programs, and reporting on shop performance.
What is process planning .Difficulties in traditional process planning,CAPP Model,Types of CAPP ,1.Retrieval type CAPP (variant) systems.
2.Generative CAPP systems.
3.Hybrid CAPP systems.
Process planning system , Machinability data systems , Benefits of CAPP
This document provides an introduction to electrical discharge machining (EDM). EDM is an unconventional machining process where material is removed by electric sparks between an electrode tool and conductive workpiece, with no direct contact between them. Key aspects of EDM covered include the construction of EDM machines, the role of dielectric fluids, factors that affect the material removal rate such as capacitance and spark parameters, and electrode tool materials and wear characteristics. Graphite, copper, and copper-tungsten are commonly used as tool materials in EDM due to properties like machinability and erosion resistance.
This document contains information about computer-assisted part programming using APT (Automatically Programmed Tool) language. It discusses the tasks divided between the human programmer and computer, including input translation, arithmetic computations, editing, and post processing. It also describes defining part geometry, specifying tool paths and operations, and includes examples of part programs for drilling and milling operations.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use machine control units to read part programs containing coded instructions and translate them into mechanical actions to control machine tools.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide greater flexibility over early NC systems by using computers to generate part programs and allow real-time adjustments to machine operations.
This document provides an overview of CNC (computer numerical control) machines. It discusses the history and evolution of CNC machines from the 1940s to present day. The key elements of a CNC machine are described as the input device, machine control unit, machine tool, driving system, feedback devices, and display unit. The document also covers the basic programming and operation of CNC machines using G and M codes to control axes movement, feed rates, spindle speeds, tool changes, and other functions. Advantages of CNC include easier programming and reducing human errors, while challenges include high setup costs and requiring computer and programming knowledge.
Chapter 3 CNC turning and machining centersRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses CNC turning and machining centers. It describes turning as a machining process using a lathe where the tool moves parallel to the workpiece axis to remove material. CNC lathes are replacing older lathes. Milling involves using rotating cutting tools to produce flat and helical surfaces. Machining centers are classified as vertical, horizontal, or universal depending on the spindle orientation. Machining centers have automatic tool changers and may have automatic workpiece positioners or pallet changers to reduce non-productive time during machining operations.
The document discusses CNC machining centers. It defines a CNC machine center as an advanced manufacturing machine tool that can perform various machining operations with accuracy and quality. CNC machine centers allow operations like drilling, milling, and lathing to be done on a single machine. They are used to manufacture parts that require multiple operations, reducing production time compared to separate machines. CNC machine centers can be horizontal, vertical, or universal depending on the configuration, and include mechanisms like automatic tool changers to further reduce production time.
This presentation provides an overview of CNC machines. It discusses that CNC machines use computer programs to control slide movements and machine functions rather than a human operator. The evolution of numerical control is described beginning in 1947 with the development of using punched cards to operate digitron systems. Different types of CNC machines such as mills, lathes, and EDM machines are covered. The presentation also discusses CNC programming basics including codes, tool paths, and an example programming for a cylindrical part.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
Elson Paul V's thesis discusses direct numerical control (DNC) systems. A DNC system connects multiple machine tools to a central computer in real-time. The computer stores NC part programs and transmits them to machines on demand over telecommunication lines. This allows programs to be edited centrally and eliminates tape readers. DNC systems provide advantages like convenient program storage, reporting, and editing compared to conventional NC systems.
Automatic lathes are machine tools that can machine components automatically through an entire work cycle without operator participation. They are used for high volume production. The machines contain control systems that actuate all tool and workpiece movements in a defined sequence. Automatic lathes are classified based on how they load workpieces, number of spindles, and orientation of spindles. Single spindle automatics include cutoff machines and screw machines. Multi-spindle automatics like parallel action and progressive action machines can machine multiple workpieces simultaneously to greatly increase production rates.
Non-traditional machining techniques remove material using various energy sources besides traditional cutting tools. They are divided into mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical techniques. Non-traditional techniques are needed for hard or complex materials, and can machine intricate shapes and deep holes. Selection depends on the part geometry, material properties, machining capabilities, and cost effectiveness. While more expensive initially than traditional techniques, non-traditional machining offers higher precision, surface finish, and ability to machine difficult materials.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Nilrajsinh Vasandia on introduction to NC, CNC, and DNC machine tools. The presentation included definitions and components of NC, CNC, and DNC systems. It discussed the differences between NC, CNC, and DNC, covering topics like part program input/storage, program modification, the inclusion of feedback systems, and ability to import CAD files. Motion control systems and programming methods for NC and CNC machines were also outlined.
This document discusses tooling for CNC machines, including cutting tools made of materials like high-speed steel, tungsten carbide, and ceramic. It also describes design features of CNC tooling like accuracy, flexibility, and rigidity. Finally, it covers automatic tool changers, which allow CNC machines to change tools through program instructions by rotating a tool magazine or drum to replace old tools with new ones.
1. CNC machines evolved from NC machines with the introduction of computers to control machine tools numerically.
2. Early CNC systems used punched tapes to input programs, while modern systems use computers and memory to input, edit, and store programs along with accepting CAD files.
3. CNC machines use feedback devices like encoders and touch probes to provide closed loop control and accurately position tools.
The document provides an introduction to computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and numerical control (NC) systems. It defines CAM as using computer programs to generate tool paths for machining parts. It then defines NC as a form of programmable automation where a machine's mechanical actions are controlled by a coded program. The basic components of an NC system are described as the program of instructions, machine control unit, and processing equipment. Different types of NC machines like horizontal machining centers (HMC) and vertical machining centers (VMC) are also summarized.
difference of NC and CNC ,Part programming,Methods of manual part programming,Basic CNC input data,Preparatory Functions ,Miscellaneous Functions,Interpolation:Canned cycles:part programming on component,Tool length compensation,Cutter Radius,Task compensation:Types of media of NC
DNC is a manufacturing system where a central computer controls a number of NC machines in real time through direct connections. The central computer is connected to machine tools and bulk memory for storing NC part programs. It can transmit programs on demand to machines and allows two-way real-time communication and program editing between the computer and machine tools. There are two systems for linking the computer and machines: behind-the-tape-reader and a special machine control unit.
The document discusses Direct Numerical Control (DNC) systems. It defines DNC as a manufacturing system where a central computer controls multiple machines in real-time through direct connections. A DNC system consists of a central computer, bulk memory to store NC programs, telecommunication lines, and machine tools. The central computer transmits NC programs to machine tools on demand via the communication network. DNC systems provide advantages like eliminating tape readers, conveniently storing and editing NC programs, and reporting on shop performance.
Elson Paul V's thesis discusses direct numerical control (DNC) systems. A DNC system connects multiple machine tools to a central computer in real-time to control the machines. The computer stores NC part programs and transmits them to machines on demand without tape readers. Key components include the central computer, bulk memory for part programs, telecommunication lines, and machine tools. The computer can edit programs, collect production data, and generate reports to manage the factory floor. DNC systems improve flexibility and computational capabilities compared to standalone NC machines.
1. The document discusses numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) systems used to control machine tools.
2. It describes the typical components of an NC system including the program of instructions, control unit, and machine tool.
3. CNC systems add a computer to make the machine more versatile by storing programs in memory for editing and retrieval.
This document discusses various types of automation used in manufacturing. It begins by defining automation as using control systems to operate machinery and equipment with minimal human intervention. It then describes several types of numerical control including NC, CNC, DNC, and CAD/CAM. NC was introduced in 1952 and uses coded instructions to control machine tools. CNC replaced the mechanical controller of NC with a microcomputer. DNC uses a mainframe computer to directly control multiple machine tools through telecommunication lines. CAD is used for design work and CAM for planning and controlling manufacturing functions. CNC automation allows for high accuracy, flexibility and reduced errors in manufacturing.
The document provides information about CNC programming and machining centers. It discusses the history of NC, CNC and DNC machines. It describes the basic components of NC machines including the part program, program tape, machine control unit and machine tool. It also covers CNC machines, the differences between NC and CNC, classifications of NC machines, direct numerical control systems, and features of machining centers such as automatic tool changers and automatic work positioning. Finally, it discusses CNC programming including word address format, program blocks, sequence numbers, feed and spindle functions, tool selection, preparatory codes and miscellaneous codes.
The document discusses numerical control, computer numeric control (CNC), direct numeric control (DNC), and automatic part programming. CNC uses computer programs to control machine functions like cutting speed, feed, and tool selection. DNC allows a central computer to control over 100 machines through direct connection. Automatic part programming software can generate CNC data by defining tools and making a 3D model of the part to be cut.
This document discusses computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It covers the main components of CNC machines which include the program of instruction, machine control unit, and machine tool. The machine control unit consists of a central processing unit, memory, and input/output interface. Direct numerical control (DNC) is also discussed, along with advantages and types of CNC machines. Elements of CNC machines like slide ways, screws, and feedback devices are described.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Numerical Control (NC), Computer Numerical Control (CNC), and Distributed Numerical Control (DNC) machine tools. It defines each type of machine tool and describes their basic components and programming methods. NC machines use programmed punched tapes to control automated functions, while CNC machines utilize a dedicated computer as the control unit. DNC systems connect multiple NC machines in real-time to a central computer for shared program storage and transmission. The document outlines the classification, advantages, and limitations of these different machine tool systems.
CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines use a dedicated computer to control most machine functions by executing programs stored in its memory. The main components of a CNC machine tool system are the input/output console, microprocessor-based control unit, memory, feedback unit, machine tool, and interfaces. CNC machines offer advantages like ease of program input and editing, multiple program storage, and automatic tool compensation but also have higher costs and require skilled operators.
This document discusses computer architecture and organization. It defines computer architecture as the attributes visible to the programmer and computer organization as the operational units and their interconnections. It then classifies computers based on size, cost, computational power, and application. The basic functional units of a computer are described as the input, output, memory, arithmetic logic unit, and control unit. Common computer components like the CPU, registers, and buses are also explained.
CNC (computer numerical control) machines use coded instructions to control machine tools for production. They have higher accuracy and lower costs than traditional machining. CNC machines are classified based on the tool used, such as milling machines, lathes, grinding machines, etc. They can be programmed to automatically machine parts through point-to-point or continuous path control systems. CNC machines offer advantages like reduced costs, improved quality, and increased productivity but have higher initial costs and require more maintenance than conventional machines.
This document provides information about the Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing course for the 7th semester Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering program. It includes the course code, credits, teaching hours, assessment details, course objectives, outcomes, module topics, textbooks and reference books. The document discusses topics like computer numerical control, robot technology, manual and computer-assisted programming, G and M codes, and coordinate systems in detail. It provides information on various aspects of the CAD/CAM course to give students an overview of the key concepts and topics that will be covered.
The document discusses direct numerical control (DNC) systems, which connect computer to multiple NC machines in real time. A DNC system uses a central computer to store part programs for all connected machine tools and transmit them on demand to the machines. This allows programs to be easily edited, transferred between machines, and stored without limitation in the computer memory. Key advantages of DNC systems are eliminating tape readers, conveniently storing and accessing part programs, and monitoring machine performance.
The document discusses automation in manufacturing through CNC technology. It describes three components of an automated system: (1) part program, (2) machine control unit, and (3) processing equipment. Reasons for automating include increasing productivity, reducing costs, and improving quality and safety. While automation has high initial costs, it allows for mass production of complex parts with improved precision.
An electronic data processing (EDP) system consists of computer hardware and software. The hardware includes the central processing unit, memory for storing programs and data, and input/output devices. The software includes application programs for specific tasks and systems software like the operating system. EDP systems can process data in batches, directly access data randomly, or use databases. Computers impact accounting systems by automating tasks, consolidating duties, and easily generating reports. Major types of computer fraud include techniques like the salami method, Trojan horses, viruses, and trapdoors.
Modern Machine Tools:
CNC machines: Introduction, principles of operation,
Types – Vertical machining centres and horizontal machining centres,
major elements, functions, applications,
controllers,
open loop and closed loop systems
Types of automatic machines,
Transfer machines
fundamentals of agricultural microbiology.pptxjntuhcej
The document discusses the disease triangle and stages of plant disease development. The disease triangle involves a susceptible host, virulent pathogen, and favorable environment. For disease to occur, all three must be present. The stages of disease are: 1) inoculation where the pathogen arrives on the host, 2) penetration of the host tissue, 3) infection and pathogen growth inside the host, 4) reproduction of the pathogen, and 5) dissemination of the pathogen to new hosts. Successful disease development depends on properties of the pathogen, host, and environment.
parasitism and disease and its remedials.pptxjntuhcej
This document discusses the host-pathogen interaction and plant parasitism. It begins by defining key terms like host, pathogen, parasite, and symbiosis. It then describes how pathogens can infect hosts on a molecular and cellular level and cause disease. It discusses the disease cycle and how pathogens are introduced to hosts, penetrate their surfaces, establish infections, and colonize tissues. The document outlines the roles of inoculum, adhesion, penetration, and environmental conditions in disease development. It also describes different types of parasites and their interactions with host plants.
mechanism of nutrient transport and its basics .pptxjntuhcej
This document discusses nutrient uptake by plants from soil. It begins by outlining three mechanisms of nutrient transport from soil to roots: mass flow, diffusion, and root interception. It then discusses factors that affect nutrient availability to plants from soil, including soil texture, structure, reaction, temperature, moisture, air composition, available and total nutrient content, microbial activity, and organic matter. Finally, it discusses measures that can be taken to overcome nutrient deficiencies and toxicities in plants, such as maintaining soil physical properties, using soil tests to guide fertilizer use, testing irrigation water, applying organic manures, and using micronutrients based on deficiency symptoms.
integrated nutrient management and its importance.pptxjntuhcej
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM), which refers to maintaining soil fertility and plant nutrients at optimal levels through optimizing benefits from all plant nutrient sources. INM uses organic manures, fertilizers, legumes, crop residues, and biofertilizers together. It aims to improve soil health, enhance crop productivity, and reduce costs and environmental impacts. The main benefits of INM include improving soil properties, increasing nutrient use efficiency, and sustaining agriculture production and the environment. The document provides details on the different components of INM and its importance, objectives, effects, status in India, and conclusions.
green manuring and its importance in field.pptxjntuhcej
Green manuring is the practice of plowing green plant materials into the soil to improve soil structure and fertility. There are two types of green manuring: green leaf manuring, which involves collecting and incorporating leaves and twigs from outside sources, and green manuring in situ, which involves growing and plowing under leguminous crops. Green manuring contributes nitrogen to the soil, prevents nitrogen loss, improves soil structure and water retention, and can reclaim saline or alkaline soils. Common green manure crops include sunn hemp, dhaincha, sesbania, and clusterbeans, as they are fast-growing legumes that decompose quickly and add nutrients to the soil without competing with main crops.
Viral diseases can infect a wide range of plant species and cause economic losses. Apple mosaic virus infects apple and other woody and herbaceous plants, causing pale spots on leaves which may become necrotic. It is transmitted through grafting and vegetative propagation. For management, use virus-tested material and heat therapy. Citrus tristeza virus infects various citrus species and has three syndromes - quick decline, stem pitting, and seedling yellows. It is transmitted by aphids and management includes using tolerant varieties and removing infected trees. Tobacco necrosis virus infects beans, melon, cucumber and tulip, causing necrotic spots near veins. It is transmitted by a
soil healh and its importance in doing.pptxjntuhcej
The document discusses different methods for preparing organic manures including farm yard manure (FYM) and vermicompost. It describes the trench composting method developed by C.N. Acharya for preparing FYM, involving filling trenches with livestock waste and allowing it to decompose over 3 months. It also discusses the Bangalore and Coimbatore methods for composting, which involve layering waste materials in trenches and covering. Vermicomposting uses earthworms to convert organic waste into a nutrient-rich fertilizer over 5 phases, and the liquid extracted from worm beds is called vermiwash.
nutrition principles introduction and principlesjntuhcej
This document provides an overview of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) nutrition principles for plants. It discusses the essential roles of N, P, and K in plants including protein synthesis, nucleic acids, chlorophyll (N), ATP, DNA/RNA (P), and enzyme activation, water relations (K). The key cycles and processes are described such as nitrogen fixation, mineralization, nitrification, denitrification (N cycle) and interactions between soil solution and organic/inorganic pools (P cycle). Optimal soil testing levels and deficiency symptoms are covered. Commercial fertilizer sources and forms taken up by plants are also summarized.
Fertilizers are any materials added to soil to supply plant nutrients. They are classified as straight, complex, or mixed. Straight fertilizers contain one primary nutrient like urea (nitrogen), while complex contain two or three like ammonium phosphate (nitrogen and phosphorus). Mixed fertilizers are physical mixtures of straight fertilizers containing two or three primary nutrients. Fertilizers can also be complete or incomplete depending on whether they contain all three major nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
history of plantpathology and its basics.pptxjntuhcej
This document provides an overview of the course Fundamentals of Plant Pathology (PPP-211). The theory portion introduces students to the science of plant pathology, including the classification of plant diseases, causes of diseases, and principles of disease management. The practical portion involves familiarization with laboratory and field equipment, identification of pathogens, and applications of fungicides. Key topics covered are parasitic and non-parasitic causes of disease, the infection process, and epidemiology. The document also lists several suggested textbooks on plant pathology.
This document provides an introduction to plant pathology, including definitions, objectives, and the historical development of the field. It defines plant pathology as the study of the causes, development, and management of plant diseases. It outlines the objectives of plant pathology as understanding disease causes and developing control methods. Historically, early Greek and Indian texts described plant diseases, while important developments included the invention of the microscope and the first identification of fungal spores and bacterial causes of diseases. Key figures who advanced the field include de Bary, considered the father of modern plant pathology. The document also categorizes plant pathogens and diseases and discusses the impacts of diseases.
plant nutrients basics and different type of methods.pptxjntuhcej
This document summarizes plant nutrients and their roles in plant growth. It discusses 16 essential chemical elements divided into non-mineral nutrients (C, H, O) and 13 mineral nutrients. The mineral nutrients are further divided into macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and micronutrients (Mn, Mo, Zn, B, Cl, Cu, Fe). Each nutrient is described in terms of its functions, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and absorption processes to support plant growth and survival.
soil science basic and procedure of soil science.pptxjntuhcej
Nitrogen is essential for plant growth and is absorbed in various forms. It undergoes mineralization through aminization, ammonification, and nitrification, converting organic nitrogen into inorganic forms like NH4+ and NO3- that plants can absorb. Immobilization is the reverse process that fixes nitrogen when carbon-nitrogen ratios in soil are too high. Nitrogen transformations in soil are mediated by soil microorganisms and influence nitrogen availability for plant uptake.
Nitrogen is essential for plant growth and is present in proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll. Plants absorb nitrogen primarily as nitrate and ammonium ions. Nitrogen in soil undergoes mineralization and immobilization processes carried out by microbes. Mineralization converts organic nitrogen into plant-available inorganic forms like ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate through aminization, ammonification, and nitrification. Immobilization converts inorganic nitrogen into immobilized organic forms when carbon to nitrogen ratios are high. Nitrogen cycling in soil involves complex transformations between organic and inorganic forms that influence nitrogen availability for plant uptake.
workshop-meshing-proces and different types).pdfjntuhcej
This document discusses various meshing techniques in ANSYS Workbench including:
- Direct meshing which allows more control over the meshing order of multiple bodies compared to automated meshing.
- Instance meshing which only meshes a single instance of identical parts to reduce meshing time.
- Share topology which identifies matching faces and edges between connected parts to improve mesh quality at interfaces.
- Mesh connections which define the connectivity between meshes of different parts automatically during meshing.
- Advanced sizing functions which allow non-uniform mesh sizes to be defined across a model.
Get Success with the Latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 Exam Dumps (V11.02) 2024yarusun
Are you worried about your preparation for the UiPath Power Platform Functional Consultant Certification Exam? You can come to DumpsBase to download the latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 exam dumps (V11.02) to evaluate your preparation for the UIPATH-ADPV1 exam with the PDF format and testing engine software. The latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 exam questions and answers go over every subject on the exam so you can easily understand them. You won't need to worry about passing the UIPATH-ADPV1 exam if you master all of these UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 dumps (V11.02) of DumpsBase. #UIPATH-ADPV1 Dumps #UIPATH-ADPV1 #UIPATH-ADPV1 Exam Dumps
Techno-pedagogic skills refer to the ability to effectively integrate technology into teaching and learning processes. In simple terms, it means having the knowledge and skills to use digital tools and resources in a way that enhances the learning experience for students. Teachers with these skills can make lessons more engaging and effective by incorporating technologies such as interactive whiteboards, educational apps, online resources, and multimedia tools in the classroom. This approach allows for the creation of interactive and multimedia-rich lessons, catering to different learning styles and providing personalized learning experiences. Overall, techno-pedagogic skills enable teachers to leverage technology to make learning more fun, interactive, and impactful for students in today's digital age. Here’s how it works:
1. Enhanced Engagement: By using technology, teachers can create more engaging lessons. For example, they might use interactive quizzes or educational games that make learning fun and interactive.
2. Personalized Learning: Technology allows teachers to tailor lessons to individual students’ needs and learning styles. They can provide different resources or activities that cater to each student’s strengths and weaknesses.
3. Access to Information: With digital tools and online resources, students have access to a wealth of information beyond traditional textbooks. This helps them explore topics more deeply and from different perspectives.
4. Collaboration: Technology enables collaborative learning experiences where students can work together on projects, share ideas, and learn from each other’s insights.
5. Impactful Teaching: By mastering techno-pedagogic skills, teachers can make their teaching more effective and impactful. They can deliver content in ways that resonate with today’s tech-savvy students, making learning more relevant and meaningful.
Overall, techno-pedagogic skills empower teachers to leverage technology creatively and effectively in the classroom, ultimately enhancing the educational experience and preparing
Decolonizing Universal Design for LearningFrederic Fovet
UDL has gained in popularity over the last decade both in the K-12 and the post-secondary sectors. The usefulness of UDL to create inclusive learning experiences for the full array of diverse learners has been well documented in the literature, and there is now increasing scholarship examining the process of integrating UDL strategically across organisations. One concern, however, remains under-reported and under-researched. Much of the scholarship on UDL ironically remains while and Eurocentric. Even if UDL, as a discourse, considers the decolonization of the curriculum, it is abundantly clear that the research and advocacy related to UDL originates almost exclusively from the Global North and from a Euro-Caucasian authorship. It is argued that it is high time for the way UDL has been monopolized by Global North scholars and practitioners to be challenged. Voices discussing and framing UDL, from the Global South and Indigenous communities, must be amplified and showcased in order to rectify this glaring imbalance and contradiction.
This session represents an opportunity for the author to reflect on a volume he has just finished editing entitled Decolonizing UDL and to highlight and share insights into the key innovations, promising practices, and calls for change, originating from the Global South and Indigenous Communities, that have woven the canvas of this book. The session seeks to create a space for critical dialogue, for the challenging of existing power dynamics within the UDL scholarship, and for the emergence of transformative voices from underrepresented communities. The workshop will use the UDL principles scrupulously to engage participants in diverse ways (challenging single story approaches to the narrative that surrounds UDL implementation) , as well as offer multiple means of action and expression for them to gain ownership over the key themes and concerns of the session (by encouraging a broad range of interventions, contributions, and stances).
Cross-Cultural Leadership and CommunicationMattVassar1
Business is done in many different ways across the world. How you connect with colleagues and communicate feedback constructively differs tremendously depending on where a person comes from. Drawing on the culture map from the cultural anthropologist, Erin Meyer, this class discusses how best to manage effectively across the invisible lines of culture.
To study Earth’s magnetic field using a compass, natal bar magnet wire plotti...ajitkumarmatia8
Let me explain. To study Earth’s magnetic field, you can use a compass needle, a bar magnet, and a tangent galvanometer. Here are the steps:
Bar Magnet Placement:
Place the bar magnet in the middle of a large piece of paper.
Mark the outline of the magnet and indicate its poles.
Plotting Compass:
Use a plotting compass (a small compass with a freely rotating needle).
Position the compass near one pole of the bar magnet.
Mark where the compass needle points.
Moving the Compass:
Move the compass so that the back of the compass aligns with the previous mark.
Mark where the needle points again.
Repeat this process until the compass reaches the magnet’s other pole or the edge of the paper.
Drawing Field Lines:
Connect the marked points with a smooth curve.
Add an arrow to show the direction of the magnetic field.
Repeat the process from different starting points around the magnet to draw more field lines.
Tangent Galvanometer:
A tangent galvanometer measures the strength of the magnetic field.
It uses the tangent of the angle between the compass needle and the magnetic field direction.
Remember, magnetic field lines never cross, go from north to south, are continuous, and are closer where the field is stronger. Have fun with your project THANK YOU..
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
2. Advantages & Limitations of CNC machine
tools
• Advantages
• Ease of program input.
• Multiple program storage.
• Online part programming and
editing.
• Use of advanced interpolation.
• Automatic tool compensation.
• Auto generation of part program
for existing components.
• Change in system of units.
• Limitations
• Higher investment cost.
• Higher maintenance cost.
• Requires specialized operators
3. Introduction DNC
• DNC is a manufacturing system in which a number
of machines are controlled by a computer through
direct- connection and in real time.
• Also, defined by EIA as: DNC is a system
connecting a set of NC machines to a common
memory for part program or machine program
storage with provision for on-demand
distribution of data to machines.
• The tape reader is omitted.
• Involves data connection and processing from the
machine tool back to the computer.
4. Component of a DNC system
1. Central computer
2. Bulk memory which stores the NC part
programs.
3. Telecommunication lines
4. Machine Tools.
6. 1. A central computer connected to a number of machine tools
and control them
2. Part program of all machine tools are stored in the memory
of the central computer and transmitted on direct
transmission lines on demand
3. Two way information flow take place in real time
4. Various machine tools can communicate with the computer
in real time
5. Programs in full or segment can be transferred to NC
machines
6. Computer can be used for program editing
7. No tape readers are used
8. No limitation for the number or size of programs stored
7. Functions of DNC
The functions which a DNC system is designed to
perform:
1.NC without punched tape.
2.NC part program storage.
3.Data collection, processing, and reporting.
4.Communication
8. 1.NC without Punched tape:
1. The main objective of a DNC system is to
eliminate the use of punched tape
2. The problems associated with the NC tape are:
3. A relatively unreliable tape reader.
4. The fragile nature of the paper tape.
5. Difficulties in editing the program contained on
the punched tape.
6. The expense associated with the manufacturing
equipment of punched tape and punched tape
reader.
7. Problems associated with the punched tape and
costs can be eliminated with the DNC system
9. 2. NC part program storage.
1.The DNC program storage system consists of an
active storage and second storage.
2.The active storage used to storage NC programs,
which are frequently used.
3.The active storage can be readily accessed by the
DNC computer to drive an NC machine in production.
4.A typical mass storage device for this purpose would
be a Disk.
5.The secondary storage would be used for NC
programs , which are not frequently used.
Example: secondary storage include magnetic
tape, tape cassettes, floppy disk and disk packs.
11. 3. Data collection , processing and reporting:
1.This function involve the transfer of data from machine tools
back to the central computer.
2.Their basic purpose is to monitor production in the factory
3.When the machine operator requests a particular NC
program , the computer first tests the compatibility and looks
for any barring with respect to the NC machine and the
program
4.Data are collected on production piece counts, tool usage ,
machine utilisation and other factors that measure
performance in the factory.
5.These data must be processed by the DNC computer , so
that reports can be prepared to provide management with the
information necessary for running the factory.
12. 4. Communications:
The important communications links in DNC system
are between the following of the system:
1.central computer and machine tools
2.Central computer and NC programmer terminals.
3.Central computer and bulk memory.
13. Types of DNC systems:
There are 2 types of systems by which the
communication link is established between the
control computer and the machine tool.
1.Behind the tape reader (BTR) System.
2.Special machine control unit (SMCU) system
14. BTR SYSTEM:
1.In this arrangement , the computer is linked directly to the regular
NC control unit.
2.The replacement of the tape reader by the telecommunication
lines to the DNC computer is what gives BTR configuration
3. The connection with the computer is made between the tape reader
and the controller unit ---------- behind the tape reader.
4.The controller unit uses 2 temporary storage buffers to receive
blocks of instructions from the DNC computer and to convert them into
machine actions.
5.While one buffer is receiving a block of data , the other is providing
control instructions to the machine tool
15. SMCU SYSTEM:
1.In this arrangement , a special machine control unit completely replaces
the regular NC controller.
2.This special MCU is a device that is specially designed to facilitate
communication between the machine tool and the computer.
16.
17. Comparison between NC, CNC and DNC
machine tools
1. The part program is fed to the
machine through the
tapes or other such
media.
2. In order to modify the
program, the
tapes have to be changed.
3. In NC machine tool system,
tape reader is a part of
machine control unit.
4. System has no memory
storage and
each time it is run using
the tape.
5. It can not import
CAD files.
6. It can not use
feedback system.
7. They are not
software driven.
1. In CNC machine tool system,
the program is fed to the
machine through the
computer.
2. The programs can be
easily modified
with the help of computer.
3. The microprocessor or
minicomputer forms the
machine control unit. The
CNC machine does not
need tape reader.
4. It has memory storage
ability, in which part
program can be stored.
5
.
System can import CAD
files and convert it to part
program.
6. The system can use
feedback system.
7. The system is
software driven.
1. The part program is fed
to the machine through
the Main computer
2. In order to modify the
program, single
computer is used
3. Large memory of DNC
allows it to store a
large amount of part
program.
4. Same part program can
be run on different
machines at the same
time.
5. The data can be
processed using the MIS
software so as to
effectively carry out the
Production planning and
scheduling.