This document provides information about flexural testing of materials including steel, pine, and Douglas fir. It includes the experimental setup, procedures, formulas used to calculate flexural properties, graphs of load vs deformation, and tables of test data for each material. The key results are the ultimate flexural strengths of 2.2 kips for steel, 1.05 kips for pine, and still to be determined for Douglas fir. Comparisons are made between the flexural properties of the different materials.
The experiment involves tensile testing of materials using an Instron load frame and BlueHill data acquisition software. Four materials - 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, A-36 hot rolled steel, PMMA, and polycarbonate - were tested with cylindrical specimens containing a reduced gage section. Testing was conducted according to ASTM standards. The data gathered was used to calculate properties like elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength, which were plotted on stress-strain curves. The purpose was to determine key mechanical properties of each material and familiarize students with tensile testing procedures.
This document provides an overview of tensile testing. It discusses tensile specimens, testing machines, stress-strain curves, and key mechanical properties measured by tensile tests such as strength, ductility, and elastic modulus. Tensile tests are used to select materials, ensure quality, compare new materials/processes, and predict behavior under other loads. Stress-strain curves are generated by applying tension to a specimen and recording the resulting force and elongation. Important aspects of the curves, like yield strength and plastic deformation, are defined.
Tensile testing subjects a material sample to controlled tension until failure to determine properties like ultimate tensile strength and elongation. The test uses a universal testing machine to apply tension to a standardized tensile specimen, measuring properties like modulus of elasticity, yield stress, and fracture stress. The test procedure involves securing the specimen in the machine and applying tension until failure while recording the stress-strain curve.
In the material testing laboratory, Tensile test was done on a mild steel specimen as figure 4 to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The results were as table 1
This document discusses tensile testing and summarizes key material properties that can be determined from tensile tests. It describes how tensile tests are conducted according to standardized procedures, with specifications for specimen geometry. The document presents an example tensile test data set and calculations to determine properties like elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength. It also summarizes how tensile tests can be used to characterize a material's ductility and define properties like resilience, toughness, and Poisson's ratio.
Thesis - Design a Planar Simple Shear Test for Characterizing Large Strange B...Marshal Fulford
This document presents the results of a finite element analysis of a tensile loaded shear sample used to characterize the large strain behavior of sheet metals. The analysis validated that the gauge section experiences a state of simple shear. Additional simulations examined the effects of mesh sensitivity, fillets in the gauge section corners to reduce stress concentrations, and a smaller gauge section aspect ratio. The tensile loaded shear sample was concluded to produce a simple shear state in the gauge section.
This experiment tested the tensile properties of steel, aluminum, and two polymeric materials. Specimens of each material were pulled apart in a tensile testing machine at a constant strain rate to measure properties like yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation. The engineering stress-strain and true stress-strain curves were plotted and compared for each material. Values for properties like Young's modulus, yield stress, and tensile strength were determined from the curves and compared to literature values. Sources of experimental error were also discussed.
Hammad Shoaib submitted a lab report for the Mechanics of Solids course to determine various mechanical properties of materials through tensile and bend tests. The report describes procedures to develop a stress-strain curve for steel rebar and determine its yield strength, ultimate strength, modulus of elasticity, and percentage elongation. Additional experiments include a bend test to examine ductility and a tensile test on wood to find compressive strengths parallel and perpendicular to the grain.
Objective of the experiment:
1 - Study the relationship between the force (P) and
elongation (ΔL).
2 - Stability and study the relationship between strain (ε)
and stress (σ).
3 - Study the concept of the mechanical properties of solids.
4 - Establish a modulus of elasticity (E)
A universal testing machine, also known as a universal tester, materials testing machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile stress and compressive strength of materials.
Tensile testing is one method routinely used to determine the mechanical properties of plastics. This piece presents an example of measuring the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), Polyoxymethylene (POM), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS)
Design of a testing bench, statistical and reliability analysis of some mecha...IAEME Publication
This document describes the design and manufacturing of a testing bench to determine mechanical properties of materials and stiffness of springs or absorption factors of shock absorbers simultaneously. The testing bench uses combinations of test specimens and springs or shock absorbers. Statistical analysis is conducted on the results to determine mean values and standard deviations of the spring stiffness or material properties such as resilience or tensile strength. Specifically, the testing of ebony wood samples and a spring determined the spring stiffness and wood resilience. Testing of glass samples and a spring or shock absorber yielded the spring/absorber properties and glass tensile strength.
Shanta Engineering is incepted in the year 1978. We are one of the leading manufacturers and exporters of a wide range of products. We manufacture a wide range of Testing Instruments and Equipment's that are used to test rubber, plastic, cables and allied materials. Our product range includes Laboratory Testing Equipment, Cable Testing Instruments, Testing Machine and machines for agricultural application.
Our range of products are manufactured as per different standards used by our customers and also sometimes they are customized to satisfy special requirements of our customers.
With a group of experienced & talented personnel together our design & development of machine / instruments are at par with the imported testing equipment's on quality basis. Although we are offering the highest quality level to match with the imported Testing Equipment's, we always see to it that the cost of our all equipment's are affordable to a small budget buyers. We export our product to Indian Subcontinent country.
Multi Response Optimization of Friction Stir Lap Welding Process Parameters U...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study that optimized friction stir lap welding process parameters using a multi-criteria decision making approach. Experiments were conducted using different combinations of tool rotational speed, welding speed, and tool tilt angle. The responses of hardness, shear strength, elongation percentage, and peak load were measured. These responses were optimized using Deng's similarity-based method to determine the optimal parameter values. The method calculated normalized values, assigned weights to each response, and determined positive and negative ideal solutions. It was found that the optimum parameter values were a tool rotational speed of 710 rpm, welding speed of 1.5 mm/min, and tool tilt angle of 1 degree.
This document describes the design of a steel staircase with 12 steps to provide access between two floors of a household. Key details include:
- The design concept uses 12 steel steps connected by brackets to a central 6" diameter pole.
- Analysis shows the welds and fasteners will withstand the intended 300 lb load capacity with safety factors above 1.
- Features include pre-welded construction for easy assembly using bolts, and durable all-steel design.
This document describes an experiment on tensile testing of materials. It discusses preparing dog-bone shaped samples according to ASTM D638 standards. Tensile testing is done using a Shimadzu tensile testing machine to measure properties like stress and strain. Careful sample preparation and dimensions matching standards are needed to obtain accurate property values from the experiment. The conclusions emphasize getting the right sample dimension values according to standards to determine material properties correctly.
The document discusses a presentation on a universal testing machine. It describes how the machine is used to apply tensile, compressive, and shear forces to test materials and measure their properties. It explains that the machine uses load cells, crossheads, and columns to grip specimens and apply and measure forces. The document outlines the working principle of the machine and procedures for tensile and compression tests.
The document describes a tensile test experiment conducted to determine the mechanical properties of mild steel. The experiment involved applying a tensile load to a mild steel specimen and measuring its elongation. Key results were:
1) The specimen necked at a load of just over 8kN, exceeding its elastic limit.
2) The maximum load of 12kN caused necking in the specimen.
3) The specimen fractured at a load of 8.9kN after continued elongation beyond the maximum load.
4) Results from the experiment matched the expected mechanical behavior of mild steel under tension, validating the initial hypothesis.
This document describes an experiment on tensile testing of materials. It discusses preparing dog-bone shaped samples according to ASTM D638 standards. Tensile testing is done using a Shimadzu tensile testing machine to measure properties like stress and strain. Careful sample preparation and dimensions matching standards are needed to obtain accurate property values from the experiment. The conclusions emphasize getting the right sample dimension values according to standards to determine material properties correctly.
Strength of material lab, Exp 3&4: Compression and impact testsOsaid Qasim
- Utilization the UTM machine and know the different
ways that could test the material’s properties.
2- Knowing the different types of failure in the compression.
3- Determining Young's modulus “E” and Passion’s ratio
“υ” and Yield/Proof stress σ y.
1. Finding the impact load effect on the materials.
2. Finding the relative toughness of the different materials.
3. Distinguish between static and dynamic loads and how differently they
effect in the material.
4.Knowing the different methods to preform the impact test (Charpy,
IZOD, Impact tensile).
Page 6 of 8Engineering Materials ScienceMetals LabLEEDS .docxbunyansaturnina
Page 6 of 8Engineering Materials Science
Metals Lab
LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT & ENGINEERING
Course: BSc (Hons) Civil Engineering BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering
HND Civil Engineering
Laboratory Experiment:
Stress-Strain Behaviour of Mild Steel and High Yield Steel bars.
Associated Module(s)
Level 4 Engineering Materials Science
Object of Experiment
To investigate the stress-strain behaviour of the above materials.
Theory/Analysis
A knowledge of the behaviour of structural steel under load is essential to ensure structural collapse does not occur and that serviceability requirements are achieved. In these respects the following mechanical properties of a material are required:-
1. The yield stress, σy (or 0.2% proof stress)
2. The Elastic (or Young’s) Modulus, E
3. The maximum tensile strength, σmax
4. The stress at failure, ie the fracture stress, σf
5. The % elongation at failure
Apparatus
1. 500kN Denison Testing Machine
2. Extensometer and Denison extension gauge (measures cross head movement)
3. Grade 250 plain round mild steel bar, 20mm diameter
Characteristic strength = 250 N/mm²
Conforms to BS 4449.
4. Grade 460 deformed high yield steel.
Reinforcing bar, T16, 16mm diameter.
Characteristic strength = 460 N/mm²
Conforms to BS 4449.
Method
Each of the bars in turn is placed in the jaws of the testing machine.
The 50mm extensometer is attached to the bar and zeroed.
Load is applied and recorded in increments up to failure. For each load increment, extension readings from the extensometer and the Denison extension gauge are noted.
At the yield point, the extensometer is removed to prevent damage to it and readings continue on the Denison extension gauge.
The load at failure and the manner of failure are noted.
See the Figure below showing the Test Setup.
(
L
G
values; L
G
= 100 mm for the plain
round
bar, and L
G
= 80 mm for the deformed
high yield
bar
) (
L
G
,
gauge length of the samples
) (
P = the tensile force applied to bars from Dennison testing machine
) (
P
) (
Extension of the sample bars is measured by:
the
Dennison (on-board) extension gauge which monitors cross-head
movement
. This effectively gives sample extension readings from the start of the test (P = 0) through to failure.
An extensometer gauge. This is accurate only over the initial linear-elastic phase of the test.
) (
P
)
Each student should prepare and submit a laboratory report, the results and discussion sections are outlined below:a) Results and Calculations
Readings of load (P), against extension (e), have been recorded for each specimen tested and provided to you (appended at the end of this laboratory briefing document).
Knowing the original bar diameters (d), load data can converted to stress (σ) by dividing each load reading by the appropriate cross sectional area.
Strain values are determined by dividing the extension (e) data by the appropriate gauge length for each bar (LG); the g.
This lab report summarizes a compression test experiment conducted to determine the mechanical properties of a metal alloy sample. The experiment involved compressing the sample between two plates using a universal testing machine while measuring stress and strain. The results showed the stress-strain curve for the material and identified its maximum compression strength. The objective was to learn how materials behave under compressive loads and determine properties like elastic modulus, yield point, and ultimate strength.
This lab report summarizes a compression test experiment conducted to determine the mechanical properties of a metal alloy sample. The experiment involved compressing the sample between two plates using a universal testing machine while measuring stress and strain. The results showed the stress-strain curve for the material and identified its maximum compression strength. The objective was to learn how materials behave under compressive loads and determine properties like elastic modulus, yield point, and ultimate strength.
This document describes an experiment to determine the deflection and bending stress of a cantilever beam. A cantilever beam is clamped at one end and free at the other. Deflection measurements are taken at the free end as loads are applied. The deflection values are used to calculate the beam's Young's modulus and bending strength based on equations that relate deflection to the beam's properties and loading. Proper measurement techniques and safety precautions are outlined to ensure accurate results. The experiment is designed to analyze beam behavior under bending loads.
This report summarizes a shock test experiment on a cantilevered aluminum beam. A rotating hammer struck the beam at various angles, and a string gauge measured the resulting deformation. The maximum impact strain of 1876 μ-strain occurred at 20 degrees. Calculations determined the maximum stress on the beam was 18760.69 psi, which is 40.43% of the yield stress for aluminum. The energy loss in the system was approximately 28.5%, and the natural frequency of the beam was 76.92 Hz. The experiment verified relationships between impact energy, beam deformation, and impact angle.
This document discusses using degradation data to model reliability and predict failure times. It begins by explaining how failures can be caused by degradation over time in mechanical components and integrated circuits. Examples of degradation mechanisms like creep, fatigue, and corrosion are provided. The document then discusses using non-destructive and destructive inspection of degradation parameters to build models and predict reliability. Accelerated degradation testing is also covered as a way to quickly generate degradation data under elevated stress conditions. Overall, the document provides an overview of modeling reliability using degradation data and predicting failure times based on degradation paths.
This document outlines an experiment to measure strain on a cantilever beam using resistance strain gauges. It includes an introduction explaining strain measurement using strain gauges, objectives of learning how to use strain indicators and apply uncertainty analysis. The methodology section details the equipment used including a cantilever beam, strain gauges, weights and amplifier. The experimentation section provides steps to mount the beam, zero the amplifier, record strain measurements at different beam lengths and weight amounts. The results section shows tables of strain values measured. Finally, the conclusions note that strain increased with increasing beam length and load amount as expected.
Shaft design Erdi Karaçal Mechanical Engineer University of GaziantepErdi Karaçal
This document discusses the design of an industrial railway car shaft that is subjected to various loading conditions including bending, torsion, axial loading, and shear. The author performs both static failure analysis and fatigue failure analysis to size the shaft diameter. For fatigue analysis, the author calculates stress concentration factors and endurance limits. An initial diameter of 37.63mm is obtained from static analysis, which is then checked against fatigue analysis criteria. The final recommended diameter is 58mm, providing a safety factor of 1.55 when accounting for torsional loads in addition to bending. Deflection analysis is also performed to evaluate the shaft deformation.
Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension Object .docxSANSKAR20
Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension
Object: The object of this experiment is to measure the tensile properties of two polymeric
materials, steel and aluminum at a constant strain rate on the Tension testing machine.
Background: For structural applications of materials such as bridges, pressure vessels, ships,
and automobiles, the tensile properties of the metal material set the criteria for a safe design.
Polymeric materials are being used more and more in structural applications, particularly in
automobiles and pressure vessels. New applications emerge as designers become aware of
the differences in the properties of metals and polymers and take full advantage of them. The
analyses of structures using metals or plastics require that the data be available.
Stress-Strain: The tensile properties of a material are obtained by pulling a specimen of
known geometry apart at a fixed rate of straining until it breaks or stretches to the machines
limit. It is useful to define the load per unit area (stress) as a parameter rather than load to
avoid the confusion that would arise from the fact that the load and the change in length are
dependent on the cross-sectional area and original length of the specimen. The stress,
however, changes during the test for two reasons: the load increases and the cross-sectional
area decreases as the specimen gets longer.
Therefore, the stress can be calculated by two formulae which are distinguished as
engineering stress and true stress, respectively.
(1) = P/Ao= Engineering Stress (lbs/in
2 or psi)
P = load (lbs)
Ao= original cross-sectional area (in
2)
(2) T= P/Ai = True Stress
Ai = instantaneous cross-sectional area (in
2)
Likewise, the elongation is normalized per unit length of specimen and is called strain. The
strain may be based on the original length or the instantaneous length such that
(3) =(lf - lo)/ lo = l / lo = Engineering Strain, where
lf= final gage length (in)
lo= original gage length (in)
(4) T= ln ( li / lo ) = ln (1 +) = True Strain, where
li = instantaneous gage length (in)
ln = natural logarithm
For a small elongation the engineering strain is very close to the true strain when l=1.2 lo,
then = 0.2 and T= ln 1.2 = 0.182. The engineering stress is related to the true stress by
(5) T= (1 + )
The true stress would be 20% higher in the case above where the specimen is 20% longer
than the original length. As the relative elongation increases, the true strain will become
significantly less than the engineering strain while the true stress becomes much greater than
the engineering stress. When l= 4.0 lo then = 3.0 but the true strain =ln 4.0 = 1.39.
Therefore, the true strain is less than 1/2 of the engineering strain. The true stress (T) = (1+
3.0) = 4, or the true stress is 4 times the engineering stress.
Tensile Test Nom ...
Fabrication and Analysis of Fatigue Testing Machinetheijes
The document describes the fabrication and analysis of a fatigue testing machine. Key points:
- The machine subjects material specimens to repeated cyclic loading to determine their fatigue strength and create S-N curves.
- Components include a motor, bearings, frame, testing specimens of mild steel and stainless steel, a sensor, and digital counter.
- Testing of the materials generated S-N curves and estimated their endurance limits, which were within 20% of actual values.
- The design provides an affordable way to experimentally determine fatigue properties of materials through cyclic loading tests.
Numerical modeling of the welding defect influence on fatigue life of the wel...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
1) Tensile tests were conducted on four materials: A-36 steel, 6061-T6 aluminum, polycarbonate, and PMMA. The tests determined properties like ultimate tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and yield strength.
2) A-36 steel had the highest ultimate tensile strength and true fracture strength, while 6061-T6 aluminum had a higher yield strength than steel. Polycarbonate was the most ductile.
3) Engineering stress-strain curves were plotted from the test data and used to calculate material properties like modulus of resilience and toughness.
The document describes procedures for conducting a tensile test to determine properties of a ductile material specimen. Key steps include measuring the original dimensions of the specimen, clamping it in a universal testing machine and applying a tensile load until fracture. Load and extension readings are recorded to plot stress-strain curves and calculate properties like yield strength, tensile strength, elongation and Young's modulus. The test is aimed at understanding tensile behavior, stress-strain relationships and evaluating mechanical properties of engineering materials.
This document describes an experiment conducted to demonstrate and measure fluid flow rates using different flow meter types. The experiment utilized a hydraulic bench unit with various components like a volumetric measuring tank and submersible pump. Three common flow meters - a rotameter, venture meter, and orifice plate - were used to measure the flow rate of water. The procedure involved taking readings from the flow meters and hydraulic bench at different flow rates. These readings were then used to calculate the actual flow rates and discharge coefficients for each meter. Graphs were made to analyze the relationships between actual and indicated flow rates and how the venture meter's discharge coefficient changed with actual flow rate.
1. The experiment aimed to dilute a drilling mud from 8.65 ppg to 8.45 ppg by adding 666.66 cc of water incrementally and measuring the mud weight each time.
2. Errors in the experiment likely contributed to the measured mud density being 8.45 ppg instead of the target 8.5 ppg, including impurities in the water, inaccurate measurements, and bentonite losses during mixing and weighing.
3. Proper dilution of drilling mud is important to avoid issues like lost circulation, formation damage, decreased rate of penetration, and poor hole cleaning during drilling operations.
The document describes a mud weighting experiment where barite was added to bentonite mud to increase its density. Barite is commonly used to weight muds because it is inexpensive, readily available, and chemically inert, allowing mud weights to reach 20 ppg. The experiment involved preparing bentonite mud, measuring its initial density, then adding 117.6g of barite and measuring the final density. Some potential sources of error included barite powder being lost or sticking to surfaces during mixing and imprecise electronic balance measurements.
This document provides safety information and guidelines for Illinois Tool Works Inc. (ITW) 5980 Series Dual Column Floor Frames. It contains three main points:
1) It lists general safety precautions that users must follow when operating materials testing systems, which can be potentially hazardous due to high forces, rapid motions, and stored energy.
2) It provides several warnings about specific hazards like crush hazards and flying debris that could result in injury. It advises pressing the emergency stop button if an unsafe condition exists.
3) It gives additional warnings regarding hazards from extreme temperatures, unexpected motion when transferring between manual and computer control, rotating machinery, and pressurized hydraulic systems. Users are advised to disconnect
The document describes experiments conducted to measure surface tension using a tapered vessel, capillary tubes, and surface tension balance. It provides background on surface tension and adhesive forces. The students measure the surface tension of liquids and discuss potential sources of error between measured and theoretical surface tension values, such as temperature fluctuations and human error in reading instruments.
1. The document describes an experiment to calibrate an electronic pressure sensor by measuring hydrostatic pressure in a communicating tube system and with the sensor.
2. The experiment involves filling communicating tubes with water to equal levels, then using an equation to calculate actual pressure (Pact) based on height and measuring indicated pressure (Psen) with the sensor.
3. A graph shows the calibrating curve for the pressure sensor, with Pact along the x-axis and Psen along the y-axis forming a linear relationship, demonstrating the sensor was accurately calibrated.
The document describes an experiment to calibrate a Bourdon pressure gauge using a dead-weight pressure gauge calibration system. The system applies pressure via weighted pistons which act on hydraulic oil, allowing a test gauge to be calibrated by comparing its readings to known pressure levels. Procedures are outlined for checking the zero point and then taking readings at incremental pressure levels by adding weights to the system. Sources of potential error are discussed. Calibration curves are examined to verify the accuracy of the test gauge by comparing actual pressure values to measured readings.
This is a preliminary text for the chapter. The Oslo Group is invited to provide comments on the
general structure and coverage of the chapter (for example, if it covers the relevant aspects related to
measurement units and conversion factors, and if there are additional topics that should be covered in
this chapter), and on the recommendations to be contained in IRES.
The current text presents the recommendations from the UN Manual F.29 as well as some points that
were raised during the last OG meeting. The issue of “harmonization” of standard/default conversion
factors still needs to be addressed. It was suggested that tables be moved to an annex. Please provide
your views on which ones should be retained in the chapter.
This document provides information on the International System of Units (SI) and the SPE Metric Standard adopted by the Society of Petroleum Engineers. It defines the seven base SI units like meters, kilograms, seconds. It also describes derived units and SI prefixes that are multiplied to units. Guidelines are given for applying the metric system including proper use of unit symbols and quantities like mass, force, weight. Standards for selected metric units used in petroleum are also discussed.
This document provides conversion factors and formulas for converting between common units used in petroleum technology. It includes tables for converting between units of volume, mass, density, temperature, pressure, energy, and prefixes. Key tables provide conversion factors for oil volume and mass units (e.g. barrels to tonnes), density units (e.g. specific gravity to API gravity), temperature units (e.g. Celsius to Fahrenheit), and pressure units (e.g. bars to atmospheres). A glossary at the end defines important technical terms used in the petroleum industry.
This experiment measured the viscosity of drilling mud using a Marsh funnel viscometer. The mud sample had a viscosity of 27.45 seconds as measured by the funnel. Factors like temperature, mud composition, and equipment accuracy can impact viscosity measurements. Maintaining the proper viscosity is important for suspending cuttings and limiting friction pressure during drilling operations.
This document provides instructions for using a trimming core plug machine to cut rock core samples to a desired size. The machine uses two radial saws that can cut both ends of a core plug simultaneously with cooling water. Safety precautions when using the machine include not touching the cutting wheels and only operating it when the hood is closed. The experiment involves clamping the core sample, starting the water pump, trimming the sample with the saw, unclamping the sample, and measuring its diameter and length. Basic maintenance is to keep the machine clean and change the fluid as needed.
The document describes the roles of team members on a project to analyze different types of gas reservoirs. It discusses retrograde gas-condensate reservoirs, where temperature is between critical temperature and cricondentherm, leading to liquid dropout during production. Near critical gas condensate reservoirs have temperatures near the critical point, causing rapid liquid buildup below the critical point. Dry gas reservoirs have temperatures above cricondentherm, so the fluids remain vapor during depletion. Wet gas reservoirs initially have vapor phase fluids, but pressure and temperature declines cause the fluids to enter the two-phase region and produce liquid.
This document describes an experiment on static and dynamic pressure conducted by a group of students. The aim was to measure dynamic pressure. The introduction defines static and dynamic pressure in fluids. The theory section explains that dynamic pressure depends on fluid density and velocity, and can be calculated using principles from Bernoulli's equation. The procedures describe preparing the experiment, taking measurements of static and total pressure using a manometer, and calculating velocity from the pressure readings. Tools used include a manometer and Prandtl's tube. The discussion analyzes graphs of pressure and velocity and explores sources of error.
The document discusses the center of pressure and its importance in engineering. It addresses:
1) The relationship between (hp-h(dash)) and (h) and how they relate at different angles Θ.
2) Why the center of pressure is important for engineers, as it allows them to evenly balance lift on aircraft.
3) The difference between the center of pressure and center of gravity - the center of pressure is the point where lifting and drag forces act on a fluid, while the center of gravity is one of the forces that must be considered.
The document discusses various concepts related to fluid dynamics including static pressure, dynamic pressure, and dynamic head. It defines static pressure as the pressure of non-moving fluid, while dynamic pressure is the pressure of moving fluid and equals the difference between total pressure and static pressure. Dynamic pressure is also defined as the kinetic energy within a unit volume of moving fluid particles. An equation for calculating dynamic wind pressure based on wind speed is provided. The document also notes that static and dynamic head are equal when the two surfaces of a liquid are at the same level, meaning they have the same head.
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Hate speech detection using machine learningrakeshrocking3
Hate speech detection involves the application of natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning techniques to identify and categorize text that contains harmful, offensive, or discriminatory language targeted towards individuals or groups based on attributes like race, religion, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation. The goal is to automate the process of identifying such content to prevent its spread and mitigate its negative impact.
FINE-TUNING OF SMALL/MEDIUM LLMS FOR BUSINESS QA ON STRUCTURED DATAkevig
Enabling business users to directly query their data sources is a significant advantage for organisations.
The majority of enterprise data is housed within databases, requiring extensive procedures that involve
intermediary layers for reporting and its related customization. The concept of enabling natural language
queries, where a chatbot can interpret user questions into database queries and promptly return results,
holds promise for expediting decision-making and enhancing business responsiveness. This approach
empowers experienced users to swiftly obtain data-driven insights. The integration of Text-to-SQL and
Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities represents a solution to this challenge, offering businesses a
powerful tool for query automation. However, security concerns prevent organizations from granting direct
database access akin to platforms like OpenAI. To address this limitation, this Paper proposes developing
fine-tuned small/medium LLMs tailored to specific domains like retail and supply chain.These models
would be trained on domain-specific questions and Queries that answer these questions based on the
database table structures to ensure efficacy and security. A pilot study is undertaken to bridge this gap by
fine-tuning selected LLMs to handle business-related queries and associated database structures, focusing
on sales and supply chain domains. The research endeavours to experiment with zero-shot and fine-tuning
techniques to identify the optimal model. Notably, a new dataset is curated for fine-tuning, comprising
business-specific questions pertinent to the sales and supply chain sectors. This experimental framework
aims to evaluate the readiness of LLMs to meet the demands for business query automation within these
specific domains. The study contributes to the progression of natural language query processing and
database interaction within the realm of business intelligence applications.
Slides from my talk at MinneAnalytics 2024 - June 7, 2024
https://datatech2024.sched.com/event/1eO0m/time-state-analytics-a-new-paradigm
Across many domains, we see a growing need for complex analytics to track precise metrics at Internet scale to detect issues, identify mitigations, and analyze patterns. Think about delays in airlines (Logistics), food delivery tracking (Apps), detect fraudulent transactions (Fintech), flagging computers for intrusion (Cybersecurity), device health (IoT), and many more.
For instance, at Conviva, our customers want to analyze the buffering that users on some types of devices suffer, when using a specific CDN.
We refer to such problems as Multidimensional Time-State Analytics. Time-State here refers to the stateful context-sensitive analysis over event streams needed to capture metrics of interest, in contrast to simple aggregations. Multidimensional refers to the need to run ad hoc queries to drill down into subpopulations of interest. Furthermore, we need both real-time streaming and offline retrospective analysis capabilities.
In this talk, we will share our experiences to explain why state-of-art systems offer poor abstractions to tackle such workloads and why they suffer from poor cost-performance tradeoffs and significant complexity.
We will also describe Conviva’s architectural and algorithmic efforts to tackle these challenges. We present early evidence on how raising the level of abstraction can reduce developer effort, bugs, and cloud costs by (up to) an order of magnitude, and offer a unified framework to support both streaming and retrospective analysis. We will also discuss how our ideas can be plugged into existing pipelines and how our new ``visual'' abstraction can democratize analytics across many domains and to non-programmers.
Presentation slide on DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MOBILE CONTROLLED DRAINAGE.pptxEr. Kushal Ghimire
To address increased waste dumping in drains, a low-cost drainage cleaning robot controlled via a mobile app is designed to reduce human intervention and improve automation. Connected via Bluetooth, the robot’s chain circulates, moving a mesh with a lifter to carry solid waste to a bin. This project aims to clear clogs, ensure free water flow, and transform society into a cleaner, healthier environment, reducing disease spread from direct sewage contact. It’s especially effective during heavy rains with high water and garbage flow.
Updated Limitations of Simplified Methods for Evaluating the Potential for Li...
exp no.1 tensile test
1. 1
Faculty of Engineering Petroleum
Engineering Department
Mechanics of material Laboratory, 2nd stage
Experiment Name: tensile test experiment
Prepared by: Muhammed Fuad Rashid
Ahmad Jalal Hassan
Muhammad Hassan Aziz
Safwan Tofiq Ameen
Group: A
Supervised by: Dr.Diyar
Date of Submit: 22/10/2019
2. 2
Contents
Aim of the experiment1.1................................................................................................................3
Introduction1.2................................................................................................................................4
Methodology 2.1 .............................................................................................................................6
Sample preparation2.2 ....................................................................................................................7
Test machine 2.3..............................................................................................................................8
Test proceeding 2.4 .........................................................................................................................9
Result and discussion 3.0 ...............................................................................................................10
Results obtained from the graph(data) 3.1.....................................................................................14
Conclusion 4.0 ...............................................................................................................................15
Reference5.0 .................................................................................................................................16
3. 3
Aim of the experiment1.1
The aim of this test of this experiment is to understand the
uniaxial tensile testing and provide knowledge of the application
of the tensile test machine.
4. 4
Introduction1.2
Tensile testing is one of the simplest and most widely used
mechanical tests. By measuring the force required to elongate a
specimen to breaking point, material properties can be
determined that will allow designers and quality managers to
predict how materials and products will behave in application.
6. 6
Methodology 2.1
The Tensile Test Process Involves Material testing, using the tensile
or tension test method, involves applying an ever-increasing load to
a test sample up to the point of failure. The process creates a
stress/strain curve showing how the material reacts throughout the
tensile test.
7. 7
Sample preparation2.2
To perform a tension or compression test a specimen of the material
ism made into a “standard” shape and size. The important part of
the specimen is the gage section. The cross-sectional area of the
gage section is reduced relative to that of the remainder of the
specimen so that deformation and failure will be localized in
this region. It has a constant circular cross section with enlarged
ends, so that failure will not occur at the grips.
Before testing, two small punch marks are placed along the
specimen’s uniform length. Measurements are taken of both the
specimen’s initial cross-sectional area, and the gauge-length distance
between the punch marks. For example, our specimen was a cross
sectional cylinder in our experiment in the specimen’s composition
was( steel) ant its dimension’s was;
A length nearly initial of (341 mm) and a dimeter of gauge of (112
mm), The sample was already machined to the proper dimensions
required for the test, according to ASTM standards.
8. 8
Test machine 2.3
A machine is used in tensile test experiments to perform the
experiment and our lab tensile test have the specifications and its
description below;
Model No. 5982
System ID /SN 5982L33117
Configuration E1-F1-G1
capacity 100KN(2500Ib)
weight 784kg(1732Ib)
Date of manufacture March,21,2012
voltage 220 Volts
frequency 47-63 Hz
Maximum power 3500 VA
Circuit breaker 20Amp
Short circuit current
9. 9
Test proceeding 2.4
First after the specimen was prepared which its mentioned how
prepared in preparation of sample section, now the first should be
done The Blue Hill data acquisition software was started and The
load cell was zeroed to ensure that the software only measured the
tensile load applied to the specimen or we can delay this option till
the start of tensile test axial load procedure, after that The specimen
was loaded into the jaws of the Instron load frame so that it was
equally spaced between the two clamps and connected to the
machine ,this should be done accurately and not let slippage happen
between the jaws so as to obtain the right values and properties of
the sample, also prevent damage to the machine.
After the sample was connected to the machine the blue hill software
was set to the right options for the specimen’s property and proceeding
the software to prepare for the test (we don’t talk about how the
software is set, takes too to explain) but there’s some need to be
mentioned for example, the strain ratio (defined at definition section)
Strain ratio=10mm/minute
And its very important to set the strain ration in a small ratio to
ensure the accurate results.
10. 10
Then, the test was started, and the specimen was load P Applied ,
resulting in a measureable strain, after that the load was applied we
waited nearly for 10 minutes and till the sample was fractured and got
to rapture ,what we observed meanwhile was the sample was got to a
neacking part (defined in definition section) which its dimeter was
reduced because in increasing at length and to elongate, a few seconds
the specimen was fractured in circular shape, that was the end of the
producer .
Result and discussion 3.0
After the test was produced ,the data was gathered and obtained the
right values on a graph(software’s proceeding) ,from the graph we
can determine lot of the specimens properties which is the aim of our
experiment
-10000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Load N
Loa…
11. 11
according to the Fig.1 which obtained from the test ,we will try to
explain the following terms ;
Proportional limit
Elastic limit
Ultimate stress
Necking
Fracture or rapture
1-proportional limit First a our specimen have Proportional limit
which can be defined as From the 0 point to the point called
proportional limit which the stress strain curve is a straight line
according to hooks law as long as stress applied the sample strains
and elongate , here in our diagram the proportional limit is
relatively when our force (N) equals = 60000
After that the sample will no more be a proportional straight line
curve , it goes to another stage called elastic limit
2-elastic limit can be defined as the limit after that limit the sample
will no more back to original shape, our samples elastic limit can
nearly determined between range of Force of (61000)N
12. 12
3-YIELD point it’s the point that the material can elongate without
any load increasing which is also nearly after the elastic range or
elastic limit.
4-Ultimate stress can be defined easily as the top of our curve in the
diagram which is the ,maximum strength could the specimen take
which can also be determined nearly 79000N.
5-rapture easily can be defined as the point the sample breaks or
fracture in the gauge length ,here we have an image when our sample
broke below
14. 14
Results obtained from the graph(data) 3.1
1-Maximum Strain(Elongation)=4.5mm
2-Young modulus=ratio stress/ratio strain=(y2-y1)(x2-x1)
Young modulus test 1 = (19000-0)(2-0)=9.5kpa
Young modulus test 2= (51000-33000)(6-4)=9kpa
Young modulus test 3= (58000-51000)(7-6)=8kpa
Young modulus average=(9.5+9+8)3 = 8.833kpa
3-Maximum stress=Maximum force /Area
=790003.14 *((122)1000)2
Maximum stress =698 Gpa
15. 15
Conclusion 4.0
Tensile tests are fundamental for understanding properties of
different materials also it is a quality test to determine condition of
material under tension until failure, and how they will behave under
load. In This lab we tested one different material, which is mild steel
specimen. The data from the test was used to determine valuable
material properties such as strength, yield point, ductility, necking
phenomenon, modulus of elasticity and stress-strain curve the
maximum strength (under tension), how much the specimen
elongate , This test will show how material reacts under tension and
properties and more.