Finfish breeding and hatchery management pdf

The document discusses the global ornamental fish trade and breeding of popular species. It provides details on the production of egg-laying fish like goldfish and angel fish which require different care depending on parental behaviors. Methods for breeding live-bearing fish such as guppies, platies, swordtails and mollies are also outlined, noting internal fertilization and live birth of young.

The document discusses the construction and maintenance of a fish farm. It describes selecting a suitable location based on topography, soil type, and water supply. The ideal layout includes hatchery pits, nursery ponds, rearing ponds, and stocking ponds of different sizes. Pond maintenance involves liming to control parasites, fertilizing to increase natural food sources, and harvesting fish when they reach maturity. Proper site selection and regular pond upkeep are essential for a productive and sustainable fish farming operation.

Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand. History Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country. Important characteristics of Indian major carps:- Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in

This document discusses the different components and types of fisheries in India. It covers inland fisheries including capture fisheries from rivers, reservoirs, and lakes, as well as culture fisheries conducted on fish farms. It also discusses coastal fisheries including estuarine fisheries that provide nursery grounds for fish and brakishwater fisheries. Finally, it covers marine fisheries along India's east and west coasts and the types of fish found in each region.

The document discusses the hypophysation technique for inducing breeding in fish. It involves removing the pituitary gland from donor fish, preparing an extract from the gland, and injecting the extract into recipient fish to induce spawning. The technique was first developed commercially in Brazil and was attempted in India in 1937 to induce breeding in Mrigal fish. The document provides details on selecting donor fish, removing and storing the pituitary glands, preparing the extract, injecting it, and releasing the induced donor fish.

Pen culture involves holding culturable aquatic organisms in enclosed spaces surrounded by nets or fences while maintaining water flow. It originated in Asia in the early 1920s and was later introduced to freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Pens are usually built in shallow waters and consist of barriers made from various materials like concrete, wire mesh, or nylon nets. Common species cultured in pens include various carp, milkfish, tilapia, and prawns. While pen culture provides benefits like increased production and growth, it also faces challenges like damage from predators, fouling, and poor harvest recovery rates. Overall, pen culture is best suited for extensive or semi-intensive aquaculture.

The cold water fisheries deal with fisheries activity in water where temperature of water ranges from 5 to 25 degrees centigrade. The water temperature under cold water fisheries should not be more than 25°C even in summer. Such conditions in India occur in Himalayan and peninsular regions. 9 Finest Coldwater Aquarium Fish Orangethroat Darter. Three-Spined Stickleback. Orange-Spotted Sunfish. Diamond Sturgeon. Siberian Sturgeon. Sterlet. Fathead Minnow. Southern redbelly dace. Tench. Rosy Barb. Hailing from Afghanistan and Bangladesh, this little fish is tolerant of temperatures in … Gold Barb. The gold bard, or Chinese barb, is an extremely popular cold-water fish. Any aquarium … Two Spot Barb. This fish hails from Nepal, India, and Pakistan. The omnivorous two spot barb … Bloodfin Tetra. Natives to Southern Brazil and Paraguay, both the standard bloodfin . Coldwater fish in terms of the aquarium trade refers to any fish species that prefer cooler water temperatures. The optimal temperatures for these fish hover around the 68-degree mark, although each species’ temperature range may vary from the norm.

This document discusses paddy-cum-fish culture as a technique for integrated fish and rice farming. It provides details on the history and development of rice-fish culture, site selection considerations, suitable fish and rice varieties, culture techniques, trench designs, advantages and disadvantages. An economic analysis compares the net return from traditional paddy cultivation versus paddy-cum-fish culture, finding that the integrated system provides over double the income. The conclusion states that rice-fish culture is an innovative system that boosts rice yields, generates additional income from fish, and helps reduce farmer poverty while creating jobs.

1. There are three types of reservoirs in India - small (<1000 hectares), medium (1000-5000 hectares), and large (>5000 hectares). Small reservoirs account for the largest number (19,134) and area (1.48 million hectares). 2. Indian reservoirs tend to be nutrient-rich with narrow temperature fluctuations that prevent thermal stratification in many areas. Biotic communities include phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, and decomposers like bacteria and fungi. 3. Fish production in Indian reservoirs is low on average at 20 kg/ha compared to potential yields, with room for improvement through management practices like stocking preferred fish species.

Traditional aquaculture practices have been used in India for centuries, as documented in ancient texts. These include brackish water shrimp and fish farming using tidal flows. In western India, Bhery culture involves constructing ponds surrounded by earthen dykes, with sluice gates to control tidal water entry and drainage. Sea water and naturally occurring plankton and organic matter support fish growth. In southern India, Pokkali fields use similar tidal flooding of rice paddies for shrimp culture after the rice is harvested. These traditional low-input methods continue today in some areas, though productivity is low.

Fertilized fish eggs are known as Fish seeds. In simple words, they are the baby fishes used for seeding new Ponds in fisheries. Fish seed transportation is a process by which transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing ponds.

Setting an aquarium is an important steps to maintaining healthy ornamental fishes. It gives mind relaxation and peaceful. It is a hobby and reduces the stress also

The document discusses India's inland water resources including rivers, reservoirs, lakes, tanks, ponds, wetlands, lagoons and estuaries. It notes that rivers cover over 1.9 lakh km and reservoirs cover over 3.15 million hectares. Major river systems include the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, and rivers along the east and west coasts. Inland fisheries production has increased from 0.75 million tonnes in 1950-51 to over 8 million tonnes in 2009-10. States like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are major producers.

This document discusses estuaries and estuarine fisheries in India. It defines an estuary and notes that India has over 55 estuaries along its eastern and western coasts, totaling approximately 30,000 square kilometers. Several major river systems like the Ganges, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna form highly productive estuarine ecosystems. The document examines the fish production and ecology of estuaries like the Hooghly, Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi, Chilka, Pulicat Lake, and Kerala backwaters. It provides details on fish catches, species diversity, and threats like overfishing in several of India's important estuarine systems.

Asian sea bass, also known as giant perch or Bhetki, is a profitable species for aquaculture in Southeast Asia. It can be cultured in both freshwater and saltwater. Hatcheries in Thailand produce sea bass fry that are also exported to other countries. Major challenges for sea bass culture are cannibalism among young fish and dependence on fishmeal. The life cycle involves nursery rearing of fry from 2-5 grams to 5-10 centimeters, then grow out in ponds or cages to a market size of 300-400 grams in 3-4 months or 700-1200 grams in 8-12 months. Sea bass is commonly cultured with tilapia in polyculture systems.

This document discusses the importance of various physical and chemical parameters of water for successful aquaculture. It outlines key water quality factors like temperature, depth, transparency, and dissolved oxygen levels. Temperature affects fish metabolism and physiology, with high temperatures being lethal. Water depth should be between 1.5 to 3 meters. Transparent water supports higher plankton production and fish growth. Dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, carbon dioxide, and nutrient levels also impact fish health and pond productivity. Maintaining suitable ranges of these parameters is essential for aquaculture.

1) Inland waters comprise approximately 0.01% of total water on Earth but are home to 40% of all fish species and 20% of vertebrate species. Inland fisheries include capture fisheries from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs as well as culture fisheries where fish are farmed. 2) China is the world's largest producer of inland fish followed by India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Cambodia. Major inland fish species vary by region but include carp, catfish, tilapia, and others. Inland fisheries provide food and livelihoods for billions of people globally. 3) Threats to inland fisheries include pollution, habitat

Artificial propagation involves collecting fish eggs or larvae and raising them in a protected environment until they develop into fingerlings. This allows for higher survival rates compared to natural conditions. The key steps are selecting brood fish, inducing spawning through environmental changes or hormones, collecting the eggs, fertilizing them, incubating the eggs, and rearing the larvae. Successful brood fish rearing and spawning requires controlling factors like temperature, oxygen, light, and stocking density. Hormone treatments can induce out-of-season spawning and techniques are described for fertilizing, incubating, and rearing the fish through the larval stages.

This document discusses hatchery management and natural fish propagation. It provides details on criteria for selecting fish species for culture, including that they must be able to withstand the local climate, grow quickly, reproduce successfully in captivity, accept artificial foods, be desirable to consumers, tolerate high densities, and resist disease. The document also describes the natural propagation process, including the development of sexual products like eggs and sperm, factors that determine propagation habits, and the fertilization process. Hatcheries aim to artificially propagate fish on a large scale to provide stock for aquaculture.

There are four main types of fish reproduction: live-bearing, ovoviviparous, viviparous, and oviparous. Live-bearing includes mouth-brooding fish that incubate eggs in their mouths. Ovoviviparous fish hatch eggs internally that are then birthed, viviparous fish nourish embryos internally, and oviparous fish lay eggs that develop externally in water. Successful fish farming requires carefully monitoring conditions for egg-laying and live-bearing species.

This document provides information on the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). It discusses the biology of C. gariepinus and the closely related species C. anguillaris. It also describes the natural breeding and artificial propagation of C. gariepinus, including hormone treatment of broodfish, incubation and hatching of eggs, nursing of fry, and feeding regimes for early fry and advanced fry in hatcheries. Semi-intensive polyculture of catfish and tilapia in earthen ponds is also summarized.

This is a presentation about the culture and breeding aspects of Red Sea bream,Pagrus major (Chrysophrys major).This fish have high aquaculture Importance today because of its meat quality and high growth rate

Shrimp aquaculture is an important and valuable production sector that has been growing rapidly over the past two decades. Success is largely based on the quality of post larvae, particularly their health condition, thus making hatchery production of quality post larvae crucial to the sector’s sustainability. Vietnam is the leading producer of black tiger shrimp in the world with a production of 300,000 tons in 2011, followed by India and Indonesia with a production of 187,900 tons and 126,200 tons respectively. Major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. The Indian shrimp hatchery industry has established a detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock, broodstock selection and holding techniques, transport, utilization, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning, egg hatching; nauplius selection, egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing and record keeping.

This document discusses the broodstock and hatchery management of Penaeus monodon. It describes the natural distribution and life cycle of P. monodon. It outlines the major components of broodstock management, including broodstock selection, maintenance, holding techniques, and maturation. It also discusses hatchery development and the larval rearing process. The overall management is divided into pre-spawning and post-spawning procedures, providing details on spawning, egg hatching, larval nutrition, and nursery facilities. Disease risks are also addressed.

This document provides taxonomic classification and information about groupers, including their life cycle, reproduction, commonly cultured species, hatchery design considerations, and broodstock acquisition and management. Groupers are popular aquaculture species in Asia-Pacific known for their fast growth and hardiness. They are mostly protogynous hermaphrodites that change sex from female to male. Hatchery design focuses on biosecurity to prevent diseases like viral nervous necrosis. Broodstock are selected based on health and size criteria and held in large tanks before spawning.

Tilapia is a common name for cichlid fish from Africa and the Middle East that are farmed globally. They are the third most important aquaculture species after carp and salmon. This document discusses tilapia taxonomy, history of use in aquaculture, farming methods, environmental requirements, breeding processes, and sex reversal techniques. It provides detailed information on farming practices and protocols for tilapia production.

This document discusses the design and construction of fish farms. It notes that fish farming has occurred for centuries using simple ponds and structures. It outlines important considerations for selecting a fish farm site, such as water availability, temperature, soil type, and proximity to markets. The document then describes extensive and intensive fish farming systems and provides details on designing earthen ponds, including pond shape, buildings, water supply and drainage, and bank construction. It stresses that proper design and construction are essential for successful fish production.

Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, C hanna striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North - east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus . The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19 - 29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40 80%. Hatching occurred within 22 - 36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27 - 29 ° C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55 - 80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.

This document provides information on managing farm ponds for fishing. It discusses the importance of proper pond construction, watershed management, fish removal, liming, fertilization, and species selection. Key points include enhancing plankton populations through fertilization to increase oxygen and food availability for fish, maintaining a balance of predator and prey populations through harvesting, and controlling weeds and preventing fish kills. Farm ponds require ongoing management to provide productive recreational fishing.

This document provides instructions for breeding and raising common carp. It details the process of selecting and transporting mature male and female carp, injecting them with hormones to induce spawning, collecting and fertilizing the eggs, incubating the eggs and hatching fry. It also describes transferring fry to nursery ponds, feeding them emulsified egg yolk initially and then ground feed. Water quality is monitored throughout the growing process until the fish reach market size.

This document provides a design for a recirculating aquaculture system to commercially farm Black Sea Bass in a 50' x 30' greenhouse. It outlines the goals of mathematically analyzing feed schedules, stocking densities, and yearly production. A nursery raceway system is designed to hold fingerlings until they reach 30 grams, at which point they will be transferred to grow-out tanks. Approximately 1450 fingerlings would need to be purchased initially to account for mortality and achieve the desired final harvest of 813 fish.

Carp hatcheries have contributed to a large increase in fish seed production in India from 6,321 million fry in 1985-86 to over 37,000 million fry currently. The document discusses the history and developments of different types of carp hatchery designs used in India and other countries, including hatching pits, hapa, glass jar hatcheries, LDPE models, and Chinese circular hatcheries. It provides details on the components, operation, advantages and disadvantages of these various hatchery designs.

The Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center of Ghent University is a leading research and education center specialised in larval nutrition of aquatic organisms, microbial management, disease control, Artemia fundamental and applied research

1. Rotifers are commonly used live feed for marine fish larvae. They are small, tolerate a wide range of conditions, and reproduce rapidly. 2. Mass culture of rotifers involves three units - one for culturing algae food, one for stock culture, and one for large-scale production. Proper temperature, pH, salinity, and aeration are needed. 3. Rotifers are enriched by feeding them algae rich in omega-3 fatty acids to increase their nutritional value for fish larvae. Enriched rotifers are stored at low temperatures to preserve fatty acid levels.

This document provides information about culturing live feeds for hatcheries, focusing on microalgae culture. It discusses the importance of live feeds like microalgae and zooplankton for larval fish. Common microalgae used include Chaetoceros, Isochrysis, Pavlova, and Tetraselmis. Methods for mass culturing microalgae include batch, semi-continuous, and continuous systems. Batch culture is most common and involves growing algae in increasing volumes harvested at peak density. Facilities use bags or tanks with artificial lighting and aeration to produce microalgae as live feed.

This report contains a detailed analysis of marketing issues of Engro Foods. The TV ads of Engro were observed and some data was collected from internet. The work was done in group as a final assignment for the subject named "Marketing Issues in Pakistan".

This document provides a guide to catfish nutrition, feeds, and feeding. It covers topics such as digestion, energy and nutrient requirements, feed ingredients, formulation and manufacture, and feeding practices. The guide is intended to provide practical information to support the farming of catfish, recognizing that feeding remains both an art and a science. It acknowledges contributions from researchers and reviews by experts. The second revision updates the guide with new studies conducted in the past 5 years.

This document provides an overview of natural freshwater and marine fish seed resources in India. It describes the major river systems in India and the key fish species found in each, including the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus, east coast rivers, west coast rivers, and reservoirs. It also discusses natural breeding of fishes and methods for collecting fish seed from natural resources like eggs, spawn, fry, and fingerlings using nets from rivers and reservoirs.

This document provides information about different types of fisheries in India. It discusses freshwater or inland fishery, which makes up 60% of India's fish production from rivers, ponds, lakes and includes popular fish like rohu, catla and mrigal. Marine fisheries account for 40% of production along India's long coastline. Estuarine fisheries are also discussed, occurring where rivers meet the sea and including important areas in eastern India. Examples of important estuarine fish include prawns. The document also outlines the economic and social benefits of fisheries.

What is biodiversity? Father of biodiversity- E.O. Wilson.  The term ‘biodiversity’’ encompasses the variety of all life forms on earth.  Define biodiversity – ‘’ Biodiversity include of the particular area may be living organisms (plant and animal) called biodiversity ’’. • Simple words in can be defined as the biodiversity . “Variety, variability b/w genes, spp. and ecosystem”.  Define fish diversity – “Fish Species diversity is defined as the number of species and abundance of each species that live in a particular location”. The number of species that live in a particular location is called species richness. India is one of the 17 mega biodiversity countries having four biodiversity hotspots namely the Western Ghats, eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma and Sundaland that are included amongst the top ten most important hotspots in the world. It also has rich freshwater(rivers, irrigationcanals,tanks, lakes,reservoirs) fish diversity.  Which living organisms– All living organism in world 7.4 billion. Fish Biodiversity in world- World harbour total of 33059 spp. 4258 genera, 482 families about 58 % Marine water, 41% Fresh water and 1% migrants. 2-Fisheries resource of India – India blessed with huge aquatic resources with 29,000 km of rivers, 0.3 million ha of estuaries, 0.9 million ha of back waters and lagoons, 3.15 million ha of reservoirs, 0.2 million ha of floodplain wetlands, 0.72 million ha of upland lakes and 2.02 million km sq area of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surrounding the seas,8129 km of coast line, which includes those of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands. The seas surrounding the country, 14 major rivers, 44 medium rivers and innumerable small rivers and other inland water bodies provide one of the richest faunastic resources of the world.

Introduction of Fish and Fisheries of India. • Freshwater Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in freshwaters, such as rivers and lakes, having a salinity of less than 0.5 ppt. Around 40% of all known species of fish are found in freshwater. They may be divided into Coldwater Fish (5-20 °C); examples: Mahseer, Trout, etc., and Warmwater Fish (25 35 °C); example: Carps, Catfish, Snakeheads, Featherbacks, etc. • Brackishwater Fish: Fish that can tolerate a wide range of salinity (0.5 30.0 ppt) and live in backwaters, estuaries and coastal waters. Example: Mullet, Milkfish, Seabass, Pearlspot, Mudskipper, etc. • Marine Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in seawater, such as Seas and Oceans, having salinity above 30 ppt. There are about 240 species contributing to the marine fisheries. Example: Sardines, Mackerel, Ribbonfish, Anchovies, Grouper, Cobia, Tuna, etc.

1. Introduction 2.Principal Game fishes (a)Fresh water game fishes (b) Estuarine and sea game fishes 3.Sport Fishing and Tourism *Mahseer (Barbus Tor) fishing *Trout fishing *Sea fishing THANK YOU!!

Riverine fisheries play an important role in India by providing food, income, and livelihoods to many people. They also contribute to biodiversity and cultural heritage. Major river systems in India include the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus, east coast rivers, and peninsular rivers. These rivers support diverse fish species and aquatic ecosystems. However, overfishing, habitat degradation, and pollution threaten riverine fisheries. Conservation efforts and partnerships aim to promote sustainable management. If best practices are adopted, riverine fisheries have potential for sustainable development and socioeconomic benefits in the future.

This document discusses the degradation of aquatic habitat in Punjab, Pakistan. It outlines the major river systems in Punjab, including the Jhelum, Sutlej, Chenab, and Indus Rivers. It then discusses the various fish and other aquatic species found in these rivers. The document identifies several factors that have led to degradation of aquatic habitats, including industrial pollution, agricultural pollution, climate change, overexploitation of fisheries, tourism, and eutrophication. It concludes that aquatic habitats in Pakistan have been significantly damaged due to human activities and calls for actions to protect these ecosystems.

This document summarizes the history and current state of freshwater fish culture in India. It discusses how fish culture has ancient roots in India dating back thousands of years, but was traditionally small-scale. Technological advances like induced breeding in the 1950s revolutionized the industry. Carp culture is now a major economic activity, with scientific methods producing high yields. Different culture systems are used across regions depending on local conditions and resources. Freshwater fish culture continues to be an important and growing industry in India.

This document provides information on the types of culturable freshwater fishes found in India. It discusses the major categories including major carps, minor carps, murrels, catfishes, exotic fishes, and cold water fishes. Within each category, it describes 3-4 specific fish species, providing details on their physical characteristics, habitat, feeding behavior, and role in aquaculture. The document aims to outline the various freshwater fish that are commonly cultured in India for food production and economic purposes.

South Asian river dolphin, Platanista gangetica aka blind river dolphins, Ganges dolphins, Ganges river dolphins, Ganges susu, Indus river dolphin

This document discusses floodplain wetlands and cold-water fisheries in India. It defines floodplain wetlands as areas of land in river valleys that periodically flood. India has over 67,000 wetlands covering 4.1 million hectares that support important fisheries. Wetlands can be classified based on morphology, water retention, depth, and river connection. They support over 85 fish species. Management approaches for wetlands include capture fisheries, culture-based fisheries, and integrated systems. Cold-water fisheries include important species like several Mahseer varieties and trout. They are managed through capture fisheries in lakes and streams and culture-based systems in ponds and tanks. Fish-based tourism is also discussed.

The document discusses global and Indian freshwater fish biodiversity. It notes that freshwater ecosystems account for only 1% of the Earth's surface but contain around 12,000 exclusively freshwater fish species. India is home to over 2,400 fish species, including 223 that are endemic. The major groups of freshwater fish found in India are carp, live fish, catfish, clupeids, mullets, featherbacks, loaches, eels, glassfish and gobies. Coldwater fish biodiversity includes species found in the Himalayas and Deccan plateau, while warm waters harbor over 500 species across various river systems.

This document discusses fish biodiversity and the threats facing freshwater ecosystems. It notes that freshwater habitats support a high level of biodiversity, including an estimated 140,000 specialist freshwater species. However, freshwater ecosystems are under increasing pressure from human activities that degrade water quality and quantity. As human needs increase, less water is available to sustain freshwater biodiversity. This impacts river flows and threatens many freshwater species. Understanding fish diversity patterns can help protect these important ecosystems.

This document provides information on major cultivable carps and prawns in India. It discusses the different types of major carps including Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala, and minor carps. It also covers exotic fishes, murrel fishes, catfishes, air-breathing fishes, coldwater trout species, and prawns that are suitable for cultivation. The document emphasizes that carp culture forms the backbone of freshwater aquaculture in India and discusses the technological developments that have led to the growth of the carp farming industry.

Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) has colossal normal blessing of freshwater assets. Its spouting waterways, singing streams and crisp water lakes have an extensive variety of local and extraordinary fish species. The frosty and crisp waters of GB are known to have 20 unique types of freshwater angle, including 17 locals and three exotics while four species are endemic to GB area. some of the fishes found in GB are Trouts (including brown, snow and rainbow trout), goldfish, crap fish and cat fish.

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a beautiful place, located in the Ramanathpuram & Tuticorin districts of the state of Tamil Nadu. The park is the core area of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. This is the first marine Biosphere Reserve in India. It was established in the year of 1980. Total area of the park is 6.23 Km 2. The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a protected area of India consisting of 21 small islands (islets) and adjacent coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar in the Indian Ocean. It lies 1 to 10 km away from the east coast of Tamil Nadu, India for 160 km between Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) and Dhanushkodi. The Gulf of Mannar (/ m ə ˈ n ɑːr / mə- NAR) is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. It lies between the west coast of Sri Lanka and the southeastern tip of India, in the Coromandel Coast region. The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (GOM MNP) comprises of 21 islands surrounded by coral reef areas along with shallow water habitat of unique marine biodiversity. Sea horse, Sea Cow, Dolphins, sea cucumbers etc. are seen here.  9.267°N 77.433°E  / 9.267; 77.433 Ramanathapuram District is an administrative district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The town of Ramanathapuram is the district headquarters. Ramanthapuram District has an area of 4123 km 2.

Migratory fish species move between freshwater and marine environments or within freshwater systems. There are over 120 species that regularly migrate between saltwater and freshwater globally, including salmon, trout, eels, and sawfish. In Bangladesh, the major migratory fish are hilsa, which travel over 1,200 km inland to spawn, and palla, which are found in the Ganges delta. Conservation efforts are needed to ensure fish migration routes and habitats are protected from impacts of development.

Pisciculture is the method of culturing and rearing fish and shellfish. It provides employment and a source of protein. Common fish used in pisciculture in India include various carp species, grey mullets, tilapia, and shrimp. Pisciculture is carried out in various water bodies like ponds, reservoirs, and paddy fields. It helps utilize water resources and areas like paddy fields for fish production. There is increasing global demand for fish, so pisciculture helps augment food supply.

This document discusses fish production and fisheries in India. It describes two methods of obtaining fish: capture fishing from natural resources and fish farming/culture fishery. It also discusses marine fisheries, where popular fish varieties are caught offshore using nets and locating technologies. Some marine fish are also farmed in seawater, such as prawns, mussels and oysters. Inland fisheries involve fishing in rivers, ponds, and reservoirs, and common freshwater varieties include rohu, catla, mrigal, and silver carp. Fish farming techniques aim to avoid competition for food by stocking ponds with different species that consume different resources.

Chilika Lake is located on India's east coast between the states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. It supports extensive biodiversity, including 225 fish species, 158 bird species that use the lake as a migratory stopover, and the endangered Irrawaddy dolphin. However, the lake has faced threats from siltation, loss of habitat, and unsustainable aquaculture practices that have degraded the ecosystem and biodiversity. Conservation efforts include designating the lake as a Ramsar wetland of international importance and establishing the Chilika Development Authority to restore the lake and protect species.

In relation to hazards and disasters, vulnerability is a concept that links the relationship that people have with their environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them. It's also the extent to which changes could harm a system or to which a community can be affected by the impact of a hazard. A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural calamity affects humans and/or the built environment. Human vulnerability, and often a lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability".

The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning. However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur. The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem. The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”

Pre stocking management is one of the important method of entire three tire fish farming system. Because, fish mortality is very high at the stage of spawn. The stocking density of nursery pond is 2 lacks/ha. In Nursery pond fish nursed very well to prevent fish mortality.

Hill areas offer good scope for the development- of fisheries—both for commercial and sport purposes. The coldwater fishery resources in India comprise high and mid-altitude lakes, rivers, streams, their tributaries and reservoirs dammed across such rivers. The importance of coldwater fisheries lies in their unique biodiversity, valuable germplasm and maintenance of environmental quality in hills. Coldwater fishes breed naturally but since some species have been listed as endangered, therefore artificial breeding is now being practiced to restore the diversity.

The pomfrets constitute about 2.32% of the total marine fish production in India. The bulk of the catch comes from Maharashtra and Gujarat States, which jointly contribute to about 61% of the total all India pomfret landings. Among the demersal fishes, pomfrets belonging to the family Stromateidae are found in the catches all long the coast of India, particularly in Maharashtra and Gujarat States.

Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. The fishes belong to the most numerous and diversified group among vertebrates. They dominate the water bodies of the world through a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. They have been in existence for more than 450 million years. A total of 24618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4258 genera have so far been described. About 58% of the fish species are marine while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and 1% migrants. In our Indian region alone, there are 2,500 species of which 930 are inhabitants of freshwater and the rest live in the seas. In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the fish fauna so far known in the world. There are over 800 living species of sharks and rays, 30 species of chimaeras and ratfishes, 6 species of lung fishes, 1 species of coelacanths, 36 species of long ray finned bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes. The Neopterygii are the rest of the known species of modem fishes. All these fishes inhabit various niches in the aquatic environment. The diversified habitats of fishes include open oceans, deep oceanic trenches, nearshore waters, saline coastal embayments, brackishwaters, estuaries, intermittent streams, tiny desert springs, vernal pools, cold mountain streams, lakes, ponds, etc.

Fishing is the art of catching fish and other aquatic animals. Many years ago man started using various type of gear used for hunting the terrestrial animals and for fishing also. It is very difficult to say which started first, but some time it is opined that fishing is younger. Reason behind it is easy to catch animals in the land than in the water. In olden days fishing was not having much importance as there was no demand for fish. Earlier fishing was restricted to a particular community but it is not so now. In order to meet the increased demand, fishing is now carried out industrially. Fishing technology not only concerns fishing gear, fishing methods and vessels but also concern Biological and Environmental factors

Shrimp is a valuable aquatic food resources high In protein and command good export markets. The tiger shrimp P.indicus and p.merguiensis are important candidate or aquafarming.The seed requirement presently meet from the wild and insufficient to meet growing demand. Hence there is a good potential for hatchery production of shrimp seed. The success of a shrimp hatchery depend on: 1.The choice of suitable site 2.Effectiveness and efficiency of the hatchery design 3.Experience of hatchery technicians 4.Efficiency of operational management.

Being at the base of food chain, plants are important in any ecosystem. Plants help to provide the biological balance, besides creating bio-topic aquarium.  The presence of different aquatic plant provides a number of houses to the fishes inside the aquarium.  Most fresh water aquariums can be set up with live plants and whenever possible, it is recommended to do so.

Shore based aquaculture or coastal brackish water aquaculture is practiced in many countries. There are various methods of traditional culture system based on the local conditions. Shrimp culture is the main attraction of this culture system. Some other fishes and other organisms like crabs, bivalves and seaweeds are also farmed. This type of culture system is mainly found in south East Asia.

The document summarizes the banking structure in India. It discusses the central bank (Reserve Bank of India), the types of scheduled commercial banks (public sector, private sector, foreign), and other financial institutions. The main types of banking in India are walk-in banking, drive-thru banking, ATM banking, online/internet banking, and mobile banking. The Reserve Bank of India regulates and oversees the entire banking system.

This document discusses self-help groups (SHGs) and their role in empowering communities and promoting development, particularly in the fisheries sector. It describes how SHGs work as small, voluntary organizations where members make regular small contributions to a common fund that is then available to members as loans. This helps the economically disadvantaged gain access to capital. The document outlines the structure, goals, advantages and role of SHGs in fisheries development, providing examples of viable microenterprises SHGs can engage in. It concludes that active SHG participation helps address common coastal problems and improve local economies.

The document discusses several key pieces of international and Indian environmental legislation and their impact on fisheries. It provides an overview of environmental laws in general, as well as summaries of key Indian acts like the Environment Protection Act, Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, Wildlife Protection Act, and Biological Diversity Act. These acts establish standards for managing natural resources, pollution control, and protection of ecosystems, wildlife, and biodiversity. They regulate industries and development activities near coastal and aquatic environments in order to protect fisheries and marine life.

This document discusses bioactive compounds that can be found in various marine organisms. It notes that microbes, sponges, corals, algae, and other marine life produce organic compounds for protection and homeostasis. These compounds show potential for developing new drugs to treat cancer, diabetes, fungal infections, and more. The document then examines specific bioactive compounds found in marine bacteria, fungi, microalgae, macroalgae, sponges, sea anemones, ascidians, tunicates, and sea hares. Many of these compounds have novel chemical structures and biological activities worth exploring further.

The document discusses aquatic plants that are suitable for aquariums. It begins by explaining the importance of plants in aquariums and the different types of aquatic plants including truly aquatic, semi-terrestrial, and marginal plants. Specific examples of truly aquatic plants are provided like Hygrophila polysperma and Vallisneria spiralis. The document also covers propagation methods for aquatic plants including asexual, sexual, and artificial propagation. It concludes by emphasizing the benefits of live plants in aquariums and their role in maintaining water quality.

This document discusses ornamental fish and aquariums. It begins by defining ornamental fish as colorful, peaceful fish kept as pets. Reasons for keeping them include pleasure, relaxation, and hobby opportunities. The hobby originated in China with goldfish and spread to other countries. There are different types of aquariums including freshwater, marine, and mixed/coldwater. Factors like water chemistry, temperature requirements, habitat needs must be considered for fish compatibility. Proper planning is needed before setting up an aquarium to ensure species selection matches available space.

1. The document discusses preparing an enterprise budget for integrated fish farming. An enterprise budget allows a farmer to calculate the break-even price of their product to compare to expected selling prices and determine which enterprises are profitable. 2. It provides an overview of different types of budgets including sales, production, capital, cash flow, marketing, project, revenue, and expenditure budgets. Integrated fish farming systems refer to the combined production and management of aquaculture, agriculture, and livestock to utilize waste and byproducts from different components.

Spirulina cultivation requires careful handling as the wet biomass is either sun dried or spray-dried for marketing. Drying is important to minimize contamination when consumed by humans. The highly alkaline pH levels during growth also help reduce contamination. References are provided on spirulina culture methods and statistics for fisheries and agriculture.