Flowers
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The document discusses the parts of flowers including the sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, and receptacle. It describes the essential floral parts and their structures. The document also covers floral variations such as completeness, sexuality, number of parts, symmetry, position of the ovary, and placentation. Finally, it discusses different types of inflorescences including racemes, panicles, spikes, catkins, spadices, cymes, corymbs, umbels, heads, and fascicles.
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Flowers
- 1. Flowers
- 2. Floral Parts A flower contains four sets of parts arranged in whorls on the receptacle the swollen tip of the pedicel Accessory parts 1. Sepal (calyx) - protects the inner part of flower - prevents dessication 2. petal (corolla) - most noticeable portion - different colors Perianth – calyx and corolla
- 3. Essential Parts: 1. Stamen (androecium) - male gametophyte a. pollen b. anther c. filament 2. Carpel (gynoecium) - female reproductive leaf and ovule bearing structure of a flower a. ovary - swollen basal part b. stigma c. style (tube like structure)
- 4. Modified stem: - receptacle or peduncle (floral stalk)
- 6. Floral Variations: 1. Parts present a. Complete - flowers with four modified leaves (petal, sepal, stamen and carpel b. Incomplete - lacks any of the modified leaves Rue anemone with 5-10 sepals but no petals
- 7. 2. Sexuality a. Perfect - bisexual or hermaproditic - carpel and stamen - animal pollinated b. Imperfect - unisexual - carpel or stamen - wind pollinated
- 8. Two types of imperfect flower: 1. pistillate – female flower 2. staminate – male flower
- 9. As to distribution of imperfect flowers plants can be: a. Monoecious - plant with both imperfect flowers
- 10. b. Dioecious - imperfect flowers are borne in separate plants
- 11. c. Polygamous - perfect and imperfect flowers are found in the same plant
- 12. 3. Number of flower parts a. Dicotyledonous - flower parts in 4’s and 5’s or divisible by 4 or 5 ex. magnolia b. Monocotyledonous - flower parts are in 3’s or divisible by 3’s Patersonia
- 13. 4. Nature of flowers a. Regular - modified leaves are of the same size and shape b. Irregular - modified leaves are different in size and shape
- 14. Irregular Flowers: 1. Papilionaceous a. standard/banner - largest outermost showy petal b. wings or alae - two lateral petals c. keel or carina - innermost petals ex. blue pea Broom (Cytisus scoparius)
- 16. 2. Caesalpinaceous - flower consists of 5 petals a. banner - smallest innermost petal b. 2 wings c. 2 keels same size and shape ex. caballero
- 17. 3. Bilabiate (2- lipped) - petals are partially united -partially united petals form the upper and lower lips ex. sky flower
- 18. 4. Orchidaceous - flower has 3 petals labellum – petal which is entirely different in size and shape
- 19. 5.Symmetry of flowers a. Actinomorphic - radial symmetry - flowers can be divided into 2 equal halves along any plane b. Zygomorphic - bilateral symmetry - divided into 2 equal halves only by a medial cut through the central axis
- 20. 6. Position of the ovary a. Superior ovary - petals and sepals ovary inserted below the ovary - hypogynous b. Inferior ovary - petals and sepals inserted above the ovary - epigynous
- 23. 7. Placentation placenta - tissue where ovules are attached inside the ovary placentation - arrangement of placenta in the ovary locule - chamber
- 24. a. axile placentation b. parietal placentation c. free central d. basal placentation
- 25. Inflorescence or Anthotaxy - Flower clusters - differ in: a. number of flowers present b. sequence of floral maturity c. length of the pedicel d. number and arrangement of peduncles
- 26. Kinds of Inflorescence: 1. Raceme - unbranched main axis or peduncle - florets mature all at the same time - pedicels are of the same length ex. gladiola, corrales pedicel
- 27. 2. Panicle - branched main axis or peduncle - florets mature at the same time ex. rice, cadena de amor Branched peduncle
- 28. 3. Spike - elongated axis - sessile (florets without pedicel) ex.Seifritz’s flower
- 29. 4. Ament or catkin - special type of spike - elongated axis hanging or drooping - flowers are usually unisexual ex. buntot pusa
- 30. 5. Spadix - fleshy spike with both male and female flowers - petalloid bract (spathe) ex. anthurium, gabi pongapong
- 31. Amorphophallus titanum The world’s largest flower - spadix is 46 inches tall! A rare plant of the Indonesia rain forest
- 32. 6. Cyme - inflorescence is more or less flat or convex - pedicels of younger flowers at the margin are longer than the older flowers at the center ex. Shanghai beauty Younger flowers santan, mayana
- 33. 7. Corymb - similar with chyme - pedicels of younger flower shorter (center) - pedicels of older flower longer (margin or base) ex. caballero
- 34. 8. Umbel - axis is shorter Simple umbel - pedicillate flowers radiated from the rounded apex of the axis ex. Japanese bamboo Compound umbel
- 35. 9. Head or capitate - flowers are sessile (no pedicel) - arrangement of flowers similar to umbel - flowers may be of 2 kinds: 1. disc flower - located at the center 2. ray flower - located at the margin ex. sunflower, cosmos
- 36. 10. Fascicle - closed cluster or small bundle of pedicelled or sessile flowers on one side of the stem ex. abaca, false birds of paradise