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Folds and types

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Imad YousaFzai

short and simple description about fold and faults.how they occur and came into exist. types of folds and its explanation.with figures and diagrams

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INTRODUCTION  Name : Imad Hussain  From : Yar Hussain Swabi KP Pakistan  University of Swabi : Geology department  Presentation Topic : FOLDS AND ITS TYPES
FOLDS  (FOLDS are bends or wavelike features in layered rocks result of geological process)
EXPLANATION  Fold shows behavior of a ductile material.  Most metamorphic rocks are intensely folded because it is ductile under the high pressure and temperature environment of deep burial and tectonic stresses.  Folding took place when the rock was buried at a moderate depth where higher temperature and confining pressure favor ductile behavior.
TERMINOLOGY  Axial plane: An imaginary plane containing all of the hinge lines of a fold.  Hinge line/Axis: Line about which a fold appears to be hinged. Line of maximum curvature of a folded surface.  Limb: Portion of a fold shared by an anticline and a syncline
TERMINOLOGY  The Hinge connects the two limbs of a fold.  Hinge Point is the point of maximum curvature and is located in the center of the hinge zone.  •If the hinge line appears as a straight line it is called a fold Axis.  •The Axial Surface (or axial plane when approximately planar) connects the hinge line of two or more folded surfaces.
 •The Axial trace represents the intersection between the axial plane and the surface of observation.  •The Inflection point is where there is a change in curvature of a fold limb.  •The Interlimb angle is the angle enclosed by the two limbs of a fold.  •The Enveloping surface is the surface tangent to individual hinges along a folded layer
TYPES 1) Anticline: is a fold shaped like an arch with the oldest rocks in the center of the fold. Usually the rock layers dip away from the axis.
TYPES 2) Syncline: The fold shaped like a trough with the youngest rocks in the center of the fold. The layered rock Usually dips toward the syncline’s Axis.
Fig: Anticline and Syncline Fold
TYPES  PLUNGING FOLD A fold in which the axis is not horizontal On surface leveled by erosion of exposed beds.  However, plunging anticlines and synclines are distinguished from one another by directions of dip or by relative ages of beds.
TYPES  OPEN FOLD A fold with gently dipping limbs  and the angle between the limbs is large.  ISOCLINAL FOLD one in which limbs are nearly parallel  to one another, implies larger shortening stress.
TYPES  MONOCLINE : A local steeping in a gentle  regional dip; a steplike fold in rock.  OVERTURNED FOLD : A fold in which both limbs dip in the same direction.  RECUMBENT FOLD : A fold overturned to such an extent that the limbs are essentially horizontal.  UPRIGHT FOLD : A fold with a vertical axial plane.
FIGURE

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Folds and types

  • 1. INTRODUCTION  Name : Imad Hussain  From : Yar Hussain Swabi KP Pakistan  University of Swabi : Geology department  Presentation Topic : FOLDS AND ITS TYPES
  • 2. FOLDS  (FOLDS are bends or wavelike features in layered rocks result of geological process)
  • 3. EXPLANATION  Fold shows behavior of a ductile material.  Most metamorphic rocks are intensely folded because it is ductile under the high pressure and temperature environment of deep burial and tectonic stresses.  Folding took place when the rock was buried at a moderate depth where higher temperature and confining pressure favor ductile behavior.
  • 4. TERMINOLOGY  Axial plane: An imaginary plane containing all of the hinge lines of a fold.  Hinge line/Axis: Line about which a fold appears to be hinged. Line of maximum curvature of a folded surface.  Limb: Portion of a fold shared by an anticline and a syncline
  • 5. TERMINOLOGY  The Hinge connects the two limbs of a fold.  Hinge Point is the point of maximum curvature and is located in the center of the hinge zone.  •If the hinge line appears as a straight line it is called a fold Axis.  •The Axial Surface (or axial plane when approximately planar) connects the hinge line of two or more folded surfaces.
  • 6.  •The Axial trace represents the intersection between the axial plane and the surface of observation.  •The Inflection point is where there is a change in curvature of a fold limb.  •The Interlimb angle is the angle enclosed by the two limbs of a fold.  •The Enveloping surface is the surface tangent to individual hinges along a folded layer
  • 7. TYPES 1) Anticline: is a fold shaped like an arch with the oldest rocks in the center of the fold. Usually the rock layers dip away from the axis.
  • 8. TYPES 2) Syncline: The fold shaped like a trough with the youngest rocks in the center of the fold. The layered rock Usually dips toward the syncline’s Axis.
  • 9. Fig: Anticline and Syncline Fold
  • 10. TYPES  PLUNGING FOLD A fold in which the axis is not horizontal On surface leveled by erosion of exposed beds.  However, plunging anticlines and synclines are distinguished from one another by directions of dip or by relative ages of beds.
  • 11. TYPES  OPEN FOLD A fold with gently dipping limbs  and the angle between the limbs is large.  ISOCLINAL FOLD one in which limbs are nearly parallel  to one another, implies larger shortening stress.
  • 12. TYPES  MONOCLINE : A local steeping in a gentle  regional dip; a steplike fold in rock.  OVERTURNED FOLD : A fold in which both limbs dip in the same direction.  RECUMBENT FOLD : A fold overturned to such an extent that the limbs are essentially horizontal.  UPRIGHT FOLD : A fold with a vertical axial plane.