Grammar books semeser 2
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This document provides a table of contents and overview for a Spanish grammar book covering topics like preterit, imperfect, future, conditional, commands, and subjunctive tenses. The table of contents lists 14 chapters that will cover verb conjugations, irregular verbs, uses of ser vs estar, por vs para, and more. Examples are provided of trigger words and structures to introduce different tenses. The overview is intended to help students navigate and understand the key concepts covered in the grammar book.
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Grammar books semeser 2
- 2. Table of Contents 1st semester PreteritTrigger Words Preterit Car, Gar, ZarSpock VerbsSnake and SnakeyCucarachaImperfectTigger Words ImperfectIrregularsPreterit vs. ImperfectSer vs. EstarVerbs like GustarComparatives/SuperlativesTransition WordsFutureTrigger Words FutureIrregularsPorParaConditionalIrregulars
- 3. PreteritAR ER/IR For actions that can be viewed as single events
- 4. For actions that were repeated a specific number of times
- 5. For actions that occurred during a specific period of time
- 6. For actions that were part of a chain of events
- 7. To state the beginning or the end of an action
- 9. Express beginning/end of a completed action
- 10. Narrate a series of past actions/events Preterit Trigger Wordsanochea las ochoel __ pasadoayerun díaHace __ que__ante ayerel martesuna vezel mes pasado
- 11. Car, Gar, Zar Verbs-CAR changes to qué-GAR changes to gué-ZAR changes to céNOTE: ONLY CHANGES IN THE YO FOURM! jugarbuscaralmorzar
- 13. Snake and SnakeyStem changers in usted and ustedescan change e ~ i or o ~uNeed to have “y” in the usted and ustedes
- 14. Cucarachaandarestarpoderponerquerersabertenervenirconducirproducirtraducirdecirtraeranduv-estuv-pud-pus-quis-sup-tuv-vin-conduj-produj-traduj-dij-traj-endings}eron* in the ellos/ellas/ustedes fourm
- 15. ImperfectAR ER/IRFor actions that were repeated habitually
- 16. For actions that “set the stage” for another past action
- 17. For telling time
- 18. For stating one’s age
- 19. For mental states (usually)
- 20. For physical sensations (usually)
- 21. To describe the characteristics of people, things, or conditions Imperfect Trigger Wordsmientassiemprea menudofrecuentementetodos los díasa vecesde vez en cuandomuchas vecescada díaslos lunes
- 23. Preterit vs. Imperfect Has a definite ending
- 24. Has a beginning/ending
- 25. The most recent past
- 26. Perfected time
- 28. Snapshot
- 29. The distant past
- 30. No definite ending or beginning
- 31. Imperfected time
- 33. Movie Ser vs. EstarDOCTORPEDdescriptionHELPINGhealthoriginemotionscharacteristicslocationtimepresent condition}occupation-ando-endo-yendorelationshippossessioneventsdates
- 34. Verbs like Gustar Singular form used when infinitive form of verb follows
- 35. Often used in the conditional (would, should, could) to soften request
- 36. Use with pronouns : Me Te Le Nos Lesaburrirfaltarimportarfascinarencantardolerquedardisgustarinteresarapetecerpreocuparmolestar
- 37. Comparatives/Superlativesmás (adjective) queel/la más (adjective) demenos (adjective) queel/la menos (adjective) deNOTE: Do not need adjective with theseIrregulars:bueno ~ mejorviejo ~ mayormalo ~ peorjoven ~ menorWith numbers:más de or menos de with numbertan (adjective) como******* must use adjective after tan!!
- 38. Transition Words
- 39. Future All verbs use the same endings
- 40. Must include the inifinitive of the verb with the appropriate ending Future Transition Wordsmañanados horasproximodía
- 41. IrregularsNOTE: Use with the same endings as regular future tense verbs
- 42. Por Passing through (PORtal)
- 43. General rather than specific location (PORtugal)
- 44. How long something lasts (PORever)
- 45. the cause of something (PORpuse)
- 47. doing something in place of or instead of something else (I’m POR, pay POR me)
- 48. a means of transportation (transPORtation)Para For whom something is done (surprise PARAty)
- 50. The purpose for which something is done (PARAsites)
- 51. To express an opinion (PARAdon me)
- 52. To contrast or compare
- 53. To express idea of a deadline (PARAmedic)ConditionalwouldInfinitive +shouldcould
- 54. IrregularsUse the same endings as the regulars
- 55. Table of Contents 2nd semesterConditional + IrregularsPresent PerfectPast PerfectPresent perfect irregularsSubjunctive perfect Tanto y TanImpersonal ‘Se’Saber vs. ConocerLos MandatosInformal/FormalAffirmativeNegative IrregularDOP + IOP placementNosotros CommandsMono verbsSubjunctive and IrregularsTrigger phrasesImpersonal expressionsExpressions of EmotionConjunctions of timeDemonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
- 56. Conditional + Irregulars would; could; should
- 57. used for a possibility, probability, or wonderPresent Perfect form of the present verb ‘hacer’ and the past participle of another verb
- 58. time in the past + still time
- 60. have or have not donePast Perfecta compound tense
- 61. need the main verb and the verb had (haber) Present Perfect Irregulars
- 62. Subjunctive Perfectused when a verb or expression requires the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect
- 63. when the dependent clause is in the present or future, the present subjunctive is used
- 64. when the dependent clause is in the past, use the present perfect subjunctivehaber + past participle
- 65. Tanto y Tantan: used with an adjective or adverb followed by como
- 66. tanto: used with a noun followed by como; can be tanto, tanta, tantos, tantasImpersonal Se use ‘se’ to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb
- 67. when using ‘se’, the verb is always in the 3rd person
- 68. ‘se’ can be used in all tenses
- 69. Se hizo mucho. Se haría mucho. Se había muchoSaber vs. Conocerto know factsto know people, places, literary works
- 70. Los Mandatosthe commands! can be formal or informal
- 71. can be affirmative or negative Informal/Formalusted/ustededs commands put in the yo form of the verb
- 72. drop the ‘o’ and add the opposite ending (ar-e; er/ir-a)
- 73. plural, add an ‘n’
- 74. comer coma or comantu commands can be affirmative or negative
- 75. affirmitive: conjugate the verb in the 3rd person presenthablarhablanegative: conjugate to the ‘yo’ form, drop the o and add the opposite ‘tu’ endinghablar no hables
- 76. AffirmativeTu Commands (informal)conjuate to the ‘tu’ form and drop the ‘s’
- 77. comer come
- 78. cantarcantaNegativeTu Commands (informal) put in the ‘yo’ form of the verb
- 79. opposite vowel (ar-e; er/ir-a)
- 80. add an ‘s’
- 81. comer no comasIrregularinformalTV DISHES
- 82. DOP + IOP Placementaffirmative commands: the object pronouns are attached at the end of the command of the verb; cómprelo
- 83. when dealing with direct and indirect object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun is attached before the direct object pronoun: cómpremelonegative commands: the object pronoun must be placed before the command; it cannot be attached
- 84. just as with the affirmative commands, the direct object comes before the indirect object pronounNosotros Commands conjugate the ‘yo’ form of the verb in the present tense
- 85. drop the ‘o’ and add the opposite nosotros ending (ar-emos; eri/ir-amos)
- 86. hablarhablemos comer comamos
- 87. Mono Verbswith reflexive verbs, conjugate the command the same as regular nosotros commands, drop the ‘s’ of the command then attach the reflexive pronoun; referred to as mono verbs
- 88. levantemoslevantémonosSubjunctive and Irregulars Present Subjunctive is conjugated just like commands; conjuate to the yo form and change to the opposite vowel ending.
- 89. The irregulars are conjugated in the irregular form and follow it. Irrgulars include dar, estar, ir, saber, and ser.Trigger Phrasesesmaloqueesbuenoqueluegoqueesperarqueesnecesarioquesentirqueasiquealegrar se de quehasta que
- 91. Expressions of Emotion a main clause (hope, fear, joy, pity, surprise) followed by the subordinate clause (subjunctive)Conjunctions of Time for conjunctions of time, you take the indicative form when the action in the subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past
- 92. the subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future Demonstrative Adjectives + PronounsSingularPlural