1. The document describes an experiment to calculate the loss coefficient (K) for different pipe components, including pipe bends, branches, and changes in cross-section.
2. Tests were conducted to measure the minor losses through pipe elbows at various angles, double elbows, and a single elbow.
3. The loss coefficients were calculated based on measurements of pressure difference, flow velocity, and component geometry. Loss coefficients ranged from 0.548 to 2.345 depending on the pipe component.
This document describes an experiment conducted to demonstrate and measure fluid flow rates using different flow meter types. The experiment utilized a hydraulic bench unit with a volumetric measuring tank and submersible pump. Three common flow meters were tested: a rotameter, venture meter, and orifice plate. Readings were taken from each meter and calculations were performed to determine flow rates and discharge coefficients. Plots were made comparing actual flow rates to measured rates from each meter. The results showed the relationships between variables and effectiveness of different flow meter designs.
1. The experiment aims to find the dynamic pressure in a fluid system using a Prandtl tube setup.
2. Static pressure is the pressure acting transverse to fluid flow, while dynamic pressure acts in the direction of flow and can be measured using a Prandtl tube and manometer. Dynamic pressure increases with the square of flow velocity.
3. The experiment involves measuring static and total pressures using a manometer connected to a Prandtl tube at varying flow velocities to calculate dynamic pressure based on the pressure readings and fluid properties. Errors may occur due to impure water, pressure sensor issues, or incorrect readings.
This document describes an experiment to characterize a centrifugal pump by measuring its performance characteristics at constant speed. Key parameters such as discharge, head, input and output power are measured across a range of operating conditions created by throttling the delivery valve. The measurements are used to calculate efficiency and draw characteristic curves showing relationships between discharge, head, power and efficiency over the pump's operating range.
this document contains a list of experiments which is performed in the fluid mechanics laboratory.As this in not a professional document there might be some mistakes in the observations or plots, the writer and the publisher is a student of civil engineering at UET Peshawar.
This document describes 7 fluid mechanics laboratory equipment, including their components, technical descriptions, and applications. The equipment measure phenomena like Bernoulli's principle, pressure losses, jet velocity, laminar and turbulent flow visualization, pipe friction losses, pipe networks, and particle drag coefficients. Objectives of the experiments include demonstrating fluid dynamics concepts and measuring flow properties.
This document summarizes an experiment comparing different flow meter types. The experiment used a rota meter, venturi meter, and orifice plate to measure the flow rate of water. Calculations were shown for three trials measuring the actual and theoretical flow rates to determine the discharge coefficient for each meter. Graphs showed the relationship between discharge coefficient and actual flow rate for the venturi meter and orifice plate. The coefficient was generally higher for the venturi meter compared to the orifice plate.
Rotameter calibration report for multiple fluidsSakib Shahriar
The study calibrated a rotameter for measuring the flow rates of multiple fluids. To calibrate the rotameter, the volumetric flow rate of water was measured for different rotameter readings by collecting water in a bucket over timed intervals. From the water flow rate readings, the rotameter coefficient (C) and Reynolds number (Re) were calculated and plotted against each other to obtain the calibration curve, which allows determining the flow rates of other fluids like kerosene from their properties and the rotameter reading.
The document describes rotameters, which are variable area flow meters that contain a float within a tapered glass tube. As flow rate increases, the float rises within the tube. The document discusses rotameter construction, working principles, modifications to components like floats and tubes, formulas and calculations used, flow rate determination graphs, and advantages and disadvantages of rotameters. It also provides an example problem calculating flow rate based on given float position and properties.
This document describes experiments conducted to determine the characteristics of different types of hydraulic turbines under constant head conditions. The experiments measure parameters such as speed, power output, flow rate, and efficiency at varying loads. Formulas are provided to calculate hydraulic power input, brake horsepower, unit quantities, and turbine efficiency. Graphs of unit speed vs. unit power, unit discharge and efficiency are used to obtain the constant head characteristic curves and determine the maximum efficiency for each turbine type. Turbines tested include Pelton wheel, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. Precautions and sample calculations are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 on applying the Bernoulli equation. It discusses the target population as second year environmental engineering students. The main goal is to understand applications of the Bernoulli equation in fluid mechanics situations. Examples covered include using a Pitot tube to measure flow velocity, using a Venturi meter to measure discharge in pipes, and calculating discharge from tanks through orifices using the Bernoulli equation. It provides sample problems and solutions for applying Bernoulli's equation in these different contexts. Performance objectives are also listed so students can apply what they learn to problems involving flow measurement devices and tank discharge calculations.
Pitot tubes are used to measure the pressure and speed of fluid flow. They were originally developed in the early 1700s in France and have since been modified. Pitot tubes work by measuring the difference between the static and dynamic pressure of a fluid to calculate speed using the Pitot tube equation. Common applications include measuring airspeed in aircraft and flow speed in pipes. Problem examples show how to use the Pitot tube equation to calculate speed given differences in pressure measurements.
This document provides instructions for conducting an experiment to determine the jet diameter and coefficient of discharge of an orifice. It describes the necessary apparatus, including an orifice discharge setup, collecting tank fitted with a piezometer, stopwatch and meter scale. Formulas are given for calculating the radius of the jet, jet contraction coefficient, velocity coefficient, and discharge coefficient based on measurements taken. The procedure explains how to adjust the orifice setup and take measurements using a micrometer to determine the jet radius.
This document provides instructions for laboratory experiments on hydraulic machines and systems, including determining the coefficient of impact of jets on different vanes, studying the characteristic curves of a Pelton wheel turbine and Francis turbine at constant head conditions, and studying the characteristic curves of a Kaplan turbine at constant head condition. Key details include objectives, required apparatus, relevant formulas, procedures, expected observations and results for each experiment. The experiments aim to analyze forces on vanes from fluid jets, efficiency of different turbine types, and develop characteristic curves under constant head.
Sheet1Moisture content analysis final resultsGroupValue of m3 (g)A.docxbjohn46
Sheet1Moisture content analysis final resultsGroupValue of m3 (g)A21.459B25 kPa34.35950 kPa18.771C19.282D17.816E23.651F26.148GTBCH28.664
LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY
CIVIL ENGINEERING
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING: APPLICATION & THEORY (BEng)
Laboratory Experiment:
Undrained triaxial compression test (without pore water pressure measurement) BS
1377: Part 7: 1990.
Object of Experiment:
To determine the undrained shear strength of a soil using the triaxial compression test.
Theory/Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of a cell, which is filled with water under pressure; the
specimen is loaded vertically, via a proving ring to measure load.
Triaxial Cell
The vertical load on the specimen is increased until failure occurs, the vertical strain
being recorded at the same time using a dial gauge. The test is repeated on different
specimens from the same soil, using different values of cell pressure.
254
Stresses on specimen in Triaxial Cell
Cell Pressure Deviator Stress =P/A 1=3+P/A
1 = major principal stress
3 = minor principal stress
Therefore, P/A = (1-3) =Deviator stress
The deviator stress is the load on the specimen, P, divided by the cross sectional area
of the specimen. However, as the sample is compressed during the test, the cross
sectional area will increase. Therefore, in calculating the deviator stress an allowance
for the change in area must be considered.
For the calculation of deviator stress, it is assumed that the volume of the specimen
remains constant and that the sample will deform as a cylinder, e.g.
100%
o
X
Strain
L
1 3
P
Deviator stress
A
where P = vertical load, which is measured by a proving ring (kN)
A = Area calculated using the following method;
( ) )o o o oVolume V A L AL A L X
255
1
o o
o
V A
or A or A
L X
Method:
1. Extrude the sample from the tube and trim to size - soil sample of 38mm
diameter and 76mm long.
2. Sleeve the sample with the rubber membrane.
3. Put the sample on the pedestal at the bottom of the cell and seal with the
rubber ring. Place the loading cap on top of the sample and seal with rubber
ring, before securing top drainage tube.
4. Mount the cell over the sample and fill as per the
Flooding Triaxial Cell checklist.
5. Set-up the test with the Clisp Studio assistant, and complete the
Pressurising Triaxial Cell checklist before running the test stages.
6. When test stages are complete, end the test via Clip Studio and complete the
Draining Triaxial Cell checklist.
Results and Calculations:
• Sketch the failure mode of each sample.
• Calculate the moisture content of the soil as per Appendix A.
• Calculate the results as follows:
(i) For each sample tested:
• Find the failure strain (either the final value or.
Energy losses in Bends, loss coefficient related to velocity head.Pelton Whee...Salman Jailani
In this slide you learn the how to make the lablayout and the study the Energy losses, Pelton Wheel. Kaplan TURBINE, Franices TURBine And its Efficiency of Mecahanical Power Plants..
00923006902338
This laboratory manual provides instructions for 13 fluid mechanics experiments. The experiments are aimed at determining various fluid flow coefficients and verifying fluid dynamics principles. Some key experiments include determining the coefficient of discharge for an orifice meter and notch, verifying Bernoulli's theorem, and measuring major losses like friction factor in pipes. Proper procedures and formulas are provided for each experiment along with expected observations and precautions.
The document provides information about a water pump system including a filter, valve, elbows, and pipe. It gives values for flow rate, pressure, pipe diameter and length, loss coefficients, and asks questions about:
1) Determining the filter's loss coefficient
2) Calculating the flow rate if the valve is fully open and the filter's coefficient is given
3) Calculating the percentage change in flow rate between the two scenarios
4) Drawing the total energy line and hydraulic grade line for the system.
The document summarizes an experiment on pressure in still liquids and gases. The objectives were to calibrate an electronic pressure sensor and measure hydrostatic pressure. Key findings include:
1) Hydrostatic pressure depends only on water level, not volume.
2) There was a difference between actual and measured pressures due to sensor inaccuracies.
3) Calibrating the sensor produced a curve showing pressure increases with height.
The aim of the fluid flow rate experiment is to measure the fluid flow rate using a device called the hydraulic bench unit, which is also used to prove the Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration by measuring the overall pressure of the fluid flow.
1
KNE351 Fluid Mechanics 1
Laboratory Notes
Broad-Crested Weir
This booklet contains instructions and notes for the experiment listed above.
Additional material relating to laboratory work will be delivered during the
course. The expectations regarding lab work and reporting are described in a
separate document,‘KNE351. FLUIDMECHANICS: Laboratory Method and
Reporting’, which will also be circulated at the beginning of the course. It is
expected that all students study these notes and complete the pre-lab component
prior to the laboratory session. An overview of the laboratory equipment will
be provided at the beginning of each session.
A D Henderson
2
1. Learning Objectives
1. Observe and understand the behaviour of a real fluid flowing over a broad-crested weir,
2. Model this behaviour employing the Continuity and Bernoulli (Energy) Principles to
predict the flow rate from depth measurements.
3. Evaluate these predictions by comparing with measured values and use Specific Energy
to explain the changing nature of the flow over the weir.
2. Introduction
The theory of non-uniform flow in channels is covered by the course text, by many other fluid
mechanics texts, and by several web sites.
The specific energy, E, is the energy at a channel cross-section referred to the base of the
channel (in contrast to the Bernoulli equation, which is referred to a fixed horizontal datum).
The expression given for E is actually an approximation valid for small bed slopes. You've
measured the flume slope, and should examine this approximation in your report. A hydrostatic
pressure distribution is assumed, and you should also examine the validity of this assumption. If
the streamlines are not parallel, then the accelerative forces will modify the pressure - depth
relationship.
In general, two conjugate flows depths satisfy the specific energy equation for a given value of
the specific energy. The greater depth is associated with subcritical flow, and the shallower
depth with supercritical flow. At the critical depth the conjugate depths are equal, and the
discharge for the given specific energy is a maximum.
Broad crested weirs are used as a method of flow measurement in open channel flows. If the
weir is sufficiently high and long, the free surface will drop to critical depth. If the height of
the upstream flow is measured, then the flow rate can be determined.
3
3. Apparatus
• Water flume comprising of pump, control valve, venturi and v-notch flow meters,
downstream control gate.
• depth gauges
• 2 vertical water manometers
• 2 total head tubes
4. Preparation
Examine and sketch the layout of the channel and associated flow measuring equipment.
Measure the channel width and note significant geometrical parameters of the nozzle venturi
meter and V-notch weir. Note the directions of readings of all measuring scales.
a. Measure the channel, weir dimensions, a.
Manipulation of Water Hammer Problem by Modification of NRV ValveIDES Editor
Water hammer in piping systems produces large
dynamic forces which can damage the pipes and supports.
Therefore it is important to minimize the water hammer
effects on the piping system. In this work, a new method for
the reduction of water hammer by active measures is
described- that means the reduction of water hammer by
influencing the fluid dynamic conditions of the system. We
are concerned with the effects of the rapid valve closures in
pipes connected to wave reflection points. The energy is of
two kind’s Kinetic energy and Elastic energy. Both forms are
converted into pressure energy and the rapidity of the
conversion is of the utmost importance in terms of ensuring
damage that may result. Such energy dissipation in a
controlled non damaging way is discussed in this paper. The
latest outcomes of the research in this area are also discussed
with their failures in the implementation of these concepts in
industries, and the feasibility of our new method
1) The document describes an experiment measuring fluid pressure using Bernoulli's principle. A Venturi nozzle and pitot tube are used to measure static and total fluid pressures at different points.
2) Tables of pressure measurements are presented and graphs show the relationships between flow velocity, pressure, and other variables according to Bernoulli's equations.
3) The results are discussed in relation to real-world examples of Bernoulli's principle like aircraft wings and passing vehicles. Pressure, velocity, and forces are analyzed.
- The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including density, pressure, buoyancy, and fluid flow.
- Density is the ratio of mass to volume and plays a role in determining if objects float. Higher density fluids sit below lower density fluids.
- Pressure increases with depth in a fluid and is transmitted equally in all directions according to Pascal's laws.
- Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced.
- Bernoulli's principle relates fluid pressure and velocity such that higher flow speeds means lower pressure.
This document contains 16 fluid mechanics assignment problems involving concepts like fluid properties, viscosity, surface tension, and capillary action. The problems ask students to calculate density, specific weight, viscosity, shear stress, capillary height and more using equations and given data. They are to determine fluid types, compare values to water, and derive expressions to analyze situations like raindrops, soap bubbles, and fluids between parallel plates.
The document describes an experiment measuring fluid flow rate. Students measured the volume and time it took for water to pass through a volumetric tank. They then calculated the flow rate, mass flow rate, and weight flow rate. The results showed the relationship between flow rate and time, as well as the slopes between flow rate and mass/weight flow rate. Factors that impact flow rate like viscosity, temperature, and pipe characteristics were also discussed.
The document summarizes a student presentation on observing hydraulic jumps in underground drainage systems. The student's objectives were to observe the behavior of flows and resulting hydraulic jumps inside closed conduits, and to compare this to classical hydraulic jumps. The methodology involved setting up experiments in a glass flume and using pressure sensors to measure velocities and pressures as hydraulic jumps formed. Results showed classical hydraulic jumps could be generated and compared to theoretical equations.
This document provides information on laboratory experiments related to fluid mechanics. It includes procedures for determining coefficients of discharge for Venturi meters and orifice meters, calculating head losses due to pipe friction, and verifying Bernoulli's theorem. The document lists 10 experiments that can be performed using test rigs for closed circuit Venturi meters and orifice meters, as well as an apparatus for measuring friction losses in pipes of different diameters under varying flow conditions. Detailed procedures are provided for selected experiments on determining discharge coefficients and calculating friction factors.
This document outlines the procedures and results from an experiment on gas absorption using an absorption column. The experiment examined the air pressure drop across the column as air flow rate was increased for different fixed water flow rates. Pressure drop was recorded and plotted against air flow rate. The experimental flooding points where compared to theoretical calculations, with errors ranging from 11.1% to 20%. The results showed that pressure drop increased with air flow rate as expected, identifying the flooding points where liquid could no longer flow down the column.
1. Hydraulics is the science of transmitting force and motion through a confined liquid. Power is transmitted by pushing on a confined liquid, which then transmits the energy equally in all directions.
2. Water pressure in a confined space increases proportionally with depth. A pressure gauge will read higher if placed lower in a water column or reservoir.
3. Frictional losses occur when water flows through hoses or pipes due to the water molecules rubbing against surfaces and each other. This decreases pressure over the length of the hose.
This document provides instructions for experiments on various turbomachines and pumps in the Mechanical Engineering Department of Aksum University. It includes procedures for determining the efficiency of a Pelton turbine, reaction turbine, axial turbine, and centrifugal pump. Formulas are provided for calculating mechanical power, hydraulic power, head, efficiency, and specific speed. Turbine tests involve varying the brake torque to obtain torque-speed characteristics while pumps are tested by varying the discharge.
This document describes an experiment conducted to demonstrate and measure fluid flow rates using different flow meter types. The experiment utilized a hydraulic bench unit with various components like a volumetric measuring tank and submersible pump. Three common flow meters - a rotameter, venture meter, and orifice plate - were used to measure the flow rate of water. The procedure involved taking readings from the flow meters and hydraulic bench at different flow rates. These readings were then used to calculate the actual flow rates and discharge coefficients for each meter. Graphs were made to analyze the relationships between actual and indicated flow rates and how the venture meter's discharge coefficient changed with actual flow rate.
1. The experiment aimed to dilute a drilling mud from 8.65 ppg to 8.45 ppg by adding 666.66 cc of water incrementally and measuring the mud weight each time.
2. Errors in the experiment likely contributed to the measured mud density being 8.45 ppg instead of the target 8.5 ppg, including impurities in the water, inaccurate measurements, and bentonite losses during mixing and weighing.
3. Proper dilution of drilling mud is important to avoid issues like lost circulation, formation damage, decreased rate of penetration, and poor hole cleaning during drilling operations.
The document describes a mud weighting experiment where barite was added to bentonite mud to increase its density. Barite is commonly used to weight muds because it is inexpensive, readily available, and chemically inert, allowing mud weights to reach 20 ppg. The experiment involved preparing bentonite mud, measuring its initial density, then adding 117.6g of barite and measuring the final density. Some potential sources of error included barite powder being lost or sticking to surfaces during mixing and imprecise electronic balance measurements.
This document provides safety information and guidelines for Illinois Tool Works Inc. (ITW) 5980 Series Dual Column Floor Frames. It contains three main points:
1) It lists general safety precautions that users must follow when operating materials testing systems, which can be potentially hazardous due to high forces, rapid motions, and stored energy.
2) It provides several warnings about specific hazards like crush hazards and flying debris that could result in injury. It advises pressing the emergency stop button if an unsafe condition exists.
3) It gives additional warnings regarding hazards from extreme temperatures, unexpected motion when transferring between manual and computer control, rotating machinery, and pressurized hydraulic systems. Users are advised to disconnect
The document describes experiments conducted to measure surface tension using a tapered vessel, capillary tubes, and surface tension balance. It provides background on surface tension and adhesive forces. The students measure the surface tension of liquids and discuss potential sources of error between measured and theoretical surface tension values, such as temperature fluctuations and human error in reading instruments.
1. The document describes an experiment to calibrate an electronic pressure sensor by measuring hydrostatic pressure in a communicating tube system and with the sensor.
2. The experiment involves filling communicating tubes with water to equal levels, then using an equation to calculate actual pressure (Pact) based on height and measuring indicated pressure (Psen) with the sensor.
3. A graph shows the calibrating curve for the pressure sensor, with Pact along the x-axis and Psen along the y-axis forming a linear relationship, demonstrating the sensor was accurately calibrated.
The document describes an experiment to calibrate a Bourdon pressure gauge using a dead-weight pressure gauge calibration system. The system applies pressure via weighted pistons which act on hydraulic oil, allowing a test gauge to be calibrated by comparing its readings to known pressure levels. Procedures are outlined for checking the zero point and then taking readings at incremental pressure levels by adding weights to the system. Sources of potential error are discussed. Calibration curves are examined to verify the accuracy of the test gauge by comparing actual pressure values to measured readings.
This document describes an experiment on tensile testing of materials. It discusses preparing dog-bone shaped samples according to ASTM D638 standards. Tensile testing is done using a Shimadzu tensile testing machine to measure properties like stress and strain. Careful sample preparation and dimensions matching standards are needed to obtain accurate property values from the experiment. The conclusions emphasize getting the right sample dimension values according to standards to determine material properties correctly.
This is a preliminary text for the chapter. The Oslo Group is invited to provide comments on the
general structure and coverage of the chapter (for example, if it covers the relevant aspects related to
measurement units and conversion factors, and if there are additional topics that should be covered in
this chapter), and on the recommendations to be contained in IRES.
The current text presents the recommendations from the UN Manual F.29 as well as some points that
were raised during the last OG meeting. The issue of “harmonization” of standard/default conversion
factors still needs to be addressed. It was suggested that tables be moved to an annex. Please provide
your views on which ones should be retained in the chapter.
This document provides information on the International System of Units (SI) and the SPE Metric Standard adopted by the Society of Petroleum Engineers. It defines the seven base SI units like meters, kilograms, seconds. It also describes derived units and SI prefixes that are multiplied to units. Guidelines are given for applying the metric system including proper use of unit symbols and quantities like mass, force, weight. Standards for selected metric units used in petroleum are also discussed.
This document provides conversion factors and formulas for converting between common units used in petroleum technology. It includes tables for converting between units of volume, mass, density, temperature, pressure, energy, and prefixes. Key tables provide conversion factors for oil volume and mass units (e.g. barrels to tonnes), density units (e.g. specific gravity to API gravity), temperature units (e.g. Celsius to Fahrenheit), and pressure units (e.g. bars to atmospheres). A glossary at the end defines important technical terms used in the petroleum industry.
This experiment measured the viscosity of drilling mud using a Marsh funnel viscometer. The mud sample had a viscosity of 27.45 seconds as measured by the funnel. Factors like temperature, mud composition, and equipment accuracy can impact viscosity measurements. Maintaining the proper viscosity is important for suspending cuttings and limiting friction pressure during drilling operations.
This document provides instructions for using a trimming core plug machine to cut rock core samples to a desired size. The machine uses two radial saws that can cut both ends of a core plug simultaneously with cooling water. Safety precautions when using the machine include not touching the cutting wheels and only operating it when the hood is closed. The experiment involves clamping the core sample, starting the water pump, trimming the sample with the saw, unclamping the sample, and measuring its diameter and length. Basic maintenance is to keep the machine clean and change the fluid as needed.
The document describes the roles of team members on a project to analyze different types of gas reservoirs. It discusses retrograde gas-condensate reservoirs, where temperature is between critical temperature and cricondentherm, leading to liquid dropout during production. Near critical gas condensate reservoirs have temperatures near the critical point, causing rapid liquid buildup below the critical point. Dry gas reservoirs have temperatures above cricondentherm, so the fluids remain vapor during depletion. Wet gas reservoirs initially have vapor phase fluids, but pressure and temperature declines cause the fluids to enter the two-phase region and produce liquid.
This document describes an experiment on static and dynamic pressure conducted by a group of students. The aim was to measure dynamic pressure. The introduction defines static and dynamic pressure in fluids. The theory section explains that dynamic pressure depends on fluid density and velocity, and can be calculated using principles from Bernoulli's equation. The procedures describe preparing the experiment, taking measurements of static and total pressure using a manometer, and calculating velocity from the pressure readings. Tools used include a manometer and Prandtl's tube. The discussion analyzes graphs of pressure and velocity and explores sources of error.
The document discusses the center of pressure and its importance in engineering. It addresses:
1) The relationship between (hp-h(dash)) and (h) and how they relate at different angles Θ.
2) Why the center of pressure is important for engineers, as it allows them to evenly balance lift on aircraft.
3) The difference between the center of pressure and center of gravity - the center of pressure is the point where lifting and drag forces act on a fluid, while the center of gravity is one of the forces that must be considered.
The document discusses various concepts related to fluid dynamics including static pressure, dynamic pressure, and dynamic head. It defines static pressure as the pressure of non-moving fluid, while dynamic pressure is the pressure of moving fluid and equals the difference between total pressure and static pressure. Dynamic pressure is also defined as the kinetic energy within a unit volume of moving fluid particles. An equation for calculating dynamic wind pressure based on wind speed is provided. The document also notes that static and dynamic head are equal when the two surfaces of a liquid are at the same level, meaning they have the same head.
1. DEE 1203 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DRAWING.pdfAsiimweJulius2
This lecture will equip students with basic electrical engineering knowledge on various types of electrical and electronics drawings, different types of drawing papers, different ways of producing a good drawing and the importance of electrical engineering drawing to both engineers and the users.
By the end of this lecture, students will be to differentiate between different electrical diagrams like, block diagrams, schematic diagrams, circuit diagrams among others.
Distillation basic knowledge is given in this PPT for the vapour liquid equilibrium in which we can understand the basic knowledge for the separation of the two miscible liquid which is being separation by the vapour temperature is it separated by the more related to this again the structure of structure
Slides from my talk at MinneAnalytics 2024 - June 7, 2024
https://datatech2024.sched.com/event/1eO0m/time-state-analytics-a-new-paradigm
Across many domains, we see a growing need for complex analytics to track precise metrics at Internet scale to detect issues, identify mitigations, and analyze patterns. Think about delays in airlines (Logistics), food delivery tracking (Apps), detect fraudulent transactions (Fintech), flagging computers for intrusion (Cybersecurity), device health (IoT), and many more.
For instance, at Conviva, our customers want to analyze the buffering that users on some types of devices suffer, when using a specific CDN.
We refer to such problems as Multidimensional Time-State Analytics. Time-State here refers to the stateful context-sensitive analysis over event streams needed to capture metrics of interest, in contrast to simple aggregations. Multidimensional refers to the need to run ad hoc queries to drill down into subpopulations of interest. Furthermore, we need both real-time streaming and offline retrospective analysis capabilities.
In this talk, we will share our experiences to explain why state-of-art systems offer poor abstractions to tackle such workloads and why they suffer from poor cost-performance tradeoffs and significant complexity.
We will also describe Conviva’s architectural and algorithmic efforts to tackle these challenges. We present early evidence on how raising the level of abstraction can reduce developer effort, bugs, and cloud costs by (up to) an order of magnitude, and offer a unified framework to support both streaming and retrospective analysis. We will also discuss how our ideas can be plugged into existing pipelines and how our new ``visual'' abstraction can democratize analytics across many domains and to non-programmers.
Introduction And Differences Between File System And Dbms.pptxSerendipityYoon
An introduction to file systems and a database management system. This document provides a free powerpoint presentation about the differences between a file system and database management system. Advantages and disadvantages of file system and database management system.
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1. Erbil Polytechnic University
Koya Technical Institute
Dep. Of Oil Technology
Control and Operation
Name of Experiment:
Impact of water Jet
Supervised by: Karwan Abubakr
Name: Muhammed Shwan Ali
Group: A
Date of Exp.:23/11/2017
Date of submission: 11/1/2018
Name of laboratory: Fluid Mechanic Lab
2. Title Page number
Objective 3
Introduction 3
procedure 4
Apparatus 5
Calculation 6
Discussion 7-8
Reference 8
3. Objective
To calculate the force produced by a jet of water as it impacts a
surface and to compare this to the theoretical values.
Introduction
The apparatus consists of a chamber provided with Perspex
walls on two opposite faces. A floating vane fixing rod is
provided over the chamber to which the vane is fixed. An initial
balance weight is provided for balancing the mass of the vane.
Another sliding weight is provided to balance the vane fixing red
when the jet strikes the vane.
A nozzle is fixed below the vane through which a vertical jet
issues. Water in sump tank is supplied to nozzle by a circulating
pump. A control valve provided controls the pressure at the jet
and hence the flow rate and velocity of the jet.
Two different types of vanes, flat and hemispherical, are
provided, giving the jet deflection of 90° and 180° respectively.
The vanes can be interchangeably fixed to the rod.
By adjusting the sliding weight, rod is balanced when the jet is
striking the vane. calculBy taking the moment about the fulcrum,
impact force on the vane can be ated. Nozzles of diameter 6 mm
and 8 mm are provided.
4. Procedure:
1. Fix the Flat Vane to the fixing rod. Fix the nozzle (diameter,
10mm) 1n Perspex box at center by opening the window provided
on the right side of the box. Close the top and side windows.
2. Adjust the balance weight marked ‘B’ (left hand side) by using
thumbwheel knob provided, so that vane fixing rod is in
horizontal position and the pointers are matching. Lock the
balance weight.
3. Add sliding weight (0.6 kg) at L=30 cm of fixing rod. Tighten
the sliding weight.
4. Fully men the bypass valve.
5. Start the pump. Wait under water is pumped into the sump tank.
6. Slowly close bypass valve. The water jet will strike the vane.
7. Vane fixing rod disturbed. Try to balance the fixing rod
horizontally to red line by adjusting water-jet impact thru open-
close the bypass valve.
8. Wait until the condition is stable.
9. Close the discharge valve of measuring tank
Turn the swiveling joint pipe towards the measuring tank.
So that water collects in the measuring tank, start stop-watch
At 0 liter level and
Measure time required for 10 lit.
Record all our data 1n Table Observation (Reading).
10. Repeat the procedure 1 to 9 using Hemispherical Vane with
10 mm nozzle. Record
Your data in table reading.
11. End of ex experiment.
5. Apparatus: -
Fig 11.1 shows the arrangement, in which water supplied from the
Hydraulic Bench is fed to a vertical pipe terminating in a tapered
nozzle. This produces a jet of water which impinges on a vane, in
the form of a flat plate or a hemispherical cup. The nozzle and
vane are contained within a transparent cylinder, and at the base
of the cylinder there is an outlet from which the flow is directed
to the measuring tank of the bench. As indicated in Fig 11.1, the
vane is supported by a lever which carries a jockey weight, and
which is restrained by a light spring. The lever may be set to a
balanced position (as indicated by a tally supported from it) by
placing the jockey weight at its zero position, and then adjusting
the knurled nut above the spring. Any force generated by impact
of the jet on the vane may now be measured by moving the jockey
weight along the lever until the tally shows that it has been
restored to its original balanced position.
7. Table of Calculation: -
No.
Nozzle
Diameter
(mm)
Cross
Sectional
Area
(m2)
Discharge
Flow
rate,
Q
(m3/sec)
Velocity
Of Jet,
V
(m/sec)
Experimental
Force,
Fexp
(kg)
Practical
Force,
Ftheory
(kg)
%
error
1 10 0.000079 0.000679 8.593502 0.048 1.189401285 95.96436
2 10 0.000079 0.000711 9.003007 0.092 1.305459057 92.95267
3 10 0.000079 0.00074 9.362595 0.168 1.411823849 88.1005
Discussion: -
1. Briefly summarize the key results of each experiment
A/ higher water jet Velocity will produce a higher force exerted
onto the target vane. The amount of weight can be supported
indicate the force produced on the vane but the more forces are
needed to lift the slide weight.
2. Explain the significance of your findings
A/ To calculate the force produced by a jet of water as it impacts a
surface and to compare this to the theoretical values.
3. Explain any unusual difficulties or problems which may have
led to poor results
A/may be we are not fast enough to timing the timer properly or
we didn't have accuracy in reading digits that make our result an
error.
4. Offer suggestions for how the experimental procedure or
design could be improved. And using a device a lot will make
some errors in reading that's why we have to use the device less
than before.
A/we must be more accurate in recording time and digits
5. Compare your experimental values with theoretical values
given.
A/practical is depends on density,velocity,area and gravity
8. But experimental depends of the distance of sliding seight and
the distance of vane from the fulcrum and mass that's why they
are have a very huge difference.
Reference:
Lecturer's books