This document summarizes an article about enhancing infrared images using wavelet transforms. It discusses how wavelet transforms can be used to separate image details into different frequency subbands. Then a homomorphic enhancement algorithm is applied to transform the details into illumination and reflectance components, amplifying the reflectance to make details more clear. Finally, an inverse wavelet transform is performed to reconstruct an enhanced infrared image with more visible details. The document provides background on infrared imaging and different infrared bands. It also reviews literature on using wavelets for target detection by exploiting scale, edge, and contrast differences between targets and clutter.
NOISE REMOVAL TECHNIQUES FOR MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING RADAR DATA AND ITS EVAL...cscpconf
Microwave Remote Sensing data acquired by a RADAR sensor such as SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) is affected by a peculiar kind of noise called speckle. This noise not only renders the
data ineffective for classification, texture analysis, segmentation etc. which are used for image analysis purposes, but also degrades the overall contrast and radiometric quality of the image. Here we discuss the various noise removal techniques which have been widely used by scientists all over the world. Different filtering methods have their pros and cons, and no single method can give the most satisfactory result. In order to circumvent those issues, better and better methods are being attempted. One of the recent methods is that based on Wavelet technique. This paper discusses the denoising techniques based on Wavelets and the results from some of those methods. The relative merits and demerits of the filters and their evaluation is also done.
Noise removal techniques for microwave remote sensing radar data and its eval...csandit
Microwave Remote Sensing data acquired by a RADAR sensor such as SAR(Synthetic Aperture
Radar) is affected by a peculiar kind of noise called speckle. This noise not only renders the
data ineffective for classification, texture analysis, segmentation etc. which are used for image
analysis purposes, but also degrades the overall contrast and radiometric quality of the image.
Here we discuss the various noise removal techniques which have been widely used by scientists
all over the world. Different filtering methods have their pros and cons, and no single method
can give the most satisfactory result. In order to circumvent those issues, better and better
methods are being attempted. One of the recent methods is that based on Wavelet technique.
This paper discusses the denoising techniques based on Wavelets and the results from some of
those methods. The relative merits and demerits of the filters and their evaluation is also done.
This lecture is about particle image velocimetry technique. It include discussion about the basic element of PIV setup, image capturing, laser lights, synchronize and correlation analysis.
上海必和 Advancements in hyperspectral and multi-spectral ima超光谱高光谱多光谱algous
This document discusses advancements in hyperspectral and multi-spectral imaging. It begins with an abstract describing how a spectrograph's design impacts its performance. It then provides an introduction to hyperspectral imaging, describing its use in applications such as agriculture, forensics, and biomedical research. The document emphasizes that hyperspectral sensors require maintaining precise spatial and spectral integrity over a wide field of view. It evaluates different types of spectrograph designs and their ability to accurately reproduce spectral images across a focal plane without distortion or corruption between wavelengths and spatial positions.
Abstract
Terahertz sub-surface imaging offers an effective solution for surface and 3D imaging because of minimal
sample preparation requirements and its ability to “see” below the surface. Another important property is the ability
to inspect on a layer-by layer basis via a non-contact route, non-destructive route. Terahertz 3D imager designed
at Applied Research and Photonics (Harrisburg, PA) has been used to demonstrate reconstructive imaging with a
resolution of less than a nanometer. Gridding with inverse distance to power equations has been described for 3D
image formation. A continuous wave terahertz source derived from dendrimer dipole excitation has been used for
reflection mode scanning in the three orthogonal directions. Both 2D and 3D images are generated for the analysis
of silver iodide quantum dots’ size parameter. Layer by layer image analysis has been outlined. Graphical analysis
was used for particle size and layer thickness determinations. The demonstrated results of quantum dot particle
size checks well with those determined by TEM micrograph and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The reported
non-contact measurement system is expected to be useful for characterizing 2D and 3D naomaterials as well as for process development and/or quality inspection at the production line.
Remote sensing implies to the collection of data
about an object from a distance. With the use of LiDAR
remote sensing technology, the three dimensional
distribution of plant canopies and vegetation structural
attributes can be accurately estimated. The measure of
difference in reflectance from leaves of plants, due to the
presence of chlorophyll pigments in different ratios, can be
helpful to locate and characterize the plant remote
location through remote sensing technology and
Geographic Information System (GIS). The present study
highlights the importance of remote sensing technology and
GIS in detection of herbs located distantly.
The document discusses particle image velocimetry (PIV), which is a non-intrusive method for measuring fluid flow velocities. PIV works by seeding the fluid with particles and using a laser sheet and camera to capture particle images. Software then tracks the particle movements between images to calculate velocity vectors across the flow field. PIV has applications in analyzing flows around objects like fish, helicopters, and prosthetic heart valves. Advanced PIV systems are being developed that can perform 3D motion tracking.
The document discusses characterization techniques used to analyze SrFe12O19 hexaferrite samples synthesized by different methods, including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It describes the working principles of FTIR spectroscopy, the sample analysis process, and the components of an FTIR spectrometer. FTIR can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis by identifying functional groups and compounds present based on their characteristic infrared absorption frequencies.
NOISE REMOVAL TECHNIQUES FOR MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING RADAR DATA AND ITS EVAL...cscpconf
Microwave Remote Sensing data acquired by a RADAR sensor such as SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) is affected by a peculiar kind of noise called speckle. This noise not only renders the
data ineffective for classification, texture analysis, segmentation etc. which are used for image analysis purposes, but also degrades the overall contrast and radiometric quality of the image. Here we discuss the various noise removal techniques which have been widely used by scientists all over the world. Different filtering methods have their pros and cons, and no single method can give the most satisfactory result. In order to circumvent those issues, better and better methods are being attempted. One of the recent methods is that based on Wavelet technique. This paper discusses the denoising techniques based on Wavelets and the results from some of those methods. The relative merits and demerits of the filters and their evaluation is also done.
Noise removal techniques for microwave remote sensing radar data and its eval...csandit
Microwave Remote Sensing data acquired by a RADAR sensor such as SAR(Synthetic Aperture
Radar) is affected by a peculiar kind of noise called speckle. This noise not only renders the
data ineffective for classification, texture analysis, segmentation etc. which are used for image
analysis purposes, but also degrades the overall contrast and radiometric quality of the image.
Here we discuss the various noise removal techniques which have been widely used by scientists
all over the world. Different filtering methods have their pros and cons, and no single method
can give the most satisfactory result. In order to circumvent those issues, better and better
methods are being attempted. One of the recent methods is that based on Wavelet technique.
This paper discusses the denoising techniques based on Wavelets and the results from some of
those methods. The relative merits and demerits of the filters and their evaluation is also done.
This lecture is about particle image velocimetry technique. It include discussion about the basic element of PIV setup, image capturing, laser lights, synchronize and correlation analysis.
上海必和 Advancements in hyperspectral and multi-spectral ima超光谱高光谱多光谱algous
This document discusses advancements in hyperspectral and multi-spectral imaging. It begins with an abstract describing how a spectrograph's design impacts its performance. It then provides an introduction to hyperspectral imaging, describing its use in applications such as agriculture, forensics, and biomedical research. The document emphasizes that hyperspectral sensors require maintaining precise spatial and spectral integrity over a wide field of view. It evaluates different types of spectrograph designs and their ability to accurately reproduce spectral images across a focal plane without distortion or corruption between wavelengths and spatial positions.
Abstract
Terahertz sub-surface imaging offers an effective solution for surface and 3D imaging because of minimal
sample preparation requirements and its ability to “see” below the surface. Another important property is the ability
to inspect on a layer-by layer basis via a non-contact route, non-destructive route. Terahertz 3D imager designed
at Applied Research and Photonics (Harrisburg, PA) has been used to demonstrate reconstructive imaging with a
resolution of less than a nanometer. Gridding with inverse distance to power equations has been described for 3D
image formation. A continuous wave terahertz source derived from dendrimer dipole excitation has been used for
reflection mode scanning in the three orthogonal directions. Both 2D and 3D images are generated for the analysis
of silver iodide quantum dots’ size parameter. Layer by layer image analysis has been outlined. Graphical analysis
was used for particle size and layer thickness determinations. The demonstrated results of quantum dot particle
size checks well with those determined by TEM micrograph and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The reported
non-contact measurement system is expected to be useful for characterizing 2D and 3D naomaterials as well as for process development and/or quality inspection at the production line.
Remote sensing implies to the collection of data
about an object from a distance. With the use of LiDAR
remote sensing technology, the three dimensional
distribution of plant canopies and vegetation structural
attributes can be accurately estimated. The measure of
difference in reflectance from leaves of plants, due to the
presence of chlorophyll pigments in different ratios, can be
helpful to locate and characterize the plant remote
location through remote sensing technology and
Geographic Information System (GIS). The present study
highlights the importance of remote sensing technology and
GIS in detection of herbs located distantly.
The document discusses particle image velocimetry (PIV), which is a non-intrusive method for measuring fluid flow velocities. PIV works by seeding the fluid with particles and using a laser sheet and camera to capture particle images. Software then tracks the particle movements between images to calculate velocity vectors across the flow field. PIV has applications in analyzing flows around objects like fish, helicopters, and prosthetic heart valves. Advanced PIV systems are being developed that can perform 3D motion tracking.
The document discusses characterization techniques used to analyze SrFe12O19 hexaferrite samples synthesized by different methods, including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It describes the working principles of FTIR spectroscopy, the sample analysis process, and the components of an FTIR spectrometer. FTIR can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis by identifying functional groups and compounds present based on their characteristic infrared absorption frequencies.
S IGNAL A ND I MAGE P ROCESSING OF O PTICAL C OHERENCE T OMOGRAPHY AT 1310 NM...sipij
OCT is a recently developed optical interferometric
technique for non-invasive diagnostic medical imag
ing
in vivo; the most sensitive optical imaging modalit
y.OCT finds its application in ophthalmology, blood
flow
estimation and cancer diagnosis along with many non
biomedical applications. The main advantage of
OCT is its high resolution which is in
μ
m range and depth of penetration in mm range. Unlik
e other
techniques like X rays and CT scan, OCT does not co
mprise any x ray source and therefore no radiations
are involved. This research work discusses the basi
cs of spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT), experimental
setup, data acquisition and signal processing invol
ved in OCT systems. Simulation of OCT involving
modelling and signal processing, carried out on Lab
VIEW platform has been discussed. Using the
experimental setup, some of the non biomedical samp
les have been scanned. The signal processing and
image processing of the scanned data was carried ou
t in MATLAB and Lab VIEW, some of the results thus
obtained have been discussed in the end
This document describes research on using near-infrared optical imaging techniques for 3D biological tissue imaging. It discusses diffuse optical tomography (DOT) and fluorescence DOT (F-DOT). For DOT, it covers the photon diffusion equation, forward and inverse models, and finite element method implementation. For F-DOT, it discusses the fluorescence transport equations and parallel inversion schemes. Simulation results using MATLAB and NIRFAST show reconstructed optical property maps and fluorescence distributions in 2D and 3D geometries. Future work aims to further develop 3D imaging software for interfacing with DOT instrumentation.
Design and Development of a Shortwave near Infrared Spectroscopy using NIR LE...IJECEIAES
Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic technology has been getting more attention in various fields. The development of a low cost NIR spectroscopy is crucial to reduce the financial barriers so that more NIR spectroscopic applications will be investigated and developed by means of the NIR spectroscopic technology. This study proposes an alternative to measure shortwave NIR spectrum using one collimating lens, two slits, one NIR transmission grating, one linear array sensor, and one microcontroller. Five high precision narrow bands NIR light emitting diodes (LEDs) were used to calibrate the proposed spectroscopy. The effects of the proposed two slits design, the distance between the grating and linear array sensor, and three different regression models were investigated. The accuracy of the proposed design was cross-validated using leave-one-out cross-validation. Results show that the proposed two slits design was able to eliminate unwanted signals substantially, and the cross-validation was able to estimate the best model with root mean squared error of cross-validation of 3.8932nm. Findings indicate that the cross-validation approach is a good approach to estimate the final model without over-fitting, and the proposed shortwave NIR spectroscopy was able to estimate the peak value of the acquired spectrum from NIR LEDs with RMSE of 1.1616nm.
This document discusses hyperspectral imaging technologies for multi-channel fiber sensing. It evaluates the spatial and spectral imaging performance of several aberration-corrected hyperspectral imaging spectrographs. Ray trace images and focal plane maps are presented to demonstrate the spatial and spectral reproduction accuracy over the entire back focal plane. The document focuses on retro-reflective concentric imaging spectrographs and their ability to precisely reproduce spectral images from arrays of optical fibers, minimizing crosstalk between channels.
The document provides details about the research background and interests of researcher Fang Can. It outlines his educational background in electrical engineering and computer science. It also describes his technical skills in mathematics, optimization, algorithm development, and optics. The document discusses Fang's PhD research projects which took graph-theoretic and geometric approaches to problems in communication networks and wireless sensor networks. It provides examples of his current work developing multi-spectral optical probes and a spectrum-scanning microscope to analyze tissue and cell samples.
Parametric Blur Estimation Using Modified Radon Transform for Natural Images Restoration Vedhapriya Vadhana R – Associate Professor,
Department of ECE,
Maheswari E – PG scholar,
VLSI DESIGN,
Francis Xavier Engineering College, Tirunelveli,India
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and how infrared radiation interacts with molecular bonds to produce vibrational modes. The basic principles of FTIR are explained, including how an interferogram is produced and transformed into an infrared absorption spectrum using Fourier transform. Common instrumentation components like detectors, radiation sources, and sample holders are also mentioned. The document serves as an introduction to FTIR spectroscopy and the molecular information it can provide through analysis of infrared absorption spectra.
This document discusses optical fibers and fiber optic sensors. It begins with an introduction to optical fibers, including their principles, types, advantages and disadvantages. It then discusses fiber optic sensors, including their components, classifications, and uses. It focuses on displacement sensors, explaining their principles, experimental setup, results and applications. Displacement sensors can be designed using glass or plastic optical fibers with different numbers of fibers, and their sensitivity depends on the fiber material and number of fibers used.
This document discusses various photon beam dosimetry concepts and quantities used in radiation therapy treatment planning. It begins with an introduction to how dose is measured in phantoms rather than patients. Percentage depth dose (PDD) curves are defined as the dose at a given depth normalized to a reference depth. PDD depends on factors like beam energy, depth, field size, and source-surface distance. Tissue-air ratios (TARs) relate dose in a phantom to dose in free space and are independent of source-surface distance. Backscatter factors are the TAR measured at the depth of maximum dose. The document provides details on each of these quantities and their measurement and application in treatment planning.
Granular Mobility-Factor Analysis Framework for enrichingOccupancy Sensing wi...IJECEIAES
With the growing need for adoption of smarter resource control system in existing infrastructure, the proliferation of occupancy sensing is slowly increasing its pace. After reviewing an existing system, we find that utilization of Doppler radar is less progressive in enhancing the accuracy of occupancy sensing operation. Therefore, we introduce a novel analytical model that is meant for incorporating granularity in tracing the psychological periodic characteristic of an object by emphasizing on the mobility and uncertainty movement of an object in the monitoring area. Hence, the model is more emphasized on identifying the rate of change in any periodic physiological characteristic of an object with the aid of mathematical modelling. At the same time, the model extracts certain traits of frequency shift and directionality for better tracking of the unidentified object behavior where its applicabilibility can be generalized in majority of the fields related to object detection.
Spectrophotometry is used in Biology to plot optical density curves (to determine the concentration of biochemicals) or to conduct a cell count for a suspension.
Image Denoising Based On Wavelet for Satellite Imagery: A ReviewIJMER
In this paper studied the use of wavelet and their family to denoising images. Satellite images
are extensively used in the field of RS and GIS for land possession, mapping use for planning and
decision support. As of many Satellite image having common problem i.e. noise which hold unwanted
information in an images. Different types of noise are addressing different techniques to denoising
remotely sense images. Noise within the remote sensing images identifying and denoising them is big
challenge before the researcher. Therefore we review wavelet for denoising of the remote sensing
images. Thus implementing wavelet is essential to get much higher quality denoising image. However,
they are usually too computationally demanding. In order to reduce the
NIR Three dimensional imaging of breast model using f-DOT Nagendra Babu
NIR three dimensional optical imaging of breast model using f-DOT using f-DOT with target specified contrast agent.
Three dimensional mathematical modeling of DOT,f-DOT.
Computationally Efficient Methods for Sonar Image Denoising using Fractional ...CSCJournals
Sonar images produced due to the coherent nature of scattering phenomenon inherit a multiplicative component called speckle and contain almost homogeneous as well as textured regions with relatively rare edges. Speckle removal is a pre-processing step required in applications like the detection and classification of objects in the sonar image. In this paper computationally efficient Fractional Integral Mask algorithms to remove the speckle noise from sonar images is proposed. Riemann- Liouville definition of fractional calculus is used to create Fractional integral masks in eight directions. The use of a mask incorporated with the significant coefficients from the eight directional masks and a single convolution operation required in such case helps in obtaining the computational efficiency. The sonar image heterogeneous patch classification is based on a new proposed naive homogeneity index which depends on the texture strength of the patches and despeckling filters can be adjusted to these patches. The application of the mask convolution only to the selected patches again reduce the computational complexity. The non-homomorphic approach used in the proposed method avoids the undesired bias occurring in the traditional homomorphic approach. Experiments show that the mask size required directly depends on the fractional order. Mask size can be reduced for lower fractional orders thus ensuring the computation complexity reduction for lower orders. Experimental results substantiate the effectiveness of the despeckling method. The different non reference image performance evaluation criterion are used to evaluate the proposed method.
Photoacoustic technology for biological tissues characterizationjournalBEEI
The existing photoacoustics (PA) imaging systems showed mixed performance in imaging characteristic and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This work presents the use of an in-house assembled PA system using a modulating laser beam of wavelength 633 nm for two-dimensional (2D) characterization of biological tissues. The differentiation of the tissues in this work is based on differences in their light absorption, wherein the produced photoacoustic signal detected by a transducer was translated into phase value that corresponds to the peak amplitude of optical absorption of tissue namely fat, liver and muscle. This work found fat tissue to produce the strongest PA signal with mean ± standard deviation (SD) phase value = 2.09 ± 0.31 while muscle produced the least signal with phase value = 1.03 ± 0.17. This work discovered the presence of stripes pattern in the reconstructed images of fat and muscle resulted from their structural properties. In addition, a comparison is made in an attempt to better assess the performance of the developed system with the related ones. This work concluded that the developed system may use as an alternative, noninvasive and label-free visualization method for characterization of biological tissues in the future.
Analysis of remote sensing imagery involves identifying targets through their tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, and relationships to other objects. Targets may be environmental or artificial features appearing as points, lines, or areas. Interpretation relies on how radiation is reflected or emitted from targets and recorded by sensors to form images. The key to interpretation is recognizing targets based on these visual elements.
Effects of structural parameters of photonic crystal fiberSaswati Rudra Paul
The document summarizes research on manipulating the geometric and structural parameters of photonic crystal fibers to minimize dispersion and propagation loss. It discusses 4 models of photonic crystal fiber structures that were designed and analyzed using the Finite Difference Time Domain method. The models varied parameters like pitch, hole diameter, and refractive index. All 4 models achieved near-zero dispersion, with values ranging from -0.5 to 1.0 ps/nm-km. Propagation losses were also calculated. Future work is proposed to design photonic crystal fibers with zero dispersion over a wide wavelength range to enable broadband supercontinuum generation.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
JPJ1450 Friendbook: A Semantic-based Friend Recommendation System for Social...chennaijp
We are good IEEE java projects development center in Chennai and Pondicherry. We guided advanced java technologies projects of cloud computing, data mining, Secure Computing, Networking, Parallel & Distributed Systems, Mobile Computing and Service Computing (Web Service).
For More Details:
http://jpinfotech.org/final-year-ieee-projects/2014-ieee-projects/java-projects/
The document discusses underwater image enhancement techniques. It states that underwater images suffer from light scattering and color changes that reduce visibility and introduce haze. It proposes using the Wavelength Compensation and Dehazing (WCID) algorithm to enhance underwater images by compensating for these effects. WCID achieves superior visibility and color fidelity over other techniques like dark-channel dehazing. It works by using an underwater image formation model and a residual energy ratio to remove haze and restore clarity. The results show WCID produces the highest signal-to-noise ratio, demonstrating its effectiveness for underwater image enhancement.
S IGNAL A ND I MAGE P ROCESSING OF O PTICAL C OHERENCE T OMOGRAPHY AT 1310 NM...sipij
OCT is a recently developed optical interferometric
technique for non-invasive diagnostic medical imag
ing
in vivo; the most sensitive optical imaging modalit
y.OCT finds its application in ophthalmology, blood
flow
estimation and cancer diagnosis along with many non
biomedical applications. The main advantage of
OCT is its high resolution which is in
μ
m range and depth of penetration in mm range. Unlik
e other
techniques like X rays and CT scan, OCT does not co
mprise any x ray source and therefore no radiations
are involved. This research work discusses the basi
cs of spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT), experimental
setup, data acquisition and signal processing invol
ved in OCT systems. Simulation of OCT involving
modelling and signal processing, carried out on Lab
VIEW platform has been discussed. Using the
experimental setup, some of the non biomedical samp
les have been scanned. The signal processing and
image processing of the scanned data was carried ou
t in MATLAB and Lab VIEW, some of the results thus
obtained have been discussed in the end
This document describes research on using near-infrared optical imaging techniques for 3D biological tissue imaging. It discusses diffuse optical tomography (DOT) and fluorescence DOT (F-DOT). For DOT, it covers the photon diffusion equation, forward and inverse models, and finite element method implementation. For F-DOT, it discusses the fluorescence transport equations and parallel inversion schemes. Simulation results using MATLAB and NIRFAST show reconstructed optical property maps and fluorescence distributions in 2D and 3D geometries. Future work aims to further develop 3D imaging software for interfacing with DOT instrumentation.
Design and Development of a Shortwave near Infrared Spectroscopy using NIR LE...IJECEIAES
Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic technology has been getting more attention in various fields. The development of a low cost NIR spectroscopy is crucial to reduce the financial barriers so that more NIR spectroscopic applications will be investigated and developed by means of the NIR spectroscopic technology. This study proposes an alternative to measure shortwave NIR spectrum using one collimating lens, two slits, one NIR transmission grating, one linear array sensor, and one microcontroller. Five high precision narrow bands NIR light emitting diodes (LEDs) were used to calibrate the proposed spectroscopy. The effects of the proposed two slits design, the distance between the grating and linear array sensor, and three different regression models were investigated. The accuracy of the proposed design was cross-validated using leave-one-out cross-validation. Results show that the proposed two slits design was able to eliminate unwanted signals substantially, and the cross-validation was able to estimate the best model with root mean squared error of cross-validation of 3.8932nm. Findings indicate that the cross-validation approach is a good approach to estimate the final model without over-fitting, and the proposed shortwave NIR spectroscopy was able to estimate the peak value of the acquired spectrum from NIR LEDs with RMSE of 1.1616nm.
This document discusses hyperspectral imaging technologies for multi-channel fiber sensing. It evaluates the spatial and spectral imaging performance of several aberration-corrected hyperspectral imaging spectrographs. Ray trace images and focal plane maps are presented to demonstrate the spatial and spectral reproduction accuracy over the entire back focal plane. The document focuses on retro-reflective concentric imaging spectrographs and their ability to precisely reproduce spectral images from arrays of optical fibers, minimizing crosstalk between channels.
The document provides details about the research background and interests of researcher Fang Can. It outlines his educational background in electrical engineering and computer science. It also describes his technical skills in mathematics, optimization, algorithm development, and optics. The document discusses Fang's PhD research projects which took graph-theoretic and geometric approaches to problems in communication networks and wireless sensor networks. It provides examples of his current work developing multi-spectral optical probes and a spectrum-scanning microscope to analyze tissue and cell samples.
Parametric Blur Estimation Using Modified Radon Transform for Natural Images Restoration Vedhapriya Vadhana R – Associate Professor,
Department of ECE,
Maheswari E – PG scholar,
VLSI DESIGN,
Francis Xavier Engineering College, Tirunelveli,India
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and how infrared radiation interacts with molecular bonds to produce vibrational modes. The basic principles of FTIR are explained, including how an interferogram is produced and transformed into an infrared absorption spectrum using Fourier transform. Common instrumentation components like detectors, radiation sources, and sample holders are also mentioned. The document serves as an introduction to FTIR spectroscopy and the molecular information it can provide through analysis of infrared absorption spectra.
This document discusses optical fibers and fiber optic sensors. It begins with an introduction to optical fibers, including their principles, types, advantages and disadvantages. It then discusses fiber optic sensors, including their components, classifications, and uses. It focuses on displacement sensors, explaining their principles, experimental setup, results and applications. Displacement sensors can be designed using glass or plastic optical fibers with different numbers of fibers, and their sensitivity depends on the fiber material and number of fibers used.
This document discusses various photon beam dosimetry concepts and quantities used in radiation therapy treatment planning. It begins with an introduction to how dose is measured in phantoms rather than patients. Percentage depth dose (PDD) curves are defined as the dose at a given depth normalized to a reference depth. PDD depends on factors like beam energy, depth, field size, and source-surface distance. Tissue-air ratios (TARs) relate dose in a phantom to dose in free space and are independent of source-surface distance. Backscatter factors are the TAR measured at the depth of maximum dose. The document provides details on each of these quantities and their measurement and application in treatment planning.
Granular Mobility-Factor Analysis Framework for enrichingOccupancy Sensing wi...IJECEIAES
With the growing need for adoption of smarter resource control system in existing infrastructure, the proliferation of occupancy sensing is slowly increasing its pace. After reviewing an existing system, we find that utilization of Doppler radar is less progressive in enhancing the accuracy of occupancy sensing operation. Therefore, we introduce a novel analytical model that is meant for incorporating granularity in tracing the psychological periodic characteristic of an object by emphasizing on the mobility and uncertainty movement of an object in the monitoring area. Hence, the model is more emphasized on identifying the rate of change in any periodic physiological characteristic of an object with the aid of mathematical modelling. At the same time, the model extracts certain traits of frequency shift and directionality for better tracking of the unidentified object behavior where its applicabilibility can be generalized in majority of the fields related to object detection.
Spectrophotometry is used in Biology to plot optical density curves (to determine the concentration of biochemicals) or to conduct a cell count for a suspension.
Image Denoising Based On Wavelet for Satellite Imagery: A ReviewIJMER
In this paper studied the use of wavelet and their family to denoising images. Satellite images
are extensively used in the field of RS and GIS for land possession, mapping use for planning and
decision support. As of many Satellite image having common problem i.e. noise which hold unwanted
information in an images. Different types of noise are addressing different techniques to denoising
remotely sense images. Noise within the remote sensing images identifying and denoising them is big
challenge before the researcher. Therefore we review wavelet for denoising of the remote sensing
images. Thus implementing wavelet is essential to get much higher quality denoising image. However,
they are usually too computationally demanding. In order to reduce the
NIR Three dimensional imaging of breast model using f-DOT Nagendra Babu
NIR three dimensional optical imaging of breast model using f-DOT using f-DOT with target specified contrast agent.
Three dimensional mathematical modeling of DOT,f-DOT.
Computationally Efficient Methods for Sonar Image Denoising using Fractional ...CSCJournals
Sonar images produced due to the coherent nature of scattering phenomenon inherit a multiplicative component called speckle and contain almost homogeneous as well as textured regions with relatively rare edges. Speckle removal is a pre-processing step required in applications like the detection and classification of objects in the sonar image. In this paper computationally efficient Fractional Integral Mask algorithms to remove the speckle noise from sonar images is proposed. Riemann- Liouville definition of fractional calculus is used to create Fractional integral masks in eight directions. The use of a mask incorporated with the significant coefficients from the eight directional masks and a single convolution operation required in such case helps in obtaining the computational efficiency. The sonar image heterogeneous patch classification is based on a new proposed naive homogeneity index which depends on the texture strength of the patches and despeckling filters can be adjusted to these patches. The application of the mask convolution only to the selected patches again reduce the computational complexity. The non-homomorphic approach used in the proposed method avoids the undesired bias occurring in the traditional homomorphic approach. Experiments show that the mask size required directly depends on the fractional order. Mask size can be reduced for lower fractional orders thus ensuring the computation complexity reduction for lower orders. Experimental results substantiate the effectiveness of the despeckling method. The different non reference image performance evaluation criterion are used to evaluate the proposed method.
Photoacoustic technology for biological tissues characterizationjournalBEEI
The existing photoacoustics (PA) imaging systems showed mixed performance in imaging characteristic and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This work presents the use of an in-house assembled PA system using a modulating laser beam of wavelength 633 nm for two-dimensional (2D) characterization of biological tissues. The differentiation of the tissues in this work is based on differences in their light absorption, wherein the produced photoacoustic signal detected by a transducer was translated into phase value that corresponds to the peak amplitude of optical absorption of tissue namely fat, liver and muscle. This work found fat tissue to produce the strongest PA signal with mean ± standard deviation (SD) phase value = 2.09 ± 0.31 while muscle produced the least signal with phase value = 1.03 ± 0.17. This work discovered the presence of stripes pattern in the reconstructed images of fat and muscle resulted from their structural properties. In addition, a comparison is made in an attempt to better assess the performance of the developed system with the related ones. This work concluded that the developed system may use as an alternative, noninvasive and label-free visualization method for characterization of biological tissues in the future.
Analysis of remote sensing imagery involves identifying targets through their tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, and relationships to other objects. Targets may be environmental or artificial features appearing as points, lines, or areas. Interpretation relies on how radiation is reflected or emitted from targets and recorded by sensors to form images. The key to interpretation is recognizing targets based on these visual elements.
Effects of structural parameters of photonic crystal fiberSaswati Rudra Paul
The document summarizes research on manipulating the geometric and structural parameters of photonic crystal fibers to minimize dispersion and propagation loss. It discusses 4 models of photonic crystal fiber structures that were designed and analyzed using the Finite Difference Time Domain method. The models varied parameters like pitch, hole diameter, and refractive index. All 4 models achieved near-zero dispersion, with values ranging from -0.5 to 1.0 ps/nm-km. Propagation losses were also calculated. Future work is proposed to design photonic crystal fibers with zero dispersion over a wide wavelength range to enable broadband supercontinuum generation.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
JPJ1450 Friendbook: A Semantic-based Friend Recommendation System for Social...chennaijp
We are good IEEE java projects development center in Chennai and Pondicherry. We guided advanced java technologies projects of cloud computing, data mining, Secure Computing, Networking, Parallel & Distributed Systems, Mobile Computing and Service Computing (Web Service).
For More Details:
http://jpinfotech.org/final-year-ieee-projects/2014-ieee-projects/java-projects/
The document discusses underwater image enhancement techniques. It states that underwater images suffer from light scattering and color changes that reduce visibility and introduce haze. It proposes using the Wavelength Compensation and Dehazing (WCID) algorithm to enhance underwater images by compensating for these effects. WCID achieves superior visibility and color fidelity over other techniques like dark-channel dehazing. It works by using an underwater image formation model and a residual energy ratio to remove haze and restore clarity. The results show WCID produces the highest signal-to-noise ratio, demonstrating its effectiveness for underwater image enhancement.
The document discusses sources of distortion in underwater images such as light scattering and color change. It proposes a method called Wavelength Compensation and Dehazing (WCID) to enhance underwater image visibility and color fidelity. WCID uses a hazy image formation model and dark channel prior to estimate depth maps and remove haze. It can also detect and remove effects of artificial light sources. The method is shown to outperform other dehazing techniques in experiments by achieving higher signal-to-noise ratios and more robust performance at different water depths.
Social networking on internet is becoming very popular day to day.
Everyday people are connecting themselves with those websites.
It is now a great media of communication and interaction as well as socialization.
The document proposes MobiContext, a hybrid cloud-based bi-objective recommendation framework (BORF) for mobile social networks. It uses multi-objective optimization techniques to generate personalized venue recommendations. To address cold start and data sparsity issues, BORF performs data preprocessing using a Hub-Average inference model. It then implements a Weighted Sum Approach for scalar optimization and NSGA-II evolutionary algorithm for vector optimization to provide optimal venue suggestions to users. Experimental results on a large real dataset confirm the accuracy of the proposed framework.
Friendbook is a semantic-based friend recommendation system for social networks that recommends friends based on users' lifestyles rather than social graphs. It uses sensors in smartphones to discover users' lifestyles from daily activities and measures lifestyle similarity between users. Users are recommended as friends if their lifestyles are highly similar. Lifestyles are extracted from "life documents" of daily activities using Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Friendbook also incorporates feedback to improve recommendation accuracy. It was implemented on Android smartphones and evaluated on small and large-scale tests, finding recommendations accurately reflected real-life friend preferences.
The document provides a campaign analysis report for Blueprint clothing store. It details the client, target market of Queen's engineering students aged 18-30, and a campaign idea playing on the word "blueprint" where students could fill out an in-store form and be entered to win a dinner and drinks prize pack. The campaign used lifestyle, emotional, and timing appeals on Facebook in the Queen's Engineering group. The results were modest with few likes and comments, but the exposure to the targeted demographic was significant. Future efforts may see greater success holding the event earlier in the year with a single larger prize.
This document is a final project report submitted by Sailendra Sagar Patra and Sandeep Kumar Panda to Biju Patnaik University of Technology in partial fulfillment of their B.Tech degree. The report details their work on developing a fingerprint recognition system based on minutiae matching. It describes the algorithms used for fingerprint enhancement, segmentation, minutiae extraction and matching. Results demonstrating the different steps are also provided and compared.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper describes a strategic approach to enhance underwater images. The image gets degraded due to the absorption and scattering of light falling on the objects.This degraded version of the image is enhanced by fusion principles by deriving inputs and weight measures from it. Our strategy is very simple in which white balance and global contrast technologies are applied to the original image. This implementation is followed by taking these two processed outputs as inputs that are weighted by specific maps. This strategy provides better exposedness of the dark regions, improves contrast and the edges, preserved and enhanced significantly. This algorithm effectively enhances the underwater images which is clearly demonstrated in our experimental results of our images.
Ieee projects-in-pondicherry | 2015 ieee projects in pondicherryLeMeniz Infotech
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Friendbook a semantic based friend recommendation system for social networksLeMeniz Infotech
The document proposes Friendbook, a semantic-based friend recommendation system that recommends friends based on users' lifestyles rather than social graphs. It uses sensor data from smartphones to discover users' lifestyles and measure lifestyle similarity between users. Unlike existing systems that rely on social graphs, Friendbook more accurately reflects real-life friend preferences. It models daily life as documents, extracts lifestyles using LDA, calculates similarity and impact with a friend-matching graph, and returns highest recommendation scores. Small experiments and large simulations showed recommendations match user friend preferences.
Friendbook a semantic based friend recommendation system for social networksPapitha Velumani
This document describes Friendbook, a semantic-based friend recommendation system that analyzes users' lifestyle data collected from sensors in smartphones to recommend potential friends. It aims to address limitations of existing social networks that rely only on users' social graphs. Friendbook uses topic modeling to extract lifestyle information from daily sensor data and measures similarity between users' lifestyles to identify likely friend candidates. The system was implemented on Android smartphones and evaluated through experiments.
This is the project report for my internship at HBCSE-TIFR. The project describes a low-cost method for analysing the spectrum of LEDs and determining the wavelength.
This document discusses optical coherence tomography (OCT), including its working principles, light sources used, and comparisons to other imaging modalities. OCT uses low coherence interferometry to perform high resolution, cross-sectional imaging of biological tissues. The document describes time domain OCT which scans the reference arm, and spectral domain OCT which uses a spectrometer instead. OCT has advantages over other modalities like ultrasound and MRI in providing micrometer-scale resolution and millimeter-scale imaging depths without the use of ionizing radiation.
This document summarizes hyperspectral image classification. It begins by introducing hyperspectral imagery, noting that these images contain narrow spectral bands over a continuous spectral range, capturing characteristics of electromagnetic radiation. The document then discusses supervised and unsupervised classification techniques. Supervised classification involves identifying training samples to develop statistical characterizations of information classes. Unsupervised classification partitions images into homogeneous spectral clusters. The document focuses on supervised classification and discusses support vector machines, a commonly used algorithm that maps data into a higher dimensional space to perform linear classification.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing and describes its key principles and applications. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about planetary surfaces from a distance without direct contact. The main components of a remote sensing system are described as the energy source, atmosphere, target interaction, sensor recording, transmission and processing, interpretation and analysis, and applications. Common data types like raster and vector data are also explained. Remote sensing techniques like digital image processing, classification, and analysis are outlined. Examples of satellite imagery and classifications are provided.
This document discusses optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) which is used to locate faults in optical fibers. It operates by launching light pulses into the fiber and analyzing the backscattered light to map the fiber. Key points covered include:
- OTDR works by measuring backscattering from Rayleigh scattering and Fresnel reflections over time to characterize the fiber.
- Features in the OTDR trace like losses and reflections indicate fiber quality or breaks.
- Parameters like pulse width and averaging time must be set correctly to get an accurate trace with good resolution of events.
Adaptive 3D ray tracing approach for indoor radio signal prediction at 3.5 GHzIJECEIAES
This paper explained an adaptive ray tracing technique in modelling indoor radio wave propagation. As compared with conventional ray tracing approach, the presented ray tracing approach offers an optimized method to trace the travelling radio signal by introducing flexibility and adaptive features in ray launching algorithm in modelling the radio wave for indoor scenarios. The simulation result was compared with measurements data for verification. By analyzing the results, the proposed adaptive technique showed a better improvement in simulation time, power level and coverage in modelling the radio wave propagation for indoor scenario and may benefit in the development of signal propagation simulators for future technologies.
This document discusses energy detection for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using Simulink. It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and its ability to opportunistically access unused spectrum bands. It then discusses spectrum sensing techniques, focusing on energy detection. Energy detection calculates the energy of the received signal and compares it to a threshold to determine if a primary user is present. The document presents a Simulink model for energy detection and shows output results for scenarios with different numbers of users and threshold values. It concludes that energy detection provides a simple method for cognitive radios to perform spectrum sensing without prior knowledge of primary user signals.
Hyperspectral image mixed noise reduction based on improved k svd algorithmeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a proposed algorithm for reducing mixed noise in hyperspectral imagery. Hyperspectral images capture information across the electromagnetic spectrum and can be represented as three-dimensional tensors. The proposed method uses tensor decomposition and an improved K-SVD algorithm to adaptively detect and remove Gaussian noise, impulse noise, and mixtures of these from hyperspectral data. It formulates the noise removal problem using a weighted regularization approach and solves related optimization problems using techniques like singular value decomposition. The goal is to separate noise and noise-free components to reconstruct a cleaned hyperspectral image tensor.
This document discusses using k-means clustering to detect minerals from remote sensing images. It begins with an abstract describing using k-means clustering on hyperspectral images to segment and extract features to detect minerals like giacomo. It then provides background on remote sensing, k-means clustering algorithms, and describes the giacomo mineral deposit in Peru that contains silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide. It concludes with discussing using sobel edge detection as part of the mineral detection process from remote sensing images.
Laser communication is well-suited for small spacecraft due to the small optics required. It uses modulation of a laser beam to transmit information, with technologies like laser diodes and sensitive detectors enabling communication over long distances using low power. Key components of a laser communication system include the laser source, modulation techniques, beam optics, photon sensors like CCDs or PMTs, and tracking systems to point the receiver at the transmitter.
The document discusses various techniques for high precision speed measurement. It describes laser Doppler anemometry which uses lasers to measure the Doppler shift induced by moving particles to calculate speed. Optical fibers can also be used, with light signals affected by passing trains allowing their speed detection. GPS methods calculate speed from position data recorded at intervals. Interferometric techniques precisely measure small displacements over time for speed. Accuracy, non-contact operation and suitability for different applications are advantages of optical speed measurement methods.
In the modern age, High-resolution radar images can be achieved by employing SAR technique. It is well
known that SAR can provide several times better image resolution than conventional radars. The exploration for efficient
image denoising methods still remains a valid challenge for researchers. Despite the difficulty of the recently proposed
methods, mostly of the algorithms have not yet attained a pleasing level of applicability; each algorithm has its
assumptions, advantages, and limitations. This paper presents a review of synthetic aperture radar. Behind a brief
introduction in our work we are especially targeting the noise called backscattered noise in SAR terminology which
causes the appearance of speckle Potential future work in the area of air flight navigation, mapping Weather Monitoring
& during natural disaster like earth quake. The SAR having the capability, to make human visibility beyond optical
vision, is also discussed.
This document summarizes a presentation on pedestrian detection using thermal imaging. It begins with an introduction to pedestrian detection and its importance for automotive safety applications. It then discusses previous work that used radar sensors, stereo cameras, and LIDAR to detect pedestrians. The document focuses on the methodology of using thermal imaging for pedestrian detection. It explains how thermal cameras work by detecting infrared radiation and temperature differences between objects. It also defines the different infrared spectrum bands and discusses how thermal imaging has advantages over visible light cameras for human detection applications. In conclusion, it states that thermal imaging outperforms visible light but more research is needed to fairly compare the two methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses crack detection in railway tracks using optical fiber sensors. It begins with an introduction to optical fiber sensors and their development since the 1950s. It then describes how light propagates through optical fibers via total internal reflection and scattering processes like Raman, Brillouin, and Rayleigh scattering. Distributed fiber optic sensors use these scattering processes and optical time domain reflectometry to detect cracks over long distances with high spatial resolution. Specifically, Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry is discussed as a technique to measure temperature and strain changes in the fiber caused by cracks in railway tracks over distances of 20-50 km. Finally, examples of strain sensor results are shown and references cited.
Numerical ray tracing through a modified cladding fiber optic segment sensorsRadhi Chyad
1) The document investigates light transmission through an optical fiber with a modified cladding segment using 3D geometric optics modeling.
2) It analyzes how the intensity of transmitted light is affected by the refractive index and length of the modified cladding segment.
3) The modeling shows that if the modified cladding has a higher refractive index than the core, light transmission is very low due to partial reflection and losses. But if the modified cladding has a lower refractive index, transmission reaches saturation after a short segment length, making it suitable for sensor applications.
Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than those of visible light, ranging from 700 nanometers to 1 millimeter. It is emitted or absorbed by molecules as they change their rotational-vibrational movements. Infrared radiation is used for a variety of applications including night vision, thermography, spectroscopy, telecommunications, and heating.
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact, using sensors to detect reflected or emitted energy. The remote sensing process involves 7 steps: an energy source illuminates a target, radiation interacts with the atmosphere and target, a sensor records the energy, data is transmitted and processed into an image, the image is interpreted to extract information, and that information is applied. The document describes the electromagnetic spectrum, noting the wavelengths useful for remote sensing like visible light, infrared, and microwaves. It also explains how radiation interacts with the atmosphere through scattering and absorption before reaching the target.
Study on Laser Communication: Features, Application, Advantagesijtsrd
Laser communications offer a viable alternative to RF communications for intersatellite links and other applications where high-performance links are necessary. High data rate, small antenna size, narrow beam divergence, and a narrow field of view are characteristics of laser communication that offer a number of potential advantages for system design. The high data rate and large information throughput available with laser communications are many times greater than in radio frequency (RF) systems. The small antenna size requires only a small increase in the weight and volume of host vehicle. In addition, this feature substantially reduces blockage of fields of view of the most desirable areas on satellites. The smaller antennas, with diameters typically less than 30cm, create less momentum disturbance to any sensitive satellite sensors. The narrow beam divergence of affords interference-free and secure operation. Prof. Atul A. Padghan | Prof. Ankit P. Jaiswal"Study on Laser Communication: Features, Application, Advantages" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10798.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/10798/study-on-laser-communication-features-application-advantages/prof-atul-a-padghan
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Infrared image enhancement using wavelet transform
1. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.3, 2012
Infrared Image Enhancement Using Wavelet Transform
Amit Sahu1* Vandana Shandilya2*
1. Dept of IT, SIPNA’s College of Engineering & Technology, Amravati (MS) INDIA
2. Dept of CSE,SIPNA’s COET, Amravati (MS) INDIA.
* amit.3696sahu@gmail.com * vkshandilya@rediffmail.com
Abstracts
In Infrared Image Enhancement using Wavelet Transform, two enhancement algorithms namely spatial and
spatiotemporal homomorphic filtering (SHF and STHF) have been given for enhancement of the far
infrared images based upon a far infrared imaging model. Although spatiotemporal homomorphic filtering
may reduce the number of iterations greatly in comparison to spatial one for a similar degree of
convergence by making explicit use of the additional information provided temporally, the enhanced results
from SHF are in general better than those from STHF. In this dissertation work an additive wavelet
transform will be proposed for enhancement and filtration of homomorphic infrared images.
Keywords: Infrard Images, Additive Wavelet transform, Homomorphic Image Enhancement,
1. Introduction
Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light, measured
from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.74 micrometers, and extending conventionally to 300
micromeres. These wavelengths correspond to a frequency range of approximately 1 to 400 THz, and include
most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature. Microscopically, IR light is typically
emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotational-vibrational movements. Sunlight at
zenith provides an irradiance of just over 1 kilowatt per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is
infrared radiation, 445 watts is visible light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet radiation. Fig1.1 shows an example of
an infrared image in mid infrared light.
Infrared imaging is used extensively for military and civilian purposes. Military applications include target
acquisition, surveillance, night vision, homing and tracking. Non-military uses include thermal efficiency
analysis, remote temperature sensing, short-ranged wireless communication, spectroscopy, and weather
forecasting. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as
molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of
the universe.
Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 12 µm (micrometers), At the
atomic level, infrared energy elicits vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment,
making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry.
Infrared spectroscopy examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared energy range, based
on their frequency and intensity.
Different regions in the infrared
Objects generally emit infrared radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths, but sometimes only a limited
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2. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.3, 2012
region of the spectrum is of interest because sensors usually collect radiation only within a specific
bandwidth. Therefore, the infrared band is often subdivided into smaller sections.
A commonly used sub-division scheme is:
• Near-infrared (NIR, IR-A DIN)
0.75-1.4 µm in wavelength, defined by the water absorption, and commonly used in fiber optic
telecommunication because of low attenuation losses in the SiO2 glass (silica) medium. Image intensifiers are
sensitive to this area of the spectrum. Examples include night vision devices such as night vision goggles.
• Short-wavelength infrared (SWIR, IR-B DIN): 1.4-3 µm, water absorption increases significantly at
1,450 nm. The 1,530 to 1,560 nm range is the dominant spectral region for long-distance
telecommunications.
• Mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR, IR-C DIN) also called intermediate infrared (IIR): 3-8 µm. In guided
missile technology the 3-5 µm portion of this band is the atmospheric window in which the homing heads of
passive IR 'heat seeking' missiles are designed to work, homing on to the Infrared signature of the target
aircraft, typically the jet engine exhaust plume.
• Long-wavelength infrared (LWIR, IR-C DIN): 8–15 µm. This is the "thermal imaging" region, in which
sensors can obtain a completely passive picture of the outside world based on thermal emissions only and
requiring no external light or thermal source such as the sun, moon or infrared illuminator. Forward-looking
infrared (FLIR) systems use this area of the spectrum. Sometimes also called the "far infrared."
• Far infrared (FIR): 15 - 1,000 µm NIR and SWIR is sometimes called "reflected infrared" while MWIR
and LWIR is sometimes referred to as "thermal infrared." Due to the nature of the blackbody radiation curves,
typical 'hot' objects, such as exhaust pipes, often appear brighter in the MW compared to the same object
viewed in the LW.
Images received through various infrared (IR) devices in many applications are distorted due to the
atmospheric aberration mainly because of atmospheric variations and aerosol turbulence [1], [2]. In the
dissertation work, new algorithmic strategies have been presented to enhance the visual quality of IR
images. The idea is to model the IR image pixels as an input output system with IR image as the input and a
“similar” optical image as the output. The image modeling is carried out using the usual system
identification strategies. The system identification problem is to estimate a model of a system based on
observed input-output data. Several ways to describe a system and to estimate such descriptions exist and
are being used in various applications.
The identification process amounts to repeatedly selecting a model structure, computing the best model in
the structure, and evaluating this model’s properties to see if they are satisfactory. The cycle can be
itemized as follows [3], [4].
1. Design the experiment to collect input-output data from the system to be identified.
2. Select and define a model structure (a set of candidate system descriptions) within which a model is to
be found. This would mean the order and number of unknown coefficients be identified and tuned to fit the
data.
3. Compute the best model in the model structure according to the input-output data and a given criterion
of fit. In other words, fine tuning the coefficient values to get the most optimal values under a given
optimality criterion.
4. If the model is good enough, then stop; otherwise, go back to Step 3 to try another model set. Possibly
also try other estimation methods.
The enhancement of infrared images is slightly different from traditional image enhancement in dealing
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3. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.3, 2012
with the large black areas and the small details. So, our suggested approach aims at separating the details in
different subbands and processing each subband, separately. We have found that the additive wavelet
transform is a powerful tool in image decomposition. If the infrared image is decomposed using the
additive wavelet transform, the details can be separated into the higher frequency subbands. Also, we use
the homomorphic enhancement algorithm for transforming these details to illumination and reflectance
components. Then, the reflectance components are amplified showing the details, clearly. Finally a wavelet
reconstruction process is performed to get an enhanced infrared image with much more details.
2. Litrature Review
Dim target detection is particularly challenging because standard techniques such as spatial thresholding,
CFAR detection, and edge detection can fail due to the lack of contrast between target and background. To
detect targets in clutter, there must be a set of characteristics that can be exploited to separate targets from
clutter. Separation can be based on characteristics such as scale, shape, texture, pixel value dynamic range,
pixel value statistical distribution, spatial frequency, brightness, and contrast differences.
Qi, H. and J. F. Head [1] suggested that Wavelets have demonstrated some effectiveness for target detection.
Traditionally, there are four primary applications of wavelet-based methods to target detection: These are
1. Wavelets as edge detectors;
2. Using wavelets to separate targets from clutter based on scale differences;
3. Using wavelets as approximate matched filters;
4. Capturing target dynamic range differences using wavelet filters.
Using wavelets as edge detectors assumes that target edges differ in some way from clutter edges. For
example, edges from natural clutter may be more diffuse whereas edges from man-made objects such as
vehicles may be harder, sharper, and more distinct. Kuruganti, P. T. and H. Qi [2] and Scales, N., C. Herry,
and M. Frize [3] stated as edge detectors, wavelets may be designed to capture these edge differences.
Zhang, C. J., F. Yang [4] stated that targets may also differ from clutter by characteristic scales. For scale
separation,
A priori knowledge of target or clutter characteristic scales may be exploited. Wavelet coefficients
containing significant energy at clutter scales (or non-target scales) may be filtered out. Andreone, L., P. C.
Antonello and M. Bertozzi [5] stated thatwavelets can be also designed to function as approximate matched
filters. For such usage, wavelet filters are designed to produce a large response when matched against a
target region. Lastly, the low and high pass filters from the wavelet decomposition can be used to detect
target regions of low or high pixel value dynamic range. Dim targets occur in low dynamic range regions;
regions of high dynamic range can be rejected. Image enhancement is a very popular field in image
processing. Enhancement aims at improving the visual quality of an image by reinforcing edges and
smoothing flat areas. Several researchers have evaded this field using different approaches such as simple
filtering, adaptive filtering, wavelet denoising, homomorphic enhancement etc. All these approaches
concentrate on reinforcing the details of the image to be enhanced.
Infrared image processing is a new field emerging for the evolution of night vision cameras. It also has
applications in thermal medical imaging. This evolution of night vision cameras has encouraged the
research in infrared image enhancement for information extraction from these images. These images have a
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4. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.3, 2012
special nature of large black areas and small details due to the absence of the appropriate amount of light
required for imaging. So, the main objective is to reinforce the details to get as more image information as
possible.
3. Analysis of problem
Images received through various infrared (IR) devices in many applications are distorted due to the
atmospheric aberration mainly because of atmospheric variations and aerosol turbulence [1].
The night vision cameras have encouragedthe research in infrared image enhancement for information
extractionfrom these images. These images have a special nature of large blackareas and small details due
to the absence of the appropriate amountof light required for imaging. So, the main objective is to reinforce
thedetails to get as much details as possible.The system identification problem is to estimate a model of a
system based on observed input-output data. Several ways to describe a system and to estimate such
descriptions exist and are being used in various applications. Here we are going to Enhance the images
generated by various Infrared Devices those Images are having very less information by enhancing these
images we will get more and more information, for enhancement we will use Additive Wavelet Transform
Algorithm and Homomorphic Enhancement algorithm by using these algorithm we can enhance the
images .
A. Additive Wavelet Transform Algorithm:
The additive wavelet transform decomposes an image into subbands using the “a’ trous” filtering approach
[6–8] in several consecutive stages. The low pass filter used in this process has the following mask for all
stages :
Each difference between filter outputs of two consecutive stages is a subband of the original image. We can
use these subbands for further processing using homomorphic enhancement.
B. Homomorphic Enhancement Algorithm:
An image can be used represented as a product of tow components as in the following equation
f(n1,n2)=i(n1,n2)r(n1,n2) (2)
where f(n1, n2) is the obtained image pixel value, i(n1, n2) is the light illumination incident on the object to
be imaged and r(n1, n2) is the reflectance of that object. It is known that illumination is approximately
constant since the light falling on all objects is approximately the same.
The only change between object images is in the reflectance component. If we apply a logarithmic
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5. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.3, 2012
process on Eq. (2), we can change the multiplication process into an addition process as follows:
log(f(n1,n2))=log(i((n1,n2))+log(r(n1,n2) (3)
The first term in the above equation has small variations but the second term has large variations as it
corresponds to the reflectivity of the object to imaged. By attenuating the first term and reinforcing the
second term of Eq. (3), we can reinforce the image details.
4. Proposed work and objectives
A. Proposed Work:
In the proposed dissertation work infrared image enhancement using additive wavelet transform will be
implemented. The dissertation work will be carried out in following steps.
1. Analysis of available infrared image enhancement algorithms.
In this Step we will analyse the input Infrared images which we have to enhance and after analysis we have
to follow next step that is step 2
2. Decomposing the infrared image into various bands using additive wavelet transform.
In this step we will decompose the infrared image into four subbands p3, w1, w2 and w3 using the additive
wavelet transform and the lowpass mask of Eq. (1).
3. Extracting illumination and reflectance components of each subband
In this step we will Extract Illumination and Reflectance component of each subbands generated in the step
2 by doing Additive Wavelet Transposition, We will call this process as Homomorphic Enhancement
Processing.
4. A Reinforcement operation
In step 4 we will do the reinforcement of the components, obtained after homomorphic processing, the
reflectance component in each subband and attenuation operation of the illumination component from the
Homomorphic processing.
5. Reconstruction of separated bands
In step 5 we will do the Reconstruction of separated bands from its illumination and reflectance using
addition and exponentiation processes. All the subbands, w’1, w’2,w’3 and p3 are added which will give
f’(n1,n2).
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6. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.3, 2012
6. Inverse wavelet Transform
Finally, by applying inverse additive wavelet transform on the obtained subbands by adding components
after Homomorphic Processing. we will get the new enhance image having more generative information.
B. Objectives
• To reinforce the details to get as more image information as possible.
• To compare the enhancement algorithm results with previously implemented infrared image
enhancement algorithm.
• To check the efficiency of new enhanced image.
5. Applications
There are following applications of the infrared images where enhanced images can be used for better use
of information.
a) Tracking
Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system which uses the
emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles
which use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared (IR) is just below the visible
spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle
engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths
of light compared to objects in the background.
b) Heating
Infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example it is used in infrared saunas to heat
the occupants, and also to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-icing). FIR is also gaining popularity as a
safe heat therapy method of natural health care & physiotherapy. Infrared can be used in cooking and heating
food as it predominantly heats the opaque, absorbent objects, rather than the air around them. Infrared heating
is also becoming more popular in industrial manufacturing processes, e.g. curing of coatings, forming of
plastics, annealing, plastic welding, print drying. In these applications, infrared heaters replace convection
ovens and contact heating. Efficiency is achieved by matching the wavelength of the infrared heater to the
absorption characteristics of the material.
c) Communication
IRdata transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and
personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data
Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared
radiation which is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and
off, to encode the data. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric
current. It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly
changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of
high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining
rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances. Infrared remote control
protocols like RC-5, SIRC, are used to communicate with infrared.
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7. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.3, 2012
Free space optical communication using infrared lasers can be a relatively inexpensive way to install a
communications link in an urban area operating at up to 4 gigabit/s, compared to the cost of burying fiber
optic cable.
Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fiber communications systems. Infrared light with a
wavelength around 1,330 nm (least dispersion) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for
standard silica fibers.
IR data transmission of encoded audio versions of printed signs is being researched as an aid for visually
impaired people through the RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage) project.
d) Spectroscopy
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near infrared spectroscopy) is a technique which can be
used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates
at a frequency which is characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g. CH2) may have
multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an
oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule, then it will absorb a photon which has the same
frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light.
Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the
mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain
information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for
example a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).
e) Meterology
A frontal system can be seen in the Gulf of Mexico with embedded Cumulonimbus cloud. Shallower
Cumulus and Stratocumulus can be seen off the Eastern Seaboard.
Weather satellites equipped with scanning radiometers produce thermal or infrared images which can then
enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and surface water
temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. The scanning is typically in the range 10.3-12.5 µm (IR4
and IR5 channels).
High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as
Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will
show up as dark grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog
can be a similar temperature to the surrounding land or sea surface and does not show up. However, using the
difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3-11.5 µm) and the near-infrared channel (1.58-1.64 µm), low
cloud can be distinguished, producing a fog satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images
can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied.
These infrared pictures can depict ocean eddies or vortices and map currents such as the Gulf Stream which
are valuable to the shipping industry. Fishermen and farmers are interested in knowing land and water
temperatures to protect their crops against frost or increase their catch from the sea. Even El Niño phenomena
can be spotted. Using color-digitized techniques, the gray shaded thermal images can be converted to color
for easier identification of desired information.
f) Other Imaging
In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often
use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see"
intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking
pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can
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8. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.3, 2012
wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or
terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources makes terahertz photography technically more challenging than
most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a
number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
5. Conclusion
We will give the new approach for infrared image enhancement. This approach will combine both of the
Homomorphic Enhancement and the wavelet transforming algorithm’s features.
The homomorphic processing is applied to the infrared image subbands, separately. Then, these subbands
are merged again to reconstruct an enhanced image. The results obtained using this algorithm reveal its
ability to enhance infrared images.The newly generated image will be having an efficient information which
is essential to the user.
References
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