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Intr.herb

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Marwa A.A. Fayed
Marwa A.A. Fayed

Herbs are defined as non-woody plants that die down to the ground after flowering. They may consist of aerial parts like stems, leaves, and flowers. Herbs are classified based on their life duration as annual, biennial, or perennial. The stem is the main axis that supports leaves and other plant organs. Its functions include transport, support, and storage. Stem characteristics include shape, type (herbaceous, succulent, woody), surface features, branching patterns, and internal structure visible microscopically. Medically important herbs include Lobelia, Hyoscyamus, Mentha, and others containing volatile oils, alkaloids, or other compounds.

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Intr.herb
Herbs • Definition: • The herb is a plant whose stem doesn’t become woody and permanent but dies down to the ground after producing the fruits and seeds.
HERBS ( Herba ) What is Herb? In Pharmacognosy Herb is a drug composed usually of the tender parts of the plant axis. (the stem + leaves +flowers + fruits).
• It may consist of: • 1- part of the aerial shoot usually the tops. • 2- The whole aerial part of the plant as Lobelia. • 3- Occasionally the whole plant including the roots. • 4- The whole undifferential plant body or thallus of the lower plants of thallophyta. • The main axis of the herb consists almost entirely of stem, the root or other underground structure only rarely being present.
Herbs are classified according to life duration into Biennial Herbs live two seasons and dies. e.g: Digitalis and Sugar beet. Perennial Plants live more than two years. e.g: Belladonna & Citrus. Annual Herbs live one season and dies. e.g: Stramonium and Umbeliferous herbs
Definition: Stem: - It is a part of the plant which carries the leaves and other plant organs. - It has nodes and internodes.
Stemfunction 1-Plant support 2-Carries leaves and flowers, etc….. 3-Conduct water and minerals from the root to the leaves. 4-Conduct photosynthesis products from leaves to the root or other organs.
Macroscopical Characters 1-Shape 2-Kinds of the stem 3-Surface of the stem 4-Fracture 5-Direction of growth 6-Branching of the stem
Shape of The Stem Cylindrical Triangular Flattened or compressed Winged e.g. Lobelia Ribbed or with furrows Quadrangular e. g. Mentha Angular Pentagonal Twisted
The aerial stem according to the nature and texture has several types which are: • 1- Herbaceous stem: • is a plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level. They have no persistent woody stem above ground. • Herbaceous plants may be annuals, biennials or perennials. Kinds of The Stem
• 2- Succulent stem: • A succulent plant or succulent is a plant that has fleshy and turgid water-storing tissues such as stems, leaves or roots, capable of retaining large amounts of moisture (usually as a drought survival strategy).
• 3- Woody stem: • A woody plant is a plant that produces wood as its structural tissue. Woody plants are usually either trees or shrubs. These are usually perennial plants whose stems and larger roots are reinforced with wood produced from secondary xylem.
• 4- Creeping stem: • a plant whose stems spread along the ground and root by means of adventitious roots. • Creepingstems with short internodes are called runners, and those with long internodes are called stolons.
Intr.herb
• 5- Sucker stem:
• 6- Climbing stem: - When the stem is weak and attaches itself to a support which is a neighborhood plant by means of tendrils, prickles or hooks or adventitious roots. - e.g: Pepper.
• 7- Twining: - When the stem attaches itself to support by winding around it in this case the stem is usually thin, long with far internodes. - e.g.: Convulvulus & Vine.
Branching of the stem 1- Dichotomous (or Apical) branching The main growing point is divided into 2 equal halves. e.g. Thallophyta (Ergot) 2- Axillary branching When the branch arise from the lateral axillary buds of the leaves. a) Monopodial branching b) Sympodial branching
a) Monopodial branching: The main stem axis continues growing from the apical growing point. The lateral branches never exceed the length of the main axis. b) Sympodial branching: The apical growing point of the main axis stop to grow and one or more of lateral axillary buds continue the growth. The lateral branches exceed the main axis in length.
Examination of the Stem • 1- Macroscopical characters: - Condition: - Shape - Colour - Nodes and internodes - Phyllotaxis - Surface - Fracture - Odour - Taste
Microscopical Characters
T. S. in Young (herbaceous) stem of Dicotyledons: [ Vascular bundle is Open V.B. ] Pericycle
Structure of The Stem Epidermis: with cuticle, stomata and hairs Cambium: Responsible for 2ry thickening giving 2ry phloem outside and 2ry xylem inside. Phloem Xylem: Vessels ( Spiral, annular, pitted. Fibers and wood parenchyma) Endodermis: inner most layer of cortex. Pith: parenchyma; pitted lignified Cortex: Parenchyma, Collenchyma Pericycle: parenchyma, collenchyma, fibers, sclereids. N.B. Stele: All tissues inside the endoderm .
Types of vascular bundles Open vascular bundle Closed vascular bundle Collateral V.B. Bicollateral V.B. phloem cambium xylem phloem No cambium e.g. Monocot. Phloem Xylem
Intr.herb
Intr.herb
T.S. in Monocot. Stem T.S. in Dicot. Stem
Herbs of Medicinal Importance Lobelia Hyoscyamus Cannabis Mentha Thyme Ergot Ephedra Vinca & Passiflora Resin Herbs Containing Alkaloids Herbs Containing Volatile oil Others
Medicinal Herbs Lobelia Hyoscyamus Mentha Thyme Ergot Ephedra Passiflora Official Herbs Non-Official Herbs Cannabis Vinca Yeast Fucus Cetraria Chondrus
Intr.herb

More Related Content

Intr.herb

  • 2. Herbs • Definition: • The herb is a plant whose stem doesn’t become woody and permanent but dies down to the ground after producing the fruits and seeds.
  • 3. HERBS ( Herba ) What is Herb? In Pharmacognosy Herb is a drug composed usually of the tender parts of the plant axis. (the stem + leaves +flowers + fruits).
  • 4. • It may consist of: • 1- part of the aerial shoot usually the tops. • 2- The whole aerial part of the plant as Lobelia. • 3- Occasionally the whole plant including the roots. • 4- The whole undifferential plant body or thallus of the lower plants of thallophyta. • The main axis of the herb consists almost entirely of stem, the root or other underground structure only rarely being present.
  • 5. Herbs are classified according to life duration into Biennial Herbs live two seasons and dies. e.g: Digitalis and Sugar beet. Perennial Plants live more than two years. e.g: Belladonna & Citrus. Annual Herbs live one season and dies. e.g: Stramonium and Umbeliferous herbs
  • 6. Definition: Stem: - It is a part of the plant which carries the leaves and other plant organs. - It has nodes and internodes.
  • 7. Stemfunction 1-Plant support 2-Carries leaves and flowers, etc….. 3-Conduct water and minerals from the root to the leaves. 4-Conduct photosynthesis products from leaves to the root or other organs.
  • 8. Macroscopical Characters 1-Shape 2-Kinds of the stem 3-Surface of the stem 4-Fracture 5-Direction of growth 6-Branching of the stem
  • 9. Shape of The Stem Cylindrical Triangular Flattened or compressed Winged e.g. Lobelia Ribbed or with furrows Quadrangular e. g. Mentha Angular Pentagonal Twisted
  • 10. The aerial stem according to the nature and texture has several types which are: • 1- Herbaceous stem: • is a plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level. They have no persistent woody stem above ground. • Herbaceous plants may be annuals, biennials or perennials. Kinds of The Stem
  • 11. • 2- Succulent stem: • A succulent plant or succulent is a plant that has fleshy and turgid water-storing tissues such as stems, leaves or roots, capable of retaining large amounts of moisture (usually as a drought survival strategy).
  • 12. • 3- Woody stem: • A woody plant is a plant that produces wood as its structural tissue. Woody plants are usually either trees or shrubs. These are usually perennial plants whose stems and larger roots are reinforced with wood produced from secondary xylem.
  • 13. • 4- Creeping stem: • a plant whose stems spread along the ground and root by means of adventitious roots. • Creepingstems with short internodes are called runners, and those with long internodes are called stolons.
  • 15. • 5- Sucker stem:
  • 16. • 6- Climbing stem: - When the stem is weak and attaches itself to a support which is a neighborhood plant by means of tendrils, prickles or hooks or adventitious roots. - e.g: Pepper.
  • 17. • 7- Twining: - When the stem attaches itself to support by winding around it in this case the stem is usually thin, long with far internodes. - e.g.: Convulvulus & Vine.
  • 18. Branching of the stem 1- Dichotomous (or Apical) branching The main growing point is divided into 2 equal halves. e.g. Thallophyta (Ergot) 2- Axillary branching When the branch arise from the lateral axillary buds of the leaves. a) Monopodial branching b) Sympodial branching
  • 19. a) Monopodial branching: The main stem axis continues growing from the apical growing point. The lateral branches never exceed the length of the main axis. b) Sympodial branching: The apical growing point of the main axis stop to grow and one or more of lateral axillary buds continue the growth. The lateral branches exceed the main axis in length.
  • 20. Examination of the Stem • 1- Macroscopical characters: - Condition: - Shape - Colour - Nodes and internodes - Phyllotaxis - Surface - Fracture - Odour - Taste
  • 22. T. S. in Young (herbaceous) stem of Dicotyledons: [ Vascular bundle is Open V.B. ] Pericycle
  • 23. Structure of The Stem Epidermis: with cuticle, stomata and hairs Cambium: Responsible for 2ry thickening giving 2ry phloem outside and 2ry xylem inside. Phloem Xylem: Vessels ( Spiral, annular, pitted. Fibers and wood parenchyma) Endodermis: inner most layer of cortex. Pith: parenchyma; pitted lignified Cortex: Parenchyma, Collenchyma Pericycle: parenchyma, collenchyma, fibers, sclereids. N.B. Stele: All tissues inside the endoderm .
  • 24. Types of vascular bundles Open vascular bundle Closed vascular bundle Collateral V.B. Bicollateral V.B. phloem cambium xylem phloem No cambium e.g. Monocot. Phloem Xylem
  • 27. T.S. in Monocot. Stem T.S. in Dicot. Stem
  • 28. Herbs of Medicinal Importance Lobelia Hyoscyamus Cannabis Mentha Thyme Ergot Ephedra Vinca & Passiflora Resin Herbs Containing Alkaloids Herbs Containing Volatile oil Others
  • 29. Medicinal Herbs Lobelia Hyoscyamus Mentha Thyme Ergot Ephedra Passiflora Official Herbs Non-Official Herbs Cannabis Vinca Yeast Fucus Cetraria Chondrus