lecture1-seismology.ppt

The document discusses the interior structure of the Earth. It is divided into four major layers: 1) The crust is the outermost solid rock layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. 2) Below the crust is the mantle, which makes up most of the Earth's volume. The upper mantle includes the asthenosphere and transition zone. 3) In the Earth's core, seismic waves indicate the outer core is liquid while the inner core is solid. 4) Evidence from earthquake waves, density measurements, and mineral properties help reveal the composition of each layer and boundaries between them like the Mohorovicic discontinuity.

Hawaii's Most Active Volcano: Here's The Latest On Kilauea's Eruption The Kilauea volcano is located in the southeastern part of the Big Island of Hawaii. Believe it or not, Kilauea has been erupting continuously since 1983, with only occasional pauses of quiet activity. This particular "episode" of the eruption began in the late afternoon of May 3, in a part of Leilani Estates, a subdivision near the town of Pahoa. Officials said there is no way to predict how long the eruption will continue or what shape it will take. This eruption could be finished or could go on for a long time. Kilauea is one of the most active and well-monitored volcanoes in the world. It's been erupting on and off for hundreds of thousands of years. All of Hawaii is a tourist destination, but this particular eruption wasn't in an area where most tourists go. The homes at risk are in a subdivision near the town of Pahoa. Source: USA TODAY. By Doyle Rice. May 4, 2018, accessed May 5, 2018 <https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/05/04/hawaii-volcano-eruption-kilauea-big-island/580466002/> ________________________ Kilauea Volcano Erupts, Spewing Lava and Gases Near Homes in Hawaii Governor David Ige has issued an emergency proclamation and has called up the National Guard to help emergency workers with evacuation efforts. Source: THE NEW YORK TIMES. By Meghan Miner Murray, Sabrina Tavernise and Maya Salam. May 4, 2018, accessed May 5, 2018 <https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/04/us/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii.html>

The document summarizes plate tectonics and the development of the theory. It describes how early scientists like Wegener proposed continental drift but lacked evidence. Later, mapping of the ocean floor revealed patterns of magnetic stripes and rock ages indicating the seafloor spreads from mid-ocean ridges. This led scientists in the 1960s to develop the modern theory of plate tectonics, which proposes that Earth's crust is divided into plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle.

This document discusses the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift is the movement of continents across Earth's surface over geologic time. The theory was first proposed in the early 20th century by Alfred Wegener and helped explain the formation of supercontinents like Pangaea and the matching of continental margins. It also introduced the concept of plates and how their movement causes geologic phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.

This document provides an overview of plate tectonics through a webquest containing various links about the theory. It discusses how convection in the mantle drives the movement of tectonic plates, and how this causes earthquakes and volcanic activity at plate boundaries. The document also explores earlier theories on the shifting of continents and formation of geological features, and how data like fossil and magnetic evidence supports the modern theory of plate tectonics.

The document discusses plate tectonics and earthquakes. It describes how the Earth's crust is broken into tectonic plates that move slowly over time, interacting at their boundaries in ways that cause earthquakes and volcanic activity. During an earthquake, seismic waves travel outward from the epicenter, including P waves, S waves, and surface waves. Seismographs are used to detect and measure these waves to determine the location and magnitude of earthquakes.

This document discusses the theory of plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates. It describes how early theories like catastrophism were replaced by uniformitarianism. It then explains how the theory of continental drift was proposed and how evidence from paleomagnetism supported it. It discusses how seafloor spreading was discovered through mapping of the seafloor and analysis of magnetic properties in the rocks. This led to the modern theory of plate tectonics, where lithospheric plates move through divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries. The movement of plates has shaped continents over geologic time.

This document defines and provides examples of extreme natural events. It categorizes these events as climatic, tectonic, or surface events. The document also discusses the impacts of natural disasters in terms of time and distance. Additionally, it summarizes plate tectonic theory and describes the structure of the Earth, including the inner core, outer core, mantle, crust, and plates. Plate tectonics cause earthquakes and volcanoes near plate boundaries as the plates converge and diverge.

Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that act on it. The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago from the solar nebula. It differentiated into a solid crust and mantle, and a liquid outer core and solid inner core due to gravity and radioactive heating. The Earth has since undergone significant internal and external changes. The atmosphere formed from gases released from volcanoes, and the oceans formed as water accumulated on the cooling surface. Life emerged on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago. The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move over the mantle due to convection currents in the upper mantle. The biosphere interacts with and alters

Plate tectonics theory proposes that Earth's outermost layer is broken into rigid tectonic plates that constantly move atop the asthenosphere in response to convection currents in the mantle, interacting along plate boundaries through divergent, convergent, and transform motion that creates geologic features like mid-ocean ridges, trenches, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Mapping of the seafloor revealed evidence like magnetic stripes and the ages of rocks that supported seafloor spreading and subduction, leading scientists in the 1960s to combine these ideas with continental drift into the unified theory of plate tectonics.

The document summarizes key aspects of the Earth's formation and structure. It describes how the Earth formed from meteorites millions of years ago. It then details the development of the moon through a collision with Mars. It also outlines the Earth's rotation, which causes day and night, and its revolution around the sun, which causes seasons. Finally, it provides an overview of the Earth's layered structure, including the inner and outer core, mantle, crust, and how tectonic plates shape the continents.

Earth's internal heat comes from three main sources: 1) The accretion of dust and gas particles during the Earth's formation released gravitational potential energy and caused internal heating. 2) Radioactive decay of elements in the Earth's core and mantle, such as uranium and potassium, continues to generate heat. 3) Frictional heating from convection currents in the mantle also contributes to the Earth's internal heat. Seismic waves have allowed scientists to indirectly learn about the Earth's layered structure despite only drilling about 7 miles deep.

Plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates cause dynamic earth processes like earthquakes and volcanic activity. Evidence from seafloor topography, paleomagnetism, and earthquake patterns provided evidence for plate tectonics and Alfred Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates pull apart, convergent where they push together, and transform where they slide past each other like the San Andreas fault. Earthquakes are usually caused by the sudden release of built up energy at plate boundaries, and can be used to determine the structure of the Earth's interior. Volcanic eruptions are powered by movement of magma from deep in the lithosphere along

1. The document provides an overview of earthquakes, their causes, characteristics, effects, and preparedness measures. It describes how earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates and buildup of elastic strain energy that is suddenly released. 2. Key characteristics discussed include the different types of seismic waves that cause shaking and damage, the measurement scales used to describe magnitude versus intensity, and secondary hazards like landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis. 3. Typical effects of earthquakes outlined are physical damage to structures, infrastructure and property, casualties, and public health issues in the aftermath.

The document summarizes the formation of Earth from a cloud of dust and gas to the planet we know today. Billions of years ago, a disturbance in a giant cloud caused it to collapse and form a spinning disc that became the Sun and planets. Earth formed as matter collided and accumulated. Early Earth was molten, and oceans formed as it cooled over hundreds of millions of years. Asteroid impacts also contributed water and allowed life to evolve in the oceans over billions of years.

Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other. Plate tectonics studies the movement of continents on tectonic plates. There are three main types of tectonic plate boundaries: subduction zones where plates converge, divergent margins where plates spread apart, and transform margins where plates slide past each other. Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent boundaries as heat from the Earth's mantle causes the seafloor crust to crack and new crust is formed, pushing the plates apart over millions of years. The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, measured at over 9.0 on the Richter scale, was caused by movement along the Sumatra fault line and

The movement of earth's plate is responsible for the formation of continents.How it works ? what are the principle's?

useful to understand the basics of neural network

Analysis and Design of Algorithm Lab Manual (BCSL404)

It was back in 2020, during the COVID-19 lockdown Period when we were introduced to an Online learning system and had to carry out our Design studio work. The students of the Institute of Engineering, Purwanchal Campus, Dharan did the literature study and research. The team was of Prakash Roka Magar, Priyanka Karn (me), Riwaz Upreti, Sandip Seth, and Ujjwal Dev from the Department of Architecture. It was just a scratch draft made out of the initial phase of study just after the topic was introduced. It was one of the best teams I had worked with, shared lots of memories, and learned a lot.

Contains material on corona effect in power systems

Press Tool and It's Primary Components

Cybersecurity breaches are a growing threat in today’s interconnected digital landscape, affecting individuals, businesses, and governments alike. These breaches compromise sensitive information and erode trust in online services and systems. Understanding the causes, consequences, and prevention strategies of cybersecurity breaches is crucial to protect against these pervasive risks. Cybersecurity breaches refer to unauthorized access, manipulation, or destruction of digital information or systems. They can occur through various means such as malware, phishing attacks, insider threats, and vulnerabilities in software or hardware. Once a breach happens, cybercriminals can exploit the compromised data for financial gain, espionage, or sabotage. Causes of breaches include software and hardware vulnerabilities, phishing attacks, insider threats, weak passwords, and a lack of security awareness. The consequences of cybersecurity breaches are severe. Financial loss is a significant impact, as organizations face theft of funds, legal fees, and repair costs. Breaches also damage reputations, leading to a loss of trust among customers, partners, and stakeholders. Regulatory penalties are another consequence, with hefty fines imposed for non-compliance with data protection regulations. Intellectual property theft undermines innovation and competitiveness, while disruptions of critical services like healthcare and utilities impact public safety and well-being.

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