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- 2. What is Literature Review? A Literature review provides an overview of what has been written about a specific topic. The review of literature includes practically all the information and data which are authoritative and relevant to the topic of the study as in the case of research and similar scholarly undertakings. The literature can cover a range of sources, namely: Journal articles Monographs Computerized databases Conference proceedings Theses and dissertations Empirical studies Government reports and reports from other bodies Historical records Statistical handbooks
- 3. Purpose of literature review The primary purpose of the literature review is to establish the state of current “Knowledge” or agreement about your research topic. A literature review is not merely a chronicle of who wrote, what and when, but an in depth examination of texts to identify and investigate more critical elements where current understanding is unclear and which the new research can address. Finally, its main objective is to identify, criticize and synthesize the most recent, relevant and authoritative texts related to the research being undertaken.
- 4. Doing a literature review The ability to review and to report on relevant literature is a key academic skill. The literature review: ◦ A. reports your critical review of the relevant literature. ◦ B. identifies a gap within the literature that your research will attempt to address. Researchers need studies to compare, replicate or criticize them for weaknesses. Researchers vary in perception and depth. Literature review can help to clarify thoughts about studying. It can establish a framework within which to present and analyze the findings.
- 5. Goals of Literature review 1. To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of knowledge and establish credibility. A good review increases a reader’s confidence in the researcher’s professional competence, ability and background. 2. To show the path of prior research and how a current project is linked to it. A good review places a research project in a context and demonstrates its relevance by making connections to a body of knowledge.
- 6. Goals of Literature review 3. To integrate and summarize what is known in an area. A good review points out areas where prior studies agree, where they disagree and where major questions remain. It also indicates the direction for future research. 4. To learn from others and stimulate new ideas. A good review identifies blind alleys and suggest hypothesis for replication and gain new insights.
- 7. How to evaluate Articles 1. Examine the title: ◦ A good title is specific, indicates the nature of the research without describing the results and avoids asking yes or no questions. ◦ It describes the topic and may mention, one or two major variables and talks about the setting or participants. ◦ Example: Parental Involvement in Schooling and Reduced Discipline Problems among Junior High School Students in NCR”.
- 8. How to evaluate Articles 2. Read the abstract. ◦ A good abstract summarizes critical information about a study. ◦ It gives the purpose of the study, identifies methods used and highlights major findings. It prepares you for examining the report in detail. 3. Read the article. > You may begin by skimming the material and quickly reading the conclusion. This will give you a picture of what the article is about.
- 9. Conditions that can Affect your reading 1. The article is high. 2. You are sharply focused on a particular issue or question. 3. You have a solid theoretical background. To perform a good literature review, you must be selective, comprehensive, critical and current.
- 10. KINDS OF LITERATURE REVIEW *Traditional. Also referred to as a narrative literature review, it provides a quick overview of current studies. It helps explain why your study is important in the context of the literature, and can also help you identify areas that need further research. *Integrative. This review synthesizes findings from different approaches ( Whittemore &Knafl,2005). This approach allows for the integration of qualitative with quantitative studies.
- 11. KINDS OF LITERATURE REVIEW *Syntactic. This review synthesizes high quality empirical information to answer a given research question. Conducting a systematic review involves following rigorous. *Scoping. This review involves a broad research question that explores the current evidence base ( Armstrong, Hall, Doyle & Waters, 2011). It can help inform areas that are appropriate for a systematic review.
- 12. Sources for the Literature Review The term “sources” refers to print, electronic or visual materials necessary for your research. Sources are classified into primary, secondary and tertiary. Example of Primary Sources ◦ Letters, correspondences, diaries, memoirs, autobiographies, official or research topics, patents and designs and empirical research articles. Example of Secondary Sources ◦ Academic journal articles, conference proceedings, books, documentaries. Example of Tertiary Sources ◦ Encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, handbooks.
- 13. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Materials must be as recent as possible. This is important because of the changes that are going on. Sources to be looked into must give information that is attuned to the time frame indicated in the study. 2. Materials must be as objective and as unbiased as possible. Avoid data and materials that are extremely one-sided. 3. Materials must be relevant to the study. Any materials needed to explain or support the study must have a bearing on the topic. 4. Materials must not be too few but not too many. Use your discretion on how much or how many to include but there should be enough materials for the researcher to offer insights on the study. The availability of materials will also be a determining factor.
- 14. Note Taking Technique Note Frame and Layout Category/Classification/Heading/Sub- Headings Source information (Bibliographic reference) and Location Notes Own Thoughts/Comments
- 15. The Literature Review Process 1. Select a Topic 2. Select and Choose literature 3. Analyze and interpret literature 4. Write the review
- 16. Example of Literature Review Write your review in the past tense except when discussing its significance, in this case, you use the present tense. Example: Martin (2007) found that there was a possible direct relationship between how children saw and felt about themselves and how they felt about the Superheroes. This shows that is probable that superheroes may be able to influence an adolescent’s perception of masculinity.
- 17. WRITTEN TASK: