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- 2. Pharmacognosy, known initially as materia medica, may be defined as the study of crude drugs obtained from plants, animals and mineral kingdom and their constituents. Crude drugs are plants or animals, or their parts which after collec-tion are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse or lon-gitudinal slices or peeling them in some cases Drugs obtained from plants consist of entire plants, whereas senna leaves and pods.
- 3. Drugs obtained from animals are entire animals, as can- tharides; glandular products, like thyroid organ or extracts like liver extracts. Similarly, fish liver oils, musk, bees wax, certain hormones, enzymes and antitoxins are products obtained from animal sources Drugs are organized or unorganized. Organized drugs are direct parts of plants and consist of cellular tissues. Unorganized drugs, even though prepared from plants are not the direct parts of plants and are prepared by some intermediary physical processes, such as incision, drying or extraction with water and do not contain cellular tissue.
- 4. SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY Crude drugs of natural origin that is obtained from plants, animals and mineral sources and their active chemical constituents are the core subject matter of pharmacognosy Scope for doctoral graduates in pharmacognosy is going to increase in the coming years. The pharmacognosist would serve in various aspects as follows Academics: Teaching in colleges, universities, museums and botanical gardens.
- 5. Private industry: Pharmaceutical companies, consumer products testing laboratories and private commercial testing laboratories, the herbal product industries, the cosmetic and perfume industries, etc Government: Placement in federal agencies, such as the Drug Enforcement Agency, the Food and Drug Admin- istration, the U.S. Sources of Natural Drugs Biological sources (i.e. from Terrestrial and Marine living things)
- 6. Plants o Animals o Microorganisms: Fungi, Algae, Bacteria • Mineral sources • Biotechnology: Tissue culture Plant Sources Plant source is the oldest source of drugs. Most of the drugs in ancient times were derived from plants. Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e. leaves, stem, bark, fruits and roots. The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be 2 to 2.5 lakhs falling in about 300 families and 10000 genera. Examples of drugs obtained from plants include Quinine, Atropine, Morphine, Codeine.
- 7. Animal Sources Gelatin is obtained from ox and sheep, Wool fat from sheep, Beeswax from honeycomb, Well-known antibiotics produced by a group of microorganisms known as actinomycetes yielding antibiotics such as actinomycin, amphotericin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin, neomycin, gentamicin, streptomycin and tetracycline Microbial Sources Mineral Sources Several silicates such as Kaolin, Bentonite, Diatomite and compounds of Na, K, Al, Ca, Mg etc. are obtained from Mineral sources including Sulphur and Iodine
- 8. Classification of Drugs of Natural Origin Organized drugs consist of the cellular organization in the form of anatomical features. These are mostly the crude drugs from plant sources. The unorganized drugs do not have the morphological or anatomical organization as such. These are the products which come directly in the market but their ultimate source remains the plants, animals or minerals organized drugs unorganized drugs
- 9. CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS The most important natural sources of drugs are higher plant, microbes and animals and marine organisms. Some useful products are obtained from minerals that are both organic and inorganic in nature. a) simple b) easy to use c) free from confusion and ambiguities. Because of their wide distribution, each arrangement of classification has its own merits and demerits, but for the purpose of study the drugs are classified in the following different ways: 1.Alphabetical classification 2.Taxonomical classification 3.Morphological classification 4.Pharmacological classification 5.Chemical classification 6.Chemotaxonomical classification
- 10. Alphabetical classification is the simplest way of classifica-tion of any disconnected items. Alphabetical Classification Indian Pharmacopoeia 2.British Pharmacopoeia 3.British Herbal Pharmacopoeia 4.United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formu-lary 5.British Pharmaceutical Codex 6.European Pharmacopoeia Merits ·It is easy and quick to use. ·There is no repetition of entries and is devoid of con-fusion Demerits There is no relationship between previous and successive drug entries
- 11. All the plants possess different characters of morphologi-cal, microscopical, chemical, embryological, serological and genetics Taxonomical Classification Meri ts Taxonomical classification is helpful for studying evolution ary developments This system also does not correlate in between the chemical constituents and biological activity the drugs. Deme rits