This document discusses response spectra and design spectra. It begins by explaining how response spectra are developed by analyzing the response of single-degree-of-freedom systems to ground motion records and plotting the maximum response versus natural period. Design spectra are then developed as smooth versions of response spectra to account for uncertainties in natural period. The key differences between response and design spectra are also summarized.
Analysis and design of multi-storey building using staad.Pro
This document presents a minor project report on the analysis and design of a four-storey building (ground plus three floors) using STAAD Pro software. It was submitted by five civil engineering students at Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Punjab, India in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report covers various topics related to structural analysis and design including different analysis methods, design of building elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings. It also discusses assumptions, design codes, loads, and materials used for the building design.
The document discusses static and kinematic indeterminacy of structures. It defines different types of supports for 2D and 3D structures including fixed support, hinged/pinned support, roller support, and their properties. It also discusses internal joints like internal hinge, internal roller, and internal link. The document explains concepts of static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy, and degree of freedom for different types of structures.
The document discusses the structure of the Earth and the causes of earthquakes. It describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. It explains that earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates at divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. The document also summarizes methods of earthquake-resistant design, including base isolation devices that separate buildings from the ground and seismic dampers that absorb seismic energy. It notes that while base isolation can be used for existing structures, seismic dampers are more expensive to install. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of earthquake-resistant construction and quality control to ensure public safety.
This document summarizes key topics from chapters 1 and 2 of a textbook on seismology by T.K. Datta from IIT. It discusses the interior structure of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core. It describes plate tectonics and the three types of plate boundaries. It also summarizes earthquake causes according to the tectonic theory, and the types of seismic waves that propagate during earthquakes, including P, S, L, and R waves. Sample seismic records are shown illustrating different wave patterns.
This repot is the brief discussion about staad pro and its results .How can we work on staad.pro, what are the step which are used to desin building structure in staad.pra .it is very advance software.
This document provides an introduction to matrix methods for structural analysis. It discusses flexibility and stiffness matrices, and their application to different types of structures including trusses, beams, frames, grids and space frames. It also covers topics such as static indeterminacy, types of deformations, compatibility conditions, and development of flexibility and stiffness coefficients and matrices. Matrix analysis allows the modeling of complex structural systems and solving for unknown displacements, forces and stresses in an efficient manner.
Limit state, working stress, ultimate load method - Detailed Concept
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/design-philosophies-of-rcc-structure/
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
Various design philosophies have been invented in the different parts of the world to design RCC structures. In 1900 theory by Coignet and Tedesco was accepted and codified as Working Stress Method. The Working Stress Method was in use for several years until the revision of IS 456 in 2000.
What are the Various Design Philosophies?
Working Stress Method
limit state method
ultimate load method
#civil insider
Structural Analysis And Design is a structural analysis and design software. It includes tools for 3D modeling, analysis, and design of structures according to various international codes. The software was originally developed by Research Engineers International and later acquired by Bentley Systems. It allows engineers to generate models using different elements like frames, plates, and solids. Various types of structures like trusses, planes, and spaces can be modeled and analyzed. The software provides tools for assigning properties, loads, boundary conditions, and performing analysis to calculate member forces and deflections. The results can then be used for structural design of elements like beams, columns, slabs, and foundations.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
This document is the Indian Standard (Part 1) for earthquake resistant design of structures. It provides general provisions and criteria for assessing earthquake hazards and designing buildings to resist earthquakes. Some key points:
- It defines seismic zones across India based on past earthquake intensities and establishes design response spectra for each zone.
- It provides minimum design forces for normal structures and notes that special structures may require more rigorous site-specific analysis.
- This revision includes changes such as defining design spectra to 6 seconds, specifying the same spectra for all building materials, including temporary structures, and provisions for irregular buildings and masonry infill walls.
- It establishes terminology used in earthquake engineering and references other relevant Indian Standards for
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
This document discusses the earthquake design philosophy of making buildings resistant to earthquakes. It explains that earthquakes are divided into minor, moderate and strong shaking based on frequency and intensity. The goal of earthquake resistant design is to mitigate earthquake effects by designing structures to withstand smaller forces than actual earthquake forces. The document then outlines the expected damage to buildings under minor, moderate and strong shaking. It emphasizes designing key structural elements like beams and columns to be ductile to absorb energy and prevent collapse during earthquakes. Shear walls are also discussed as important seismic resistant elements.
Base Isolation technique is on of the advance technique used for construction of earthquake resisting sturcture.
All earthquake resisting structure are based on this technique.
This consit report on study of base isolation with its advantages disadvanges.
This document provides an overview of gravity and seismic geophysical exploration methods. It begins with introductions to gravity, its units of measurement, and factors that cause gravity variations. It then discusses gravity data acquisition, processing steps like tidal and elevation corrections to derive anomaly maps, and interpretation. For seismic exploration, it describes data acquisition using common midpoint gathers and factors like fold, followed by processing steps like normal moveout correction and stacking to improve signal-to-noise ratio and imaging resolutions. It concludes with discussions on filtering, migration, and how these improve subsurface representations.
This document summarizes the concept and uses of response spectra for structural engineers. Response spectra provide a way to quantify the demands of earthquake ground motion on structures of varying natural periods of vibration. They have been incorporated into building codes since the 1950s and help establish seismic design forces. Actual recorded response spectra are jagged, but design response spectra are smoothed curves. Response spectra can be used for rapid evaluation of building inventories, performance-based design, evaluation of seismic vulnerability, and post-earthquake damage estimates. They provide a useful tool for earthquake-resistant design.
- The document discusses the response of linear elastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems to earthquake loading.
- It describes how the peak displacement, velocity and acceleration responses of SDOF systems depend on factors like the system's natural period and damping ratio.
- Response spectra are introduced as plots that show the peak response of SDOF systems as a function of their natural period. Different types of response spectra like deformation, pseudo-velocity and pseudo-acceleration spectra are discussed.
This document presents a case study on calculating floor response spectra for the main equipment of a 35 MW steam turbine located in an area with high seismicity. Dynamic time-history analyses were performed using artificial ground motions compatible with local seismic design codes. A detailed finite element model of the turbine foundation was developed accounting for soil-structure interaction. The predominant seismic response was determined to be rocking in the direction of the large foundation aspect ratio. Design floor response spectra developed for the main equipment supports consider the effects of soil properties, hysteretic behavior, and structural ductility.
Static corrections are needed to account for irregular near-surface layers and topography in land seismic data. This shifts seismic traces to a common datum to obtain the correct subsurface image and enhance resolution. Static shifts traces to account for variations in elevation, weathering layer thickness and velocity. Several methods calculate static including field statics from acquisition parameters, elevation statics for flat areas, and refraction/reflection methods using first arrivals or residual shifts. Correcting statics aligns events, improves stack quality and avoids structural distortions in the subsurface image.
This document discusses flow analysis of wind turbines using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It provides background on wind turbines and how they convert wind energy to mechanical energy. It then describes the basic steps in CFD analysis including defining the problem, preprocessing like meshing, solving the equations of motion, and postprocessing the results. Specific CFD models for wind turbines are discussed, including the actuator disk model which simplifies modeling of the entire turbine as a disk that imposes forces on the flow.
Design notes for seismic design of building accordance to Eurocode 8
This publication provides a concise compilation of selected rules in the Eurocode 8, together with relevant Cyprus National Annex, that relate to the design of common forms of concrete building structure in the South Europe. Rules from EN 1998-1-1 for global analysis, regularity criteria, type of analysis and verification checks are presented. Detail design rules for concrete beam, column and shear wall, from EN 1998-1-1 and EN1992-1-1 are presented. This guide covers the design of orthodox members in concrete frames. It does not cover design rules for steel frames. Certain practical limitations are given to the scope.
Strong ground motion from earthquakes is caused by the sudden release of accumulated elastic strain energy during fault rupture. Horizontal shaking poses the greatest risk to structures. Key measures of ground motion include peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and response spectral acceleration. Ground motion levels depend on magnitude, distance from the earthquake, directivity effects, and local site conditions such as soil type. Softer soils tend to amplify shaking more than firm rock.
Comparative Study on Seismic Behavior of Different Shapes of RC Structure wit...
This document presents a comparative study on the seismic behavior of different shaped reinforced concrete (RC) structures equipped with viscous dampers. Three models are analyzed: H, T, and L shapes. The models are analyzed using ETABS software according to Indian seismic code provisions. Parameters like base shear, natural period, storey stiffness, drift, overturning moment, and displacement are compared. Material and geometric properties are kept the same. All models are located in seismic zone 4 and subjected to dynamic analysis using the El Centro time history record. Results show that the H-shaped building experiences the highest base shear, while viscous dampers help reduce storey displacement in the structures.
A practical approach to design and optimization of single phase liquid to liq...
The document describes the design and optimization of a shell and tube heat exchanger. It presents a method based on Tinker's approach that incorporates modifications from Kern and Kakac. A 17-step thermal design procedure is outlined that involves sizing the heat exchanger dimensions and components through an iterative process to meet a specified heat load. A computer program was developed to automate the calculations and optimize the design in a more efficient manner than manual calculations. The program allows the user to input parameters and obtain an optimized design solution.
1) The document discusses numerical modeling of power losses in large wind farms due to turbine wakes. Large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled with actuator disk models are used to model turbine wakes.
2) Validation studies of the numerical models are needed using data from offshore wind farms, wind tunnels, and field experiments. Remote sensing tools like LIDAR are important for obtaining field measurements.
3) The case study uses LES with an actuator disk model that considers turbine rotation (ADM-R) to simulate turbine wakes in the Horns Rev offshore wind farm and predict overall farm power output with good agreement with observed data.
The document summarizes an experiment analyzing nozzle burn-through during ground firing tests of a hybrid rocket motor. Sensors measured temperature, pressure, and strain during the test. Six intentional flaws were introduced in the nozzle to create locations expected to burn through. Numerical simulations accurately reproduced sensor measurements. The analysis showed that strain jumps could be explained by a release of stress from rising internal temperatures and the decrease in tensile strength of insulating materials above 460°F. An inference engine will be developed using sensor data to provide earlier warning of burn-through failures for nozzle health management.
Experimental Calculation of the Damping Ratio In Buildings Hosting Permanent ...
Experimental Calculation of the Damping Ratio In Buildings Hosting Permanent GPS Stations During the Recent Italian Earthquakes by Marco Gatti* in Open Journal of Civil Engineering
This document summarizes a numerical study of airflow over an Ahmed body using RANS turbulence models. It finds that the k-ε-v2 model more accurately predicts separation and reattachment compared to other models. The study simulates flow over an Ahmed body with a 35 degree rear angle using various turbulence models and investigates the effects of grid layout and differencing schemes on the results. Numerical results agree well with experimental data on the wake structure and turbulent kinetic energy distribution behind the body.
This document presents a proposed mathematical approach to simulate ground deformation and soil parameter improvement from dynamic compaction. The approach uses two equations: 1) calculates ground settlement from a single tamper drop based on soil properties and compaction energy. 2) Calculates updated soil parameters based on settlement from the previous drop, allowing simulation of the compaction process. The approach is applied to four case studies and shows close agreement with measured results. It provides a simple way to design and test dynamic compaction procedures and monitor quality by comparing measured and calculated settlements.
This document summarizes a study on using tuned-mass dampers to reduce the seismic response of base-isolated structures. It finds that while tuned-mass dampers may have little effect initially, they can add damping over time to decrease the response. Choosing the proper damper parameters and matching the damper frequency to the excitation frequency are important. An "accelerated tuned-mass damper" is proposed to reduce the maximum isolator deformation caused by earthquakes.
IRJET- Seismic Performance of Building using Accordion Metallic Damper
This document summarizes research on using accordion metallic dampers to improve the seismic performance of buildings. The dampers consist of corrugated thin-walled tubes installed as braces that dissipate energy through hysteretic behavior during earthquakes. Nonlinear time history and pushover analyses were used to assess the performance of 7-story rectangular and square frame buildings equipped with the dampers. The results showed that the dampers reduced top story displacement and inter-story drift by 30-40% compared to buildings without dampers. Hysteresis loops of the dampers indicated their energy dissipation capacity. Further optimization of damper locations could provide greater reductions with fewer dampers.
IRJET- Seismic Performance of Building using Accordion Metallic Damper
This document summarizes research on using accordion metallic dampers to improve the seismic performance of buildings. The dampers consist of corrugated thin-walled tubes installed as brace connections in building frames. During earthquakes, the dampers dissipate energy through hysteretic behavior as they undergo axial deformation and lateral buckling. Nonlinear time history and pushover analyses were used to evaluate the performance of 7-story rectangular and square frame buildings equipped with the dampers. The results showed that the dampers reduced damaging measures like story drift and top displacement by 30-40% compared to buildings without dampers. Hysteresis loops of the dampers indicated their energy dissipation capacity. Further research is needed to optimize damper locations
The document summarizes numerical integration methods for solving equations of motion directly in the time domain, including explicit and implicit methods. It describes Newmark's β method, the central difference method, and Wilson-θ method. Key steps involve discretizing the equations of motion and relating response parameters at different time steps using finite difference approximations. Stability, accuracy, and error considerations are also discussed.
1. The document outlines key concepts in structural dynamics including idealization of structures as single-degree-of-freedom systems, formulation of the equation of motion, free and forced vibration of undamped and damped systems.
2. Key topics covered include natural frequency determination, Duhamel's integral, damping in structures, and methods for solving dynamic problems.
3. Examples of single-degree-of-freedom systems are presented including lumped mass systems, beams with distributed mass, and determination of effective stiffness.
This document discusses multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems and their analysis. It introduces concepts such as flexibility and stiffness matrices, natural frequencies and mode shapes, orthogonality of modes, and equations of motion. Methods for analyzing free and forced vibration of MDOF systems in the time domain are presented, including modal superposition and direct integration. An example 3DOF system is analyzed to illustrate the concepts.
1) The document discusses ground excited systems, where the dynamic equations of motion are derived based on the relative displacement of the structure with respect to the ground acceleration vector.
2) Modal superposition is applied to decompose the equations into uncoupled modal equations, which are then solved to obtain the system response in terms of maximum displacements, storey shears, moments and drifts.
3) Several modal combination rules are discussed to combine the individual modal responses, including SRSS, CQC and double sum methods.
This document discusses approximate methods for determining natural frequencies of structures, including Rayleigh's method and Dunkerley's method. Rayleigh's method involves estimating the mode shape and using the Rayleigh quotient to calculate an upper bound for the fundamental frequency. Dunkerley's method provides a lower bound by assuming the structure vibrates as separate components. Examples are provided to illustrate both methods and how they can provide good estimates of natural frequencies.
The document discusses deformation spectra for single-degree-of-freedom (SDF) linear systems subjected to base excitation. It presents the equations of motion for an SDF system with a moving base and defines terms like relative displacement and pseudo-acceleration. Graphs of deformation spectra are shown for half-cycle acceleration and velocity pulses. Key aspects of the spectra under different inputs are described, including asymptotic behavior and sensitivity to displacement, velocity, and acceleration portions of the input.
The document summarizes some macroelement models for unreinforced masonry (URM) structures, including:
1) The SAM model which uses simplified strength criteria and constitutive rules to model flexural and shear failure of URM elements.
2) A nonlinear equivalent frame model that represents URM walls as piers and spandrels with rigid offsets and uses force-deformation relationships to model flexural, shear, and rocking behavior.
3) A comparison showing similar force-displacement responses between a 3D storey mechanism model and the nonlinear frame model for a 2-story URM building.
This document discusses the seismic assessment of masonry structures through rigid-body mechanism analysis and nonlinear static analysis. It presents an example assessment of the out-of-plane failure of a gable wall. Key steps include:
1. Determining forces on the wall and calculating the effective mass and effective static acceleration threshold.
2. Performing a "linear" static safety check against the acceleration threshold.
3. Modeling the wall's nonlinear static α-Δx1 relationship and evaluating the effective displacement demand, which is shown to be less than the wall's capacity.
This document discusses seismic design and assessment of masonry structures. It begins by showing how historical masonry buildings are typically assembled over time in a piecemeal fashion. It then outlines various damage mechanisms seen in masonry structures during earthquakes, such as out-of-plane instability of walls, overturning of facades, and damage from thrust forces from the roof. The document proposes using limit analysis and modeling vulnerable subsystems as rigid bodies to evaluate the static threshold for collapse. It provides examples of applying the principle of virtual work to determine static thresholds for simple mechanisms.
This document discusses the out-of-plane seismic response of unreinforced masonry walls. It covers several topics: mechanisms of out-of-plane failure including parapet failure and overturning; the seismic load path and how ground motion is transmitted; important issues in evaluating out-of-plane response such as strength, displacement capacity, and dynamic response; and methods for assessing out-of-plane flexural strength including tensile strength of masonry and arching action. Slides show examples of damage from past earthquakes and diagrams illustrating failure mechanisms and load paths.
The document discusses limitations of analyzing masonry structures on a storey-by-storey basis and provides an overview of macroelement modeling approaches. It notes that storey-mechanism analysis makes assumptions about boundary conditions that may not accurately capture the behavior of coupling elements. Global analysis is needed to understand stresses in these elements. It also summarizes characteristics of several macroelement models, including multi-fan, PEFV, TREMURI, and SAM models, that can better model the behavior of entire masonry buildings through use of macro-elements representing portions of the structure.
The document discusses seismic design and assessment of masonry structures, focusing on strength evaluation of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls subjected to in-plane forces. It covers topics such as flexural cracking and strength, shear strength criteria including maximum principal tensile stress and Coulomb-like models, and the response of building systems to horizontal loading, highlighting the role of diaphragms, ring beams, and tie rods. Examples of reinforced concrete ring beams are also shown.
This document provides an overview of modeling approaches for seismic design and assessment of masonry structures, including:
- Vertical structures can be modeled as cantilever walls, equivalent frames with varying degrees of coupling between floors/piers.
- Equivalent frame models are more realistic and require defining floor/spandrel stiffness. Rigid offsets can limit horizontal deformation.
- Refined 2D/3D finite element models may be needed for complex geometries or nonlinear analysis, but are not usually practical.
- Linear static analysis uses equivalent static loads distributed by storey based on vibration mode. Nonlinear static pushover analyzes failure by increasing loads until a mechanism forms.
This document discusses assessing seismic risk across populations of unreinforced masonry buildings. A methodology is presented that involves developing an inventory of buildings, estimating building-specific damage from ground motions, and aggregating to determine total regional loss and risk. Sensitivity investigations are proposed to examine how regional risk estimates depend on regional and building-specific parameters like population size, ground motion intensity, number of stories, floor area, and others. Field survey data from various cities is used to establish distributions for modeling building populations.
This document provides an overview of masonry structures and materials. It discusses the mechanical behavior of masonry walls, arches, vaults and domes. Traditional masonry construction techniques are compared to modern methods. Various masonry elements like walls, columns and beams are examined. Finally, common masonry materials like fired clay units are described in terms of their manufacturing, properties and testing standards. The document serves as teaching material for a course on seismic design and assessment of masonry structures.
This document discusses performance-based seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of masonry buildings according to guidelines from FEMA 356. It outlines acceptance criteria for different performance levels including immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention. Analysis methods include linear static procedure using force-displacement curves and deformation-controlled actions like bed-joint sliding and rocking. Retrofitting techniques aim to enhance wall strength and stiffness through methods such as reinforced cores, shotcrete, and reticulated reinforcement.
1. Reinforced masonry working stress design of flexural members uses assumptions including plane sections remaining plane after bending and neglecting all masonry in tension.
2. The balanced condition occurs when the extreme fiber stress in the masonry equals the allowable compressive stress and the tensile stress in reinforcement equals the allowable tensile stress.
3. Shear design of reinforced masonry considers mechanisms such as dowel action and the ability of shear reinforcement to restrict crack growth and resist tensile stresses. Allowable shear stresses depend on the presence of shear reinforcement.
This document summarizes research on the dynamic response of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls subjected to seismic loads. Shake table tests were conducted on URM wall specimens with both stiff and flexible floor diaphragms. Test results showed that flexible diaphragms increased wall displacements and accelerations. Analytical models were developed including Response Spectrum Analysis, Single-Degree-of-Freedom, Multi-Degree-of-Freedom, and Two-Degree-of-Freedom models to simulate wall response. Good correlation with test data validated the accuracy of the models, which were then used in parametric studies to evaluate wall behavior.
This document discusses the working stress design of reinforced masonry flexural members. It outlines the assumptions of the design method, which include plane sections remaining plane after bending and a linear stress-strain relationship for both masonry and steel. Equations are provided to calculate the balanced reinforcement ratio, as well as the procedure for sizing the cross section and reinforcement given design moment values. An example problem demonstrates how to design a reinforced masonry beam section to resist a given bending moment.
The document provides notes on masonry structures from a course at the University of Illinois. It discusses lateral strength and behavior of unreinforced masonry (URM) shear walls, including design criteria, failure modes, and examples. Key points include allowable stresses for flexure, shear, and axial loading; effects of perforations on stiffness and force distribution; and checking stresses in piers between openings.
An invited talk given by Mark Billinghurst on Research Directions for Cross Reality Interfaces. This was given on July 2nd 2024 as part of the 2024 Summer School on Cross Reality in Hagenberg, Austria (July 1st - 7th)
BT & Neo4j: Knowledge Graphs for Critical Enterprise Systems.pptx.pdf
Presented at Gartner Data & Analytics, London Maty 2024. BT Group has used the Neo4j Graph Database to enable impressive digital transformation programs over the last 6 years. By re-imagining their operational support systems to adopt self-serve and data lead principles they have substantially reduced the number of applications and complexity of their operations. The result has been a substantial reduction in risk and costs while improving time to value, innovation, and process automation. Join this session to hear their story, the lessons they learned along the way and how their future innovation plans include the exploration of uses of EKG + Generative AI.
Best Practices for Effectively Running dbt in Airflow.pdf
As a popular open-source library for analytics engineering, dbt is often used in combination with Airflow. Orchestrating and executing dbt models as DAGs ensures an additional layer of control over tasks, observability, and provides a reliable, scalable environment to run dbt models.
This webinar will cover a step-by-step guide to Cosmos, an open source package from Astronomer that helps you easily run your dbt Core projects as Airflow DAGs and Task Groups, all with just a few lines of code. We’ll walk through:
- Standard ways of running dbt (and when to utilize other methods)
- How Cosmos can be used to run and visualize your dbt projects in Airflow
- Common challenges and how to address them, including performance, dependency conflicts, and more
- How running dbt projects in Airflow helps with cost optimization
Webinar given on 9 July 2024
We are honored to launch and host this event for our UiPath Polish Community, with the help of our partners - Proservartner!
We certainly hope we have managed to spike your interest in the subjects to be presented and the incredible networking opportunities at hand, too!
Check out our proposed agenda below 👇👇
08:30 ☕ Welcome coffee (30')
09:00 Opening note/ Intro to UiPath Community (10')
Cristina Vidu, Global Manager, Marketing Community @UiPath
Dawid Kot, Digital Transformation Lead @Proservartner
09:10 Cloud migration - Proservartner & DOVISTA case study (30')
Marcin Drozdowski, Automation CoE Manager @DOVISTA
Pawel Kamiński, RPA developer @DOVISTA
Mikolaj Zielinski, UiPath MVP, Senior Solutions Engineer @Proservartner
09:40 From bottlenecks to breakthroughs: Citizen Development in action (25')
Pawel Poplawski, Director, Improvement and Automation @McCormick & Company
Michał Cieślak, Senior Manager, Automation Programs @McCormick & Company
10:05 Next-level bots: API integration in UiPath Studio (30')
Mikolaj Zielinski, UiPath MVP, Senior Solutions Engineer @Proservartner
10:35 ☕ Coffee Break (15')
10:50 Document Understanding with my RPA Companion (45')
Ewa Gruszka, Enterprise Sales Specialist, AI & ML @UiPath
11:35 Power up your Robots: GenAI and GPT in REFramework (45')
Krzysztof Karaszewski, Global RPA Product Manager
12:20 🍕 Lunch Break (1hr)
13:20 From Concept to Quality: UiPath Test Suite for AI-powered Knowledge Bots (30')
Kamil Miśko, UiPath MVP, Senior RPA Developer @Zurich Insurance
13:50 Communications Mining - focus on AI capabilities (30')
Thomasz Wierzbicki, Business Analyst @Office Samurai
14:20 Polish MVP panel: Insights on MVP award achievements and career profiling
Paradigm Shifts in User Modeling: A Journey from Historical Foundations to Em...
Slide of the tutorial entitled "Paradigm Shifts in User Modeling: A Journey from Historical Foundations to Emerging Trends" held at UMAP'24: 32nd ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (July 1, 2024 | Cagliari, Italy)
Understanding Insider Security Threats: Types, Examples, Effects, and Mitigat...
Today’s digitally connected world presents a wide range of security challenges for enterprises. Insider security threats are particularly noteworthy because they have the potential to cause significant harm. Unlike external threats, insider risks originate from within the company, making them more subtle and challenging to identify. This blog aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of insider security threats, including their types, examples, effects, and mitigation techniques.
Quality Patents: Patents That Stand the Test of Time
Is your patent a vanity piece of paper for your office wall? Or is it a reliable, defendable, assertable, property right? The difference is often quality.
Is your patent simply a transactional cost and a large pile of legal bills for your startup? Or is it a leverageable asset worthy of attracting precious investment dollars, worth its cost in multiples of valuation? The difference is often quality.
Is your patent application only good enough to get through the examination process? Or has it been crafted to stand the tests of time and varied audiences if you later need to assert that document against an infringer, find yourself litigating with it in an Article 3 Court at the hands of a judge and jury, God forbid, end up having to defend its validity at the PTAB, or even needing to use it to block pirated imports at the International Trade Commission? The difference is often quality.
Quality will be our focus for a good chunk of the remainder of this season. What goes into a quality patent, and where possible, how do you get it without breaking the bank?
** Episode Overview **
In this first episode of our quality series, Kristen Hansen and the panel discuss:
⦿ What do we mean when we say patent quality?
⦿ Why is patent quality important?
⦿ How to balance quality and budget
⦿ The importance of searching, continuations, and draftsperson domain expertise
⦿ Very practical tips, tricks, examples, and Kristen’s Musts for drafting quality applications
https://www.aurorapatents.com/patently-strategic-podcast.html
Measuring the Impact of Network Latency at Twitter
Widya Salim and Victor Ma will outline the causal impact analysis, framework, and key learnings used to quantify the impact of reducing Twitter's network latency.
Kief Morris rethinks the infrastructure code delivery lifecycle, advocating for a shift towards composable infrastructure systems. We should shift to designing around deployable components rather than code modules, use more useful levels of abstraction, and drive design and deployment from applications rather than bottom-up, monolithic architecture and delivery.
The DealBook is our annual overview of the Ukrainian tech investment industry. This edition comprehensively covers the full year 2023 and the first deals of 2024.
7 Most Powerful Solar Storms in the History of Earth.pdf
Solar Storms (Geo Magnetic Storms) are the motion of accelerated charged particles in the solar environment with high velocities due to the coronal mass ejection (CME).
Details of description part II: Describing images in practice - Tech Forum 2024
This presentation explores the practical application of image description techniques. Familiar guidelines will be demonstrated in practice, and descriptions will be developed “live”! If you have learned a lot about the theory of image description techniques but want to feel more confident putting them into practice, this is the presentation for you. There will be useful, actionable information for everyone, whether you are working with authors, colleagues, alone, or leveraging AI as a collaborator.
Link to presentation recording and transcript: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/details-of-description-part-ii-describing-images-in-practice/
Presented by BookNet Canada on June 25, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
論文紹介:A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering on Vision-Language Foundation ...
Jindong Gu, Zhen Han, Shuo Chen, Ahmad Beirami, Bailan He, Gengyuan Zhang, Ruotong Liao, Yao Qin, Volker Tresp, Philip Torr "A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering on Vision-Language Foundation Models" arXiv2023
https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.12980
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
This document discusses shear wall analysis and design. It defines shear walls as structural elements used in buildings to resist lateral forces through cantilever action. The document classifies different types of shear walls and discusses their behavior under seismic loading. It outlines the steps for designing shear walls, including reviewing layout, analyzing structural systems, determining design forces, and detailing reinforcement. The document emphasizes the importance of properly locating shear walls in a building to resist seismic loads and minimize torsional effects.
The document summarizes the response spectrum method of analysis for evaluating seismic design forces on structures. It discusses that the method converts a dynamic analysis into a partial dynamic and partial static analysis. Key steps include performing a modal analysis to obtain mode shapes and frequencies, using the acceleration response spectrum to derive equivalent static loads for each vibration mode, and combining modal responses using various rules to obtain the total maximum structural response. The method provides an approximate but effective technique for seismic analysis of structures.
Analysis and design of multi-storey building using staad.Progsharda123
This document presents a minor project report on the analysis and design of a four-storey building (ground plus three floors) using STAAD Pro software. It was submitted by five civil engineering students at Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Punjab, India in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report covers various topics related to structural analysis and design including different analysis methods, design of building elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings. It also discusses assumptions, design codes, loads, and materials used for the building design.
Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy of Structure.Pritesh Parmar
The document discusses static and kinematic indeterminacy of structures. It defines different types of supports for 2D and 3D structures including fixed support, hinged/pinned support, roller support, and their properties. It also discusses internal joints like internal hinge, internal roller, and internal link. The document explains concepts of static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy, and degree of freedom for different types of structures.
The document discusses the structure of the Earth and the causes of earthquakes. It describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. It explains that earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates at divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. The document also summarizes methods of earthquake-resistant design, including base isolation devices that separate buildings from the ground and seismic dampers that absorb seismic energy. It notes that while base isolation can be used for existing structures, seismic dampers are more expensive to install. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of earthquake-resistant construction and quality control to ensure public safety.
This document summarizes key topics from chapters 1 and 2 of a textbook on seismology by T.K. Datta from IIT. It discusses the interior structure of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core. It describes plate tectonics and the three types of plate boundaries. It also summarizes earthquake causes according to the tectonic theory, and the types of seismic waves that propagate during earthquakes, including P, S, L, and R waves. Sample seismic records are shown illustrating different wave patterns.
Staad.Pro Training Report or Summer Internship Ravi Kant Sahu
This repot is the brief discussion about staad pro and its results .How can we work on staad.pro, what are the step which are used to desin building structure in staad.pra .it is very advance software.
Module1 1 introduction-tomatrixms - rajesh sirSHAMJITH KM
This document provides an introduction to matrix methods for structural analysis. It discusses flexibility and stiffness matrices, and their application to different types of structures including trusses, beams, frames, grids and space frames. It also covers topics such as static indeterminacy, types of deformations, compatibility conditions, and development of flexibility and stiffness coefficients and matrices. Matrix analysis allows the modeling of complex structural systems and solving for unknown displacements, forces and stresses in an efficient manner.
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/design-philosophies-of-rcc-structure/
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
Various design philosophies have been invented in the different parts of the world to design RCC structures. In 1900 theory by Coignet and Tedesco was accepted and codified as Working Stress Method. The Working Stress Method was in use for several years until the revision of IS 456 in 2000.
What are the Various Design Philosophies?
Working Stress Method
limit state method
ultimate load method
#civil insider
Structural Analysis And Design is a structural analysis and design software. It includes tools for 3D modeling, analysis, and design of structures according to various international codes. The software was originally developed by Research Engineers International and later acquired by Bentley Systems. It allows engineers to generate models using different elements like frames, plates, and solids. Various types of structures like trusses, planes, and spaces can be modeled and analyzed. The software provides tools for assigning properties, loads, boundary conditions, and performing analysis to calculate member forces and deflections. The results can then be used for structural design of elements like beams, columns, slabs, and foundations.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
This document is the Indian Standard (Part 1) for earthquake resistant design of structures. It provides general provisions and criteria for assessing earthquake hazards and designing buildings to resist earthquakes. Some key points:
- It defines seismic zones across India based on past earthquake intensities and establishes design response spectra for each zone.
- It provides minimum design forces for normal structures and notes that special structures may require more rigorous site-specific analysis.
- This revision includes changes such as defining design spectra to 6 seconds, specifying the same spectra for all building materials, including temporary structures, and provisions for irregular buildings and masonry infill walls.
- It establishes terminology used in earthquake engineering and references other relevant Indian Standards for
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
This document discusses the earthquake design philosophy of making buildings resistant to earthquakes. It explains that earthquakes are divided into minor, moderate and strong shaking based on frequency and intensity. The goal of earthquake resistant design is to mitigate earthquake effects by designing structures to withstand smaller forces than actual earthquake forces. The document then outlines the expected damage to buildings under minor, moderate and strong shaking. It emphasizes designing key structural elements like beams and columns to be ductile to absorb energy and prevent collapse during earthquakes. Shear walls are also discussed as important seismic resistant elements.
Report on Study on Base Isolation Techniques.Gaurav Mewara
Base Isolation technique is on of the advance technique used for construction of earthquake resisting sturcture.
All earthquake resisting structure are based on this technique.
This consit report on study of base isolation with its advantages disadvanges.
This document provides an overview of gravity and seismic geophysical exploration methods. It begins with introductions to gravity, its units of measurement, and factors that cause gravity variations. It then discusses gravity data acquisition, processing steps like tidal and elevation corrections to derive anomaly maps, and interpretation. For seismic exploration, it describes data acquisition using common midpoint gathers and factors like fold, followed by processing steps like normal moveout correction and stacking to improve signal-to-noise ratio and imaging resolutions. It concludes with discussions on filtering, migration, and how these improve subsurface representations.
This document summarizes the concept and uses of response spectra for structural engineers. Response spectra provide a way to quantify the demands of earthquake ground motion on structures of varying natural periods of vibration. They have been incorporated into building codes since the 1950s and help establish seismic design forces. Actual recorded response spectra are jagged, but design response spectra are smoothed curves. Response spectra can be used for rapid evaluation of building inventories, performance-based design, evaluation of seismic vulnerability, and post-earthquake damage estimates. They provide a useful tool for earthquake-resistant design.
- The document discusses the response of linear elastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems to earthquake loading.
- It describes how the peak displacement, velocity and acceleration responses of SDOF systems depend on factors like the system's natural period and damping ratio.
- Response spectra are introduced as plots that show the peak response of SDOF systems as a function of their natural period. Different types of response spectra like deformation, pseudo-velocity and pseudo-acceleration spectra are discussed.
This document presents a case study on calculating floor response spectra for the main equipment of a 35 MW steam turbine located in an area with high seismicity. Dynamic time-history analyses were performed using artificial ground motions compatible with local seismic design codes. A detailed finite element model of the turbine foundation was developed accounting for soil-structure interaction. The predominant seismic response was determined to be rocking in the direction of the large foundation aspect ratio. Design floor response spectra developed for the main equipment supports consider the effects of soil properties, hysteretic behavior, and structural ductility.
Static corrections are needed to account for irregular near-surface layers and topography in land seismic data. This shifts seismic traces to a common datum to obtain the correct subsurface image and enhance resolution. Static shifts traces to account for variations in elevation, weathering layer thickness and velocity. Several methods calculate static including field statics from acquisition parameters, elevation statics for flat areas, and refraction/reflection methods using first arrivals or residual shifts. Correcting statics aligns events, improves stack quality and avoids structural distortions in the subsurface image.
This document discusses flow analysis of wind turbines using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It provides background on wind turbines and how they convert wind energy to mechanical energy. It then describes the basic steps in CFD analysis including defining the problem, preprocessing like meshing, solving the equations of motion, and postprocessing the results. Specific CFD models for wind turbines are discussed, including the actuator disk model which simplifies modeling of the entire turbine as a disk that imposes forces on the flow.
This publication provides a concise compilation of selected rules in the Eurocode 8, together with relevant Cyprus National Annex, that relate to the design of common forms of concrete building structure in the South Europe. Rules from EN 1998-1-1 for global analysis, regularity criteria, type of analysis and verification checks are presented. Detail design rules for concrete beam, column and shear wall, from EN 1998-1-1 and EN1992-1-1 are presented. This guide covers the design of orthodox members in concrete frames. It does not cover design rules for steel frames. Certain practical limitations are given to the scope.
Strong ground motion from earthquakes is caused by the sudden release of accumulated elastic strain energy during fault rupture. Horizontal shaking poses the greatest risk to structures. Key measures of ground motion include peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and response spectral acceleration. Ground motion levels depend on magnitude, distance from the earthquake, directivity effects, and local site conditions such as soil type. Softer soils tend to amplify shaking more than firm rock.
Comparative Study on Seismic Behavior of Different Shapes of RC Structure wit...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the seismic behavior of different shaped reinforced concrete (RC) structures equipped with viscous dampers. Three models are analyzed: H, T, and L shapes. The models are analyzed using ETABS software according to Indian seismic code provisions. Parameters like base shear, natural period, storey stiffness, drift, overturning moment, and displacement are compared. Material and geometric properties are kept the same. All models are located in seismic zone 4 and subjected to dynamic analysis using the El Centro time history record. Results show that the H-shaped building experiences the highest base shear, while viscous dampers help reduce storey displacement in the structures.
A practical approach to design and optimization of single phase liquid to liq...iaemedu
The document describes the design and optimization of a shell and tube heat exchanger. It presents a method based on Tinker's approach that incorporates modifications from Kern and Kakac. A 17-step thermal design procedure is outlined that involves sizing the heat exchanger dimensions and components through an iterative process to meet a specified heat load. A computer program was developed to automate the calculations and optimize the design in a more efficient manner than manual calculations. The program allows the user to input parameters and obtain an optimized design solution.
1) The document discusses numerical modeling of power losses in large wind farms due to turbine wakes. Large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled with actuator disk models are used to model turbine wakes.
2) Validation studies of the numerical models are needed using data from offshore wind farms, wind tunnels, and field experiments. Remote sensing tools like LIDAR are important for obtaining field measurements.
3) The case study uses LES with an actuator disk model that considers turbine rotation (ADM-R) to simulate turbine wakes in the Horns Rev offshore wind farm and predict overall farm power output with good agreement with observed data.
The document summarizes an experiment analyzing nozzle burn-through during ground firing tests of a hybrid rocket motor. Sensors measured temperature, pressure, and strain during the test. Six intentional flaws were introduced in the nozzle to create locations expected to burn through. Numerical simulations accurately reproduced sensor measurements. The analysis showed that strain jumps could be explained by a release of stress from rising internal temperatures and the decrease in tensile strength of insulating materials above 460°F. An inference engine will be developed using sensor data to provide earlier warning of burn-through failures for nozzle health management.
Experimental Calculation of the Damping Ratio In Buildings Hosting Permanent GPS Stations During the Recent Italian Earthquakes by Marco Gatti* in Open Journal of Civil Engineering
This document summarizes a numerical study of airflow over an Ahmed body using RANS turbulence models. It finds that the k-ε-v2 model more accurately predicts separation and reattachment compared to other models. The study simulates flow over an Ahmed body with a 35 degree rear angle using various turbulence models and investigates the effects of grid layout and differencing schemes on the results. Numerical results agree well with experimental data on the wake structure and turbulent kinetic energy distribution behind the body.
10 simple mathematical approach for granular fill Ahmed Ebid
This document presents a proposed mathematical approach to simulate ground deformation and soil parameter improvement from dynamic compaction. The approach uses two equations: 1) calculates ground settlement from a single tamper drop based on soil properties and compaction energy. 2) Calculates updated soil parameters based on settlement from the previous drop, allowing simulation of the compaction process. The approach is applied to four case studies and shows close agreement with measured results. It provides a simple way to design and test dynamic compaction procedures and monitor quality by comparing measured and calculated settlements.
This document summarizes a study on using tuned-mass dampers to reduce the seismic response of base-isolated structures. It finds that while tuned-mass dampers may have little effect initially, they can add damping over time to decrease the response. Choosing the proper damper parameters and matching the damper frequency to the excitation frequency are important. An "accelerated tuned-mass damper" is proposed to reduce the maximum isolator deformation caused by earthquakes.
IRJET- Seismic Performance of Building using Accordion Metallic DamperIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using accordion metallic dampers to improve the seismic performance of buildings. The dampers consist of corrugated thin-walled tubes installed as braces that dissipate energy through hysteretic behavior during earthquakes. Nonlinear time history and pushover analyses were used to assess the performance of 7-story rectangular and square frame buildings equipped with the dampers. The results showed that the dampers reduced top story displacement and inter-story drift by 30-40% compared to buildings without dampers. Hysteresis loops of the dampers indicated their energy dissipation capacity. Further optimization of damper locations could provide greater reductions with fewer dampers.
IRJET- Seismic Performance of Building using Accordion Metallic DamperIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using accordion metallic dampers to improve the seismic performance of buildings. The dampers consist of corrugated thin-walled tubes installed as brace connections in building frames. During earthquakes, the dampers dissipate energy through hysteretic behavior as they undergo axial deformation and lateral buckling. Nonlinear time history and pushover analyses were used to evaluate the performance of 7-story rectangular and square frame buildings equipped with the dampers. The results showed that the dampers reduced damaging measures like story drift and top displacement by 30-40% compared to buildings without dampers. Hysteresis loops of the dampers indicated their energy dissipation capacity. Further research is needed to optimize damper locations
The document summarizes numerical integration methods for solving equations of motion directly in the time domain, including explicit and implicit methods. It describes Newmark's β method, the central difference method, and Wilson-θ method. Key steps involve discretizing the equations of motion and relating response parameters at different time steps using finite difference approximations. Stability, accuracy, and error considerations are also discussed.
1. The document outlines key concepts in structural dynamics including idealization of structures as single-degree-of-freedom systems, formulation of the equation of motion, free and forced vibration of undamped and damped systems.
2. Key topics covered include natural frequency determination, Duhamel's integral, damping in structures, and methods for solving dynamic problems.
3. Examples of single-degree-of-freedom systems are presented including lumped mass systems, beams with distributed mass, and determination of effective stiffness.
This document discusses multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems and their analysis. It introduces concepts such as flexibility and stiffness matrices, natural frequencies and mode shapes, orthogonality of modes, and equations of motion. Methods for analyzing free and forced vibration of MDOF systems in the time domain are presented, including modal superposition and direct integration. An example 3DOF system is analyzed to illustrate the concepts.
1) The document discusses ground excited systems, where the dynamic equations of motion are derived based on the relative displacement of the structure with respect to the ground acceleration vector.
2) Modal superposition is applied to decompose the equations into uncoupled modal equations, which are then solved to obtain the system response in terms of maximum displacements, storey shears, moments and drifts.
3) Several modal combination rules are discussed to combine the individual modal responses, including SRSS, CQC and double sum methods.
This document discusses approximate methods for determining natural frequencies of structures, including Rayleigh's method and Dunkerley's method. Rayleigh's method involves estimating the mode shape and using the Rayleigh quotient to calculate an upper bound for the fundamental frequency. Dunkerley's method provides a lower bound by assuming the structure vibrates as separate components. Examples are provided to illustrate both methods and how they can provide good estimates of natural frequencies.
The document discusses deformation spectra for single-degree-of-freedom (SDF) linear systems subjected to base excitation. It presents the equations of motion for an SDF system with a moving base and defines terms like relative displacement and pseudo-acceleration. Graphs of deformation spectra are shown for half-cycle acceleration and velocity pulses. Key aspects of the spectra under different inputs are described, including asymptotic behavior and sensitivity to displacement, velocity, and acceleration portions of the input.
The document summarizes some macroelement models for unreinforced masonry (URM) structures, including:
1) The SAM model which uses simplified strength criteria and constitutive rules to model flexural and shear failure of URM elements.
2) A nonlinear equivalent frame model that represents URM walls as piers and spandrels with rigid offsets and uses force-deformation relationships to model flexural, shear, and rocking behavior.
3) A comparison showing similar force-displacement responses between a 3D storey mechanism model and the nonlinear frame model for a 2-story URM building.
This document discusses the seismic assessment of masonry structures through rigid-body mechanism analysis and nonlinear static analysis. It presents an example assessment of the out-of-plane failure of a gable wall. Key steps include:
1. Determining forces on the wall and calculating the effective mass and effective static acceleration threshold.
2. Performing a "linear" static safety check against the acceleration threshold.
3. Modeling the wall's nonlinear static α-Δx1 relationship and evaluating the effective displacement demand, which is shown to be less than the wall's capacity.
This document discusses seismic design and assessment of masonry structures. It begins by showing how historical masonry buildings are typically assembled over time in a piecemeal fashion. It then outlines various damage mechanisms seen in masonry structures during earthquakes, such as out-of-plane instability of walls, overturning of facades, and damage from thrust forces from the roof. The document proposes using limit analysis and modeling vulnerable subsystems as rigid bodies to evaluate the static threshold for collapse. It provides examples of applying the principle of virtual work to determine static thresholds for simple mechanisms.
This document discusses the out-of-plane seismic response of unreinforced masonry walls. It covers several topics: mechanisms of out-of-plane failure including parapet failure and overturning; the seismic load path and how ground motion is transmitted; important issues in evaluating out-of-plane response such as strength, displacement capacity, and dynamic response; and methods for assessing out-of-plane flexural strength including tensile strength of masonry and arching action. Slides show examples of damage from past earthquakes and diagrams illustrating failure mechanisms and load paths.
The document discusses limitations of analyzing masonry structures on a storey-by-storey basis and provides an overview of macroelement modeling approaches. It notes that storey-mechanism analysis makes assumptions about boundary conditions that may not accurately capture the behavior of coupling elements. Global analysis is needed to understand stresses in these elements. It also summarizes characteristics of several macroelement models, including multi-fan, PEFV, TREMURI, and SAM models, that can better model the behavior of entire masonry buildings through use of macro-elements representing portions of the structure.
The document discusses seismic design and assessment of masonry structures, focusing on strength evaluation of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls subjected to in-plane forces. It covers topics such as flexural cracking and strength, shear strength criteria including maximum principal tensile stress and Coulomb-like models, and the response of building systems to horizontal loading, highlighting the role of diaphragms, ring beams, and tie rods. Examples of reinforced concrete ring beams are also shown.
This document provides an overview of modeling approaches for seismic design and assessment of masonry structures, including:
- Vertical structures can be modeled as cantilever walls, equivalent frames with varying degrees of coupling between floors/piers.
- Equivalent frame models are more realistic and require defining floor/spandrel stiffness. Rigid offsets can limit horizontal deformation.
- Refined 2D/3D finite element models may be needed for complex geometries or nonlinear analysis, but are not usually practical.
- Linear static analysis uses equivalent static loads distributed by storey based on vibration mode. Nonlinear static pushover analyzes failure by increasing loads until a mechanism forms.
This document discusses assessing seismic risk across populations of unreinforced masonry buildings. A methodology is presented that involves developing an inventory of buildings, estimating building-specific damage from ground motions, and aggregating to determine total regional loss and risk. Sensitivity investigations are proposed to examine how regional risk estimates depend on regional and building-specific parameters like population size, ground motion intensity, number of stories, floor area, and others. Field survey data from various cities is used to establish distributions for modeling building populations.
This document provides an overview of masonry structures and materials. It discusses the mechanical behavior of masonry walls, arches, vaults and domes. Traditional masonry construction techniques are compared to modern methods. Various masonry elements like walls, columns and beams are examined. Finally, common masonry materials like fired clay units are described in terms of their manufacturing, properties and testing standards. The document serves as teaching material for a course on seismic design and assessment of masonry structures.
This document discusses performance-based seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of masonry buildings according to guidelines from FEMA 356. It outlines acceptance criteria for different performance levels including immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention. Analysis methods include linear static procedure using force-displacement curves and deformation-controlled actions like bed-joint sliding and rocking. Retrofitting techniques aim to enhance wall strength and stiffness through methods such as reinforced cores, shotcrete, and reticulated reinforcement.
1. Reinforced masonry working stress design of flexural members uses assumptions including plane sections remaining plane after bending and neglecting all masonry in tension.
2. The balanced condition occurs when the extreme fiber stress in the masonry equals the allowable compressive stress and the tensile stress in reinforcement equals the allowable tensile stress.
3. Shear design of reinforced masonry considers mechanisms such as dowel action and the ability of shear reinforcement to restrict crack growth and resist tensile stresses. Allowable shear stresses depend on the presence of shear reinforcement.
This document summarizes research on the dynamic response of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls subjected to seismic loads. Shake table tests were conducted on URM wall specimens with both stiff and flexible floor diaphragms. Test results showed that flexible diaphragms increased wall displacements and accelerations. Analytical models were developed including Response Spectrum Analysis, Single-Degree-of-Freedom, Multi-Degree-of-Freedom, and Two-Degree-of-Freedom models to simulate wall response. Good correlation with test data validated the accuracy of the models, which were then used in parametric studies to evaluate wall behavior.
This document discusses the working stress design of reinforced masonry flexural members. It outlines the assumptions of the design method, which include plane sections remaining plane after bending and a linear stress-strain relationship for both masonry and steel. Equations are provided to calculate the balanced reinforcement ratio, as well as the procedure for sizing the cross section and reinforcement given design moment values. An example problem demonstrates how to design a reinforced masonry beam section to resist a given bending moment.
The document provides notes on masonry structures from a course at the University of Illinois. It discusses lateral strength and behavior of unreinforced masonry (URM) shear walls, including design criteria, failure modes, and examples. Key points include allowable stresses for flexure, shear, and axial loading; effects of perforations on stiffness and force distribution; and checking stresses in piers between openings.
An invited talk given by Mark Billinghurst on Research Directions for Cross Reality Interfaces. This was given on July 2nd 2024 as part of the 2024 Summer School on Cross Reality in Hagenberg, Austria (July 1st - 7th)
BT & Neo4j: Knowledge Graphs for Critical Enterprise Systems.pptx.pdfNeo4j
Presented at Gartner Data & Analytics, London Maty 2024. BT Group has used the Neo4j Graph Database to enable impressive digital transformation programs over the last 6 years. By re-imagining their operational support systems to adopt self-serve and data lead principles they have substantially reduced the number of applications and complexity of their operations. The result has been a substantial reduction in risk and costs while improving time to value, innovation, and process automation. Join this session to hear their story, the lessons they learned along the way and how their future innovation plans include the exploration of uses of EKG + Generative AI.
Best Practices for Effectively Running dbt in Airflow.pdfTatiana Al-Chueyr
As a popular open-source library for analytics engineering, dbt is often used in combination with Airflow. Orchestrating and executing dbt models as DAGs ensures an additional layer of control over tasks, observability, and provides a reliable, scalable environment to run dbt models.
This webinar will cover a step-by-step guide to Cosmos, an open source package from Astronomer that helps you easily run your dbt Core projects as Airflow DAGs and Task Groups, all with just a few lines of code. We’ll walk through:
- Standard ways of running dbt (and when to utilize other methods)
- How Cosmos can be used to run and visualize your dbt projects in Airflow
- Common challenges and how to address them, including performance, dependency conflicts, and more
- How running dbt projects in Airflow helps with cost optimization
Webinar given on 9 July 2024
UiPath Community Day Kraków: Devs4Devs ConferenceUiPathCommunity
We are honored to launch and host this event for our UiPath Polish Community, with the help of our partners - Proservartner!
We certainly hope we have managed to spike your interest in the subjects to be presented and the incredible networking opportunities at hand, too!
Check out our proposed agenda below 👇👇
08:30 ☕ Welcome coffee (30')
09:00 Opening note/ Intro to UiPath Community (10')
Cristina Vidu, Global Manager, Marketing Community @UiPath
Dawid Kot, Digital Transformation Lead @Proservartner
09:10 Cloud migration - Proservartner & DOVISTA case study (30')
Marcin Drozdowski, Automation CoE Manager @DOVISTA
Pawel Kamiński, RPA developer @DOVISTA
Mikolaj Zielinski, UiPath MVP, Senior Solutions Engineer @Proservartner
09:40 From bottlenecks to breakthroughs: Citizen Development in action (25')
Pawel Poplawski, Director, Improvement and Automation @McCormick & Company
Michał Cieślak, Senior Manager, Automation Programs @McCormick & Company
10:05 Next-level bots: API integration in UiPath Studio (30')
Mikolaj Zielinski, UiPath MVP, Senior Solutions Engineer @Proservartner
10:35 ☕ Coffee Break (15')
10:50 Document Understanding with my RPA Companion (45')
Ewa Gruszka, Enterprise Sales Specialist, AI & ML @UiPath
11:35 Power up your Robots: GenAI and GPT in REFramework (45')
Krzysztof Karaszewski, Global RPA Product Manager
12:20 🍕 Lunch Break (1hr)
13:20 From Concept to Quality: UiPath Test Suite for AI-powered Knowledge Bots (30')
Kamil Miśko, UiPath MVP, Senior RPA Developer @Zurich Insurance
13:50 Communications Mining - focus on AI capabilities (30')
Thomasz Wierzbicki, Business Analyst @Office Samurai
14:20 Polish MVP panel: Insights on MVP award achievements and career profiling
Paradigm Shifts in User Modeling: A Journey from Historical Foundations to Em...Erasmo Purificato
Slide of the tutorial entitled "Paradigm Shifts in User Modeling: A Journey from Historical Foundations to Emerging Trends" held at UMAP'24: 32nd ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (July 1, 2024 | Cagliari, Italy)
Understanding Insider Security Threats: Types, Examples, Effects, and Mitigat...Bert Blevins
Today’s digitally connected world presents a wide range of security challenges for enterprises. Insider security threats are particularly noteworthy because they have the potential to cause significant harm. Unlike external threats, insider risks originate from within the company, making them more subtle and challenging to identify. This blog aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of insider security threats, including their types, examples, effects, and mitigation techniques.
Quality Patents: Patents That Stand the Test of TimeAurora Consulting
Is your patent a vanity piece of paper for your office wall? Or is it a reliable, defendable, assertable, property right? The difference is often quality.
Is your patent simply a transactional cost and a large pile of legal bills for your startup? Or is it a leverageable asset worthy of attracting precious investment dollars, worth its cost in multiples of valuation? The difference is often quality.
Is your patent application only good enough to get through the examination process? Or has it been crafted to stand the tests of time and varied audiences if you later need to assert that document against an infringer, find yourself litigating with it in an Article 3 Court at the hands of a judge and jury, God forbid, end up having to defend its validity at the PTAB, or even needing to use it to block pirated imports at the International Trade Commission? The difference is often quality.
Quality will be our focus for a good chunk of the remainder of this season. What goes into a quality patent, and where possible, how do you get it without breaking the bank?
** Episode Overview **
In this first episode of our quality series, Kristen Hansen and the panel discuss:
⦿ What do we mean when we say patent quality?
⦿ Why is patent quality important?
⦿ How to balance quality and budget
⦿ The importance of searching, continuations, and draftsperson domain expertise
⦿ Very practical tips, tricks, examples, and Kristen’s Musts for drafting quality applications
https://www.aurorapatents.com/patently-strategic-podcast.html
Measuring the Impact of Network Latency at TwitterScyllaDB
Widya Salim and Victor Ma will outline the causal impact analysis, framework, and key learnings used to quantify the impact of reducing Twitter's network latency.
Kief Morris rethinks the infrastructure code delivery lifecycle, advocating for a shift towards composable infrastructure systems. We should shift to designing around deployable components rather than code modules, use more useful levels of abstraction, and drive design and deployment from applications rather than bottom-up, monolithic architecture and delivery.
The DealBook is our annual overview of the Ukrainian tech investment industry. This edition comprehensively covers the full year 2023 and the first deals of 2024.
7 Most Powerful Solar Storms in the History of Earth.pdfEnterprise Wired
Solar Storms (Geo Magnetic Storms) are the motion of accelerated charged particles in the solar environment with high velocities due to the coronal mass ejection (CME).
Details of description part II: Describing images in practice - Tech Forum 2024BookNet Canada
This presentation explores the practical application of image description techniques. Familiar guidelines will be demonstrated in practice, and descriptions will be developed “live”! If you have learned a lot about the theory of image description techniques but want to feel more confident putting them into practice, this is the presentation for you. There will be useful, actionable information for everyone, whether you are working with authors, colleagues, alone, or leveraging AI as a collaborator.
Link to presentation recording and transcript: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/details-of-description-part-ii-describing-images-in-practice/
Presented by BookNet Canada on June 25, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
論文紹介:A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering on Vision-Language Foundation ...Toru Tamaki
Jindong Gu, Zhen Han, Shuo Chen, Ahmad Beirami, Bailan He, Gengyuan Zhang, Ruotong Liao, Yao Qin, Volker Tresp, Philip Torr "A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering on Vision-Language Foundation Models" arXiv2023
https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.12980
Support en anglais diffusé lors de l'événement 100% IA organisé dans les locaux parisiens d'Iguane Solutions, le mardi 2 juillet 2024 :
- Présentation de notre plateforme IA plug and play : ses fonctionnalités avancées, telles que son interface utilisateur intuitive, son copilot puissant et des outils de monitoring performants.
- REX client : Cyril Janssens, CTO d’ easybourse, partage son expérience d’utilisation de notre plateforme IA plug & play.
Comparison Table of DiskWarrior Alternatives.pdfAndrey Yasko
To help you choose the best DiskWarrior alternative, we've compiled a comparison table summarizing the features, pros, cons, and pricing of six alternatives.
3. Response Spectrum
• If the ground moves as per the given accelerogram, what is the
maximum response of a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system
(of given natural period and damping)?
– Response may mean any quantity of interest, e.g., deformation,
acceleration
a(t)/g T=2 sec,
Damping =2%
Time, sec
Ground motion time history
4. Response Spectrum (contd…)
• Using a computer, one can calculate the response of SDOF system
with time (time history of response)
• Can pick maximum response of this SDOF system (of given T and
damping) from this response time history
– See next slide
5. Response Spectrum (contd…)
Maximum response = 7.47 in.
T=2 sec,
U(t) Damping =2%
Time, sec
Time History of Deformation (relative displacement
of mass with respect to base) response
A(t)/g
Time, sec
Ground motion time history
6. Response Spectrum (contd…)
• Repeat this exercise for different values of natural period.
• For design, we usually need only the maximum response.
• Hence, for future use, plot maximum response versus natural
period (for a given value of damping).
• Such a plot of maximum response versus natural period for a given
accelerogram is called response spectrum.
7. Response Spectrum (contd…)
Displacement Response
Spectrum for the above time
A(t)/g
history
Time, sec
T=0.5 sec U(t)
=2%
T=1.0 sec U(t)
=2%
Umax
T=2.0 sec U(t)
=2%
Time, sec T, sec
Figure After Chopra, 2001
9. Response Spectrum (contd…)
• Different terms used in the code:
- Design Acceleration Spectrum (clause 3.5)
– Response Spectrum (clause 3.27)
– Acceleration Response Spectrum (used in cl. 3.30)
– Design Spectrum (title of cl. 6.4)
– Structural Response Factor
– Average response acceleration coefficient (see
terminology of Sa/g on p. 11)
– Title of Fig. 2: Response Spectra for ….
10. Smooth Response Spectrum
• Real spectrum has somewhat irregular shape with local peaks
and valleys
• For design purpose, local peaks and valleys should be ignored
– Since natural period cannot be calculated with that much
accuracy.
• Hence, smooth response spectrum used for design purposes
• For developing design spectra, one also needs to consider other
issues.
11. Smooth Response Spectrum (contd…)
Period (sec) Period (sec) Period (sec)
Acceleration Spectra Velocity Spectra Displacement Spectra
Shown here are typical smooth spectra used in design for different
values of damping (Fig. from Housner, 1970)
12. Floor Response Spectrum
• Equipment located on a floor needs to be designed for the motion
experienced by the floor.
• Hence, the procedure for equipment will be:
– Analyze the building for the ground motion.
– Obtain response of the floor.
– Express the floor response in terms of spectrum (termed as
Floor Response Spectrum)
– Design the equipment and its connections with the floor as per
Floor Response Spectrum.
13. Response Spectrum versus Design Spectrum
• Consider the Acceleration Response Spectrum
• Notice the region of red circle marked: a slight change in natural
period can lead to large variation in maximum acceleration
Spectral Acceleration, g
Undamped Natural Period T (sec)
14. Response Spectrum versus Design Spectrum (contd…)
• Natural period of a civil engineering structure cannot be calculated
precisely
• Design specification should not very sensitive to a small change in
natural period.
• Hence, design spectrum is a smooth or average shape without local
peaks and valleys you see in the response spectrum
15. Design Spectrum
• Since some damage is expected and accepted in the structure
during strong shaking, design spectrum is developed considering
the overstrength, redundancy, and ductility in the structure.
• The site may be prone to shaking from large but distant earthquakes
as well as from medium but nearby earthquakes: design spectrum
may account for these as well.
– See Fig. next slide.
16. Design Spectrum (contd…)
• Design Spectrum must be accompanied by:
– Load factors or permissible stresses that must be used
• Different choice of load factors will give different seismic
safety to the structure
– Damping to be used in design
• Variation in the value of damping used will affect the design
force.
– Method of calculation of natural period
• Depending on modeling assumptions, one can get different
values of natural period.
– Type of detailing for ductility
• Design force can be lowered if structure has higher ductility.
17. Design Spectrum (contd…)
• 1984 code provided slightly different design spectrum for two
methods
– Seismic Coefficient Method (static method), and
– Response Spectrum Method (dynamic method)
• It was confusing to use two different sets of terminology for two
methods.
• Present code provides same design spectrum irrespective of
whether static or dynamic method is used.
18. IS:1893-1984
• Design base shear for a building by Seismic Coefficient Method was
calculated as
Vb= oIKCW
C
Natural Period (sec)
• In a way, one could say that the design spectrum for the seismic
coefficient method in the 1984 code was given by oIKC
19. IS:1893-1984 (contd…)
• In the Response Spectrum Method, the design spectrum was given
by FoIK(Sa/g)
Sa/g = Average Acceleration Coefficient
Natural Period (sec)
20. Major Changes in Design Spectrum
• Zone Factor (Z) is specified in place of o and Fo
• Importance Factor (I) is same
• Soil Effect is considered by different shapes of response spectrum;
Soil-Foundation Factor () has now been dropped.
• Response Reduction Factor (R) used in denominator; earlier
Performance Factor (K) was used in numerator.
– For more ductile structures, K was lower.
– Now, R will be higher for more ductile structures.
• Structure Flexibility Factor (Sa/g); earlier C or Sa/g
21. Soil Effect
• Recorded earthquake motions show that response spectrum shape
differs for different type of soil profile at the site
Period (sec)
Fig. from Geotechnical Earthquake
Engineering, by Kramer, 1996
22. Shape of Design Spectrum
• The three curves in Fig. 2 have been drawn based on general
trends of average response spectra shapes.
• In recent years, the US codes (UBC, NEHRP and IBC) have
provided more sophistication wherein the shape of design spectrum
varies from area to area depending on the ground motion
characteristics expected.
23. IS1893:2002
Local soil profile reflected through a different design spectrum for Rock , Soil
Normalized for Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 1.0
Rocky or hard sites,
1 + 15 T 0.00 ≤ T ≤ 0.10
Sa / g = 2.50 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.40
1.00 / T 0.40 ≤ T ≤ 4.00
Medium soil sites
1 + 15 T 0.00 ≤ T ≤ 0.10 Damping 5%
Sa / g = 2.50 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.55
1.36 / T 0.55 ≤ T ≤ 4.00
Soft soil sites
1 + 15 T 0.00 ≤ T ≤ 0.10
Sa / g = 2.50 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.67
1.67 / T 0.67 ≤ T ≤ 4.00
Damping 0 2 5 7 10 15 20 25 30
percent
Factors 3.2 1.4 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.55 0.50
(new code)
25. Spectral Quantities…
This may also be viewed as the equivalent lateral static force which
produces the same effects as the maximum effects by the ground
shaking.
It is sometimes convenient to express Qmax in the form ,
Qmax CW (B18)
Where W = mg is the weight of the system. The quantity C is the so
called lateral force coefficient, which represents the number of times
the system must be capable of supporting its weight in the direction of
motion.
From Eqn.B17 and B18 it follows that, C=A/g (B19)
26. Spectral Quantities…
Another useful measure of the maximum deformation, U, is the pseudo
velocity of the system, defined as, V = p U (B20)
The maximum strain energy stored in the spring can be expressed in terms
of V as follows:
Emax = (1/2) (k U) U = (1/2) m(pU)2 = (1/2)mV2 (B21)
Under certain conditions, that we need not go into here, V is identical to ,or
approximately equal to the maximum values of the relative velocity of the
mass and the bays, U and the two quantities can be used interchangeably.
However this is not true in general, and care should be exercised in
replacing one for the other.
27. Deformation spectra
1.Obtained from results already presented
2.Presentation of results in alternate forms
(a) In terms of U
(b) In terms of V
(c) In terms of A
3.Tripartite Logarithmic Plot
28. General form of spectrum
..
It approaches U = y0 at extreme left; a value of A y0 extreme right;
It exhibits a hump on either side of the nearly horizontal central
portion;and attains maximum values of U, V and .. which may be
.
A
materially greater than the values of y0 , y 0 , and y0
It is assumed that the acceleration trace of the ground motion,and
hence the associated velocity and displacement traces, are smooth
continuous functions.
The high-frequency limit of the response spectrum for discontinuous
acceleration inputs may be significantly higher than the value referred
to above,and the information presented should not be applied to such
inputs.
The effect of discontinuous acceleration inputs is considered later.
29. Generation of results
• General form of spectrum is as shown in next slide
(a) It approaches V= y0 at the extreme left; value of A &&0 at the
y
extreme right ; it exhibits a hump on either side of the nearly
horizontal central portion; and attains maximum values of U, V and
y0 , y0 and &&0
& y
A, which may be materially greater than the values of
(a) It is assumed that the acceleration force of the ground motion,
respectively.
and hence the associated velocity and displacement
forces, are smooth continuous functions.
(c) The high frequency limit of the response spectrum for discontinuous
acceleration inputs may be significantly higher than the value referred
to above, and the information presented should not be applied to such
inputs.
32. SDF systems with 10%
damping subjected to El
centro record
Base shear coefficient, C
Building
Code
Natural period,secs
33. Spectral Regions
The characteristics of the ground motion which control the deformation of
SOF systems are different for different systems and excitations. The
characteristics can be defined by reference to the response spectrum for
the particular ground motion under consideration .
Systems the natural frequency of which corresponds to the
Inclined left-hand portion of the spectrum are defined as low-frequency
systems;
Systems with natural frequencies corresponding to the nearly horizontal
control region will be referred to as a medium-frequency systems ; and
Systems with natural frequencies corresponding to the inclined right
handed portion will be referred to as high-frequency systems.
34. Spectral Regions…
Minor differences in these characteristics may have a significant effect on
the magnitude of the deformation induced.
Low frequency systems are displacement sensitive in the sense that their
maximum deformation is controlled by the characteristics of the
displacement trace of the ground motion and are insensitive to the
characteristics of an associated velocity and displacement trace:
Ground motions with significantly different acceleration and velocity traces
out comparable displacement traces induce comparable maximum
deformations in such systems.
35. Spectral Regions…
The boundaries of the various frequency regions are different
for different excitations and, for an excitation of a particular
form, they are a function of the duration of the motion.
It follows that a system of a given natural frequency may be
displacement sensitive, velocity sensitive or acceleration
sensitive depending on the characteristics of the excitation to
which it is subjected .
36. Logarithmic plot of Deformation Spectra
It is convenient to display the spectra or a log-log paper, with the
abscissa representing the natural frequency of the system,f, (or some
dimensionless measure of it) and the ordinate representing the pseudo
velocity ,V (in a dimensional or dimensionless form).
On such a plot ,diagonal lines extending upward from left to right
represent constant values of U, and diagonal lines extending downward
from left to right represent constant values of A. From a single plot of
this type it is thus possible to read the values of all three quantities.
Advantages:
• The response spectrum can be approximated more readily and
accurately in terms of all three quantities rather than in terms of a
single quantity and an arithmetic plot.
• In certain regions of the spectrum the spectral deformations can more
conveniently be expressed indirectly in terms of V or A rather than
directly in terms of U. All these values can be read off directly from the
logarithmic plot.
37. Logarithmic plot of Deformation Spectra
Velocity
sensitive
Displacement
sensitive V0
D0 y0
&
V y0 y
&&0 Acceleration
sensitive
Log
scale A0
U
A
Natural Frequency, f (Log scale)
General form of spectrum
38. Deformation Spectra for Half-cycle Acceleration pulse:
This class of excitation is associated with a finite terminal velocity
and with a displacement that increases linearly after the end of the
pulse.
Although it is of no interest in study of ground shock and earthquakes
,being the simplest form of acceleration diagram possible ,it is
desirable to investigate its effect.
When plotted on a logarithmic paper, the spectrum for the half sine
acceleration pulse approaches asymptotically on the left the value.
V yo&
This result follows from the following expression presented earlier for
fixed base systems subjected to an impulsive force,
I
X max
mp
t1
where I P (t ) dt
0
39. t1
Letting P(t ) m &&(t ) and
y X max U and noting that
&&(t ) dt y
0
y &
o
y
&
we obtain, U o or V y o
&
p
( This result can also be determined by considering the effect of an
instantaneous velocity change, yo ,i.e. an acceleration pulse of finite
&
magnitude but zero duration. The response of the system in this case
is given by, uo
&
u(t ) uo cos pt sin pt
p
Considering that the system is initially at rest, we conclude that,
uo 0 and uo yo
& &
yo
&
where, u(t ) sin pt
p
The maximum value of u(t), without regards to signs, is
yo
&
U or V y o )
&
p
40. Spectra for maximum and minimum accelerations of the mass
(undamped elastic systems subjected to a Half cycle
Acceleration pulse)
41. Spectra for maximum and minimum acceleration of the mass
(undamped Elastic systems subjected to a versed-sine velocity
pulse)
45. Example:
For a SDF undamped system with a natural frequency,f=2cps,evaluate
the maximum value of the deformation,U when subjected to the half
sine acceleration pulse. Assume that &&0 0.5 g ,t1=0.1sec. Evaluate
y
also the equivalent lateral force coefficient C, and the maximum spring
force,Q0
ft1= 2 x 0.1 = 0.2
From the spectrum, .
V ; y0
46. Therefore
2 .. 2 1
2p fU ᄏ f1 y 0 ᄡ 0.1ᄡ ᄡ 9.81
p p 2
1 0.1 1
U ᄏ 2 ᄡ ᄡ ᄡ 9.81 0.024
p 2 2
2 ..
4p ᄡ ᄡ t 1ᄡ y0
.
A 2p fV 2p ᄡ 2 ᄡ y0 p 8t1 ᄡ 0.5 g
C 8 ᄡ 0.1ᄡ 0.5 0.4
g g g g g
Q0 CW 0.4W
A
Alternatively,one can start reading the value .. from the spectrum
y0
proceeding this may, we find that
A
..
0.5
y0
47. A 0.8 1 2 g
Accordingly, C 0.4
g g
Q0 0.4W
..
A 0.8 y0 0.8 0.5 9.81
and U 0.024 m
p 2
p 2
4p 2
2 2
V A
The value of . and .. as read from the spectrum are
y0 y0 A
approximate. The exact value of .. determined is
y0
0.7. This leads to C 0.385 Q0 0.385W and U 0.025
48. If the duration of the pulse were t1 = 0.75 sec instead of 0.1 sec , the
results would be as follows
ft1 2 ᄡ 0.75 1.5
therefore, A 1.5
..
y0
A 1.5 ᄡ 0.5 g
C 0.75
g g
Q0 0.75W
A 1.5 ᄡ 0.5 ᄡ 9.81
U 0.047 m
p 2
4p ᄡ 2
2 2
49. If the duration of the pulse were t1,as in the first case, but the natural
frequency of the system were 15 cps instead of 2 cps, the results would
have been as follows: ft1=15 * 0.1=1.5
A A
1.5 C 0.5 1.5 0.75
Therefore, y
&& g
Q 0.75W
A 0.75 9.81
and U 2 0.00082m
4p 15
2
p 2
50. • Plot spectra for inputs considered in the illustrative example and compare
y0 For t1=0.75sec
&
y0 For t1=0.1sec
&
V
..
y0 Same as in
both cases
f
• The spectrum for the longer pulse will be shifted upward and to the left by a
factor of 0.75/0.10 = 7.5
51. Design Spectrum
xmax A
May be determined from the spectrum by interpreting as &&
xst 0 y
When displayed on a logarithmic paper with the ordinate representing V and
the abscissa f, this spectrum may be approximated as follows:
(Log scale)
=1.5
(Log scale)
52. Deformation Spectra for Half-Cycle Velocity Pulses
Refer to spectrum for 0
Note the following
• At extreme right A &&0 . Explain why?
y
• Frequency value behind which A &&0 is given by ftr= 1.5
y
• y
The peak value of A=2 x 1.6 &&0 Explain why?
In general for pulses of the same shape and duration with different
n
peak values A ( &&0 ) 2j
j 1
y
• If duration on materially different
53. be conservative. Improved estimate may be obtained by considering
relative durations of the individual pulses and superposing the peak
component effects.The peak value of V is about 1.6 yo
It can be shown that the absolute maximum value of the amplification
factor V y0 for a system subjected to a velocity trace of a given shape is
0
approximately the same as the absolute maximum value of A0 &&0 for an
y
acceleration input of the same shape.
This relationship is exact when the maximum response is attained
following application of the pulse. But it is valid approximately even
when the peak responses occur in the forced vibration era.
The maximum value of U is yo and the spectrum is bounded on the left
by the diagonal line U = yo
54. It should be clear that,
(c) The left-hand, inclined portion of the spectrum to displacement
sensitive.
(e) The middle, nearly horizontal region of the spectrum is governed
by the peak value of the velocity trace. It is insensitive to the shape
of the pulse which can more clearly be seen in the acceleration
trace.
(c) The right hand portion is clearly depended on the detailed
features of the acceleration trace of the ground motion. In all
cases, the limiting value of on the right is equal to t1 / td.These limits
appear different in the figure because of the way in which the
results have been normalized.
Note that the abscissa is non-dimensionalised and the ordinate with
respect to the total duration of the pulse and the ordinate with
respect to the maximum ground velocity. It follows that to smaller
y
values of &&0 corresponds to larger values of peak acceleration
55. Design Rules
Design spectrum for the absolute maximum deformation of
systems subjected to a half cycle velocity pulse
(--undamped elastic systems;continuous input
acceleration functions)
56. Deformation spectra for undamped elastic systems
subjected to skewed versed-sine velocity pulses
57. Deformation Spectra for Half-cycle Displacement Pulse
See spectrum for undamped systems, =0, on the next page
Note that:
(a) The RHS of the spectrum is as would be expected from the remarks
already made.
(h) Peak value of V is approximately 3.2 yo. This would be expected, as
the velocity trace of the ground motion, has two identical pulses.
(c) At the extreme left and of the spectrum, U=y0. The system in this
case is extremely flexible and the ground displacements is literally
absorbed by the spring.
58. Design Rules
Design spectrum for maximum deformation of systems
subjected to a half cycle displacement pulse
59. However the spectrum is no longer bounded on the left by the line
U= yo, but exhibits a hump with peak value of U0 = 1.6 y0
It can be shown that the peak value of U / y0 for a system subjected
to a displacement trace is approximately the same as the peak
value of V / y0, induced by a velocity input of the same shape.
Further more the peak value of U occurs at the same value of the
dimensionless frequency parameter, f1 as the peak value of V.
However it is necessary to interpret t1 as the duration of the
displacement pulse, rather than of that of velocity pulse.
62. As would be expected ,the maximum value of U in this case is
approximately 3.2 yo .Furthermore, the left hand portion of the
spectrum consists of three rather than two distinct parts:
(a) The part on the extreme left for which U = yo .This corresponds to
the first maximum,which occurs at approximately the instant that
y attains its first maximum.
(f) The smooth transition curve which defines the second
maximum. This maximum occurs approximately at the instant that
y(t) attains its second extremum, and is numerously greater than
the peak value of the second pulse of the contribution of the first
pulse.
63. Effect of Discontinuous Acceleration Pulses
The high frequency limit of the deformation spectrum is sensitive to
whether the acceleration force of the ground motion is a continuous or
discontinuous diagram.
A y
The limiting value given priority applies only to continuous &&0
functions
The sensitivity of the high-frequency region to the detailed
characteristics of the acceleration input may be appreciated by
reference to the spectra given in the following these pages.
These spectra provide further confirmation to the statement made
previously to the effect that low-frequency and medium-frequency
systems are insensitive to the characteristics of the acceleration force
of the ground motion.
Explain high-frequency response to discontinuous functions.
67. Application to Complex Ground Motions
• Compound Pulses
• Earthquake Records
Eureka record
El-Centro record
Design Spectrum
Minimum number of parameters required to characterize the design
ground motion &&, y and y
y &
Max values of &&, y and y
y &
The predominant frequency (or deviation) of the dominant pulses in
The degree of periodicity for (the number of dominant pulses in) each
diagram.
Dependence of these characteristics on
Local soil conditions
Epicentral distance and
Severity of ground shaking
68. Effect of damping:
• Effect is different in different frequency ranges
• Effect is negligible in the extremely low frequency regime (U = y0)
..
and extreme high frequency ranges (A = y0).
..
u + p2u = y0(t)
.. ..
low frequency u = y(t) .. 0 = y0
u ..
high frequency p2u = A(t) = y(t) A = y0
73. V
= pseudo velocity
Yc Maximum Ground Velocity
Undamped Natural Frequency, f, cps
74. Further discussion of Design Response Spectra
The specification of the design spectrum by the procedure that has
been described involves the following basic steps:
1. Estimating the maximum values of the ground acceleration,
ground velocity and ground displacement. The relationship
.. .
between y0, y0, y0 is normally based on a statistical study of
existing earthquake records. In the Newmark – Blume – Kapur
paper (“Seismic Design spectra for Nuclear Power Plants”, Jr. of
Power Division, ASCE, Nov 1973, pp 287-303) the following
relationship is used.
0.3 m : 0.7 m/sec : 1g for rock
0.9 m : 1.2 m/sec : 1g for Alluvium
75. 1. Estimating the maximum spectral amplification factors, αD, αV, αA ;
for the various parts of the spectrum.
Again these may be based on statistical studies of the respective
spectra corresponding to existing earthquake records.
The results will be a function not only of the damping forces of the
system but also of the cumulative probability level considered.
76. Following are the values proposed in a recent unpublished paper
by Newmark & Hall for horizontal motions:
Damping One sigma (84.1%) Median (50%)
%critical αD αV αA αD αV αA
0.5 3.04 3.84 5.10 2.01 2.59 3.65
1 2.73 3.38 4.38 1.82 2.31 3.21
2 2.42 2.92 3.66 1.63 2.03 2.74
3 2.24 2.64 3.24 1.52 1.86 2.46
5 2.01 2.30 2.71 1.39 1.65 2.12
7 1.85 2.08 2.36 1.29 1.51 1.89
10 1.69 1.84 1.99 1.20 1.37 1.64
20 1.38 1.37 1.26 1.01 1.08 1.17
77. Ground Acceleration
• Number of empirical relations available in literature to correlate
shaking intensity with Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)
• Table on next slide gives some such values.
• Notice that the table gives
– Average values of PGA; real values may be higher or lower
– There is considerable variation even in the average values
by different empirical relations.
78. Table
Average horizontal peak ground acceleration as a function of earthquake intensity
Intensity (MM Acceleration (as a fraction of g)
Scale)
Empirical Relations
Gutenberg Newmann, Trifunac and Trifunac and Newmann, Murphy
and 1954 Brady, 1975 Brady, 1977 1977 (revised and
Richter, (revised by by Murphy O’Brien,
1956 Murphy and and O’Brien, 1977
O’Brien, 1977)
1977)
V 0.015 0.032 0.031 0.021 0.022 0.032
VI 0.032 0.064 0.061 0.046 0.053 0.056
VII 0.068 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.10
VIII 0.146 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.30 0.18
IX 0.314 0.54 0.48 0.52 0.72 0.32
79. Ground Acceleration
• ZPA stands for Zero Period Acceleration.
– Implies max acceleration experienced by a structure having zero
natural period (T=0).
Zero Period Acceleration
• An infinitely rigid structure
– Has zero natural period (T=0)
– Does not deform:
• No relative motion between its mass and its base
• Mass has same acceleration as of the ground
• Hence, ZPA is same as Peak Ground Acceleration
80. Example: Determine the response spectrum for a design earthquake
with && 0.3g ye 0.3 m / sec and y0 0.25 m. Take 0.05 and use the
y &
amplification factors given in the preceding page. Take the knee of
amplified constant acceleration point of this spectrum at 8 cps and the
point beyond which A &&0 at 25 cps
y
d 0.3 x 2.30 = 0.69
e
25
0.3g x 2.71 =0.813 g
50 2.3
0.
=
f
A = 0.3g
01
2.
&
y0 =0.3 m/sec 2.71
x
V 2.01
25
C = 0.3
0.
&&0
y =0.3g 0.3g
y0=0.25 m
Q = 0.3W
Y=0.00127
0.05
0.22 cps 1.81 cps 8 cps 25 cps
f
Note: In the spectra recommended in the Newmark – Blume -Kapur
paper, the line de slope upward to the left and the line of slopes
further downward to the right
81. Design Earthquakes
Describing the Earthquake
Ground Motion Time Histories
Ground motion time histories are numerical descriptions of how a certain
ground motion parameter, such as acceleration, varies with time.
They provide a full description of the earthquake motion, unlike response spectra,
as they show duration as well as amplitude and frequency content.
They are usually expressed as plots of the ground motion parameter versus time,
but consist of discrete parameter-time pairs of values.
Idealized time histories are sometimes represented by simple mathematical
functions such as sine waves, but real earthquake motions are far too complex
to be represented mathematically.
There are two general types of time histories:
- Recorded (often referred to as historical records)
- Artificial
82. Statistically Derived Design Spectra
The general procedure for generating statistically derived spectra is as follows:
Classes of ground motions are selected (based on soil, magnitude, distance, etc.)
Response spectra for a large number of corresponding ground motions are
generated and averaged
Curves are fit to match computed mean spectra
Resulting equations are used to develop a design response spectrum with desired
probability of exceedence
83. Effect of various factors on spectral values
Soil Conditions
For soft soils, ag remains the same or
decreases relative to firm soil,but
vg and dg increase, generally.
Layers of soft clay, such as the Young
Bay Mud found in the San Francisco
Bay area, can also act as a filter,
and will amplify motion at the period
close to the natural period of the soil
deposit.
Layers of deep, stiff clay can also have
a large effect on site response.
For more information on site effects, see
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
by Kramer.
84. Effect of various factors on spectral values
Near Fault Motions and Fault Rupture Directivity
For near-fault motions ag increases,
but vg increases more dramatically due to
effect of a long period pulse.
This pulse is generally most severe in the
fault normal direction (as it can cause fling),
but significant displacement also occurs in
the fault parallel direction.
The fault parallel direction usually
has much lower spectral acceleration and
velocity values than the fault normal direction.
Sample waveforms are located in a
previous section of the notes,
Factors Influencing Motion at a Site.
No matter the directivity, however,
the motions very close to the
fault rupture tend to be more severe
than those located at moderate distances.
85. Effect of various factors on spectral values
Near Fault Motions and Fault Rupture Directivity (Cont..)
Somerville et al. have developed a
relationship which converts mean
spectral values generated from
attenuation relationships to either the
fault parallel or fault normal component
of ground motion.
See the shift of the spectrum in the
long period range.
86. Effect of various factors on spectral values
Viscous Damping
Friction between and with structural and non-structural elements
Localized yielding due to stress concentrations and residual stresses
under low loading and gross yielding under higher loads
Energy radiation through foundation
Aeroelastic damping
Viscous damping
Analytical modeling errors
87. Effect of various factors on spectral values
Viscous Damping
Viscous Damping Values for Design
Many codes stipulate 5% viscous damping unless a more properly
substantiated value can be used.
Note that actual damping values for many systems, even at higher
levels of excitation are less than 5%.
88. Effect of Various Factors on Spectral Values
Modifying the Viscous Damping of Spectra
Newmark and Hall's Method
For each range of the spectrum, the spectral values are multiplied by the ratio
of the response amplification factor for the desired level of damping to the
response amplification factor for the current level of damping.
Consider if we have a median spectrum
at 5% viscous damping and we would
like it at x%.
If the 5% Joyner and Boore
Sv value is 60 cm/sec on the descending
branch, an estimate of the 2% Sv value
is 60x(2.03/1.65) = change 60x1.47
= 88 cm/sec
95. Empirically Derived Design Spectra
Basic Concepts
The complexity of the previous methods, and the limited number of
records available two decades ago, led many investigators to develop
empirical methods for developing design spectrum from estimates of
peak or effective ground motion parameters.
These relationships are based on the
concept that all spectra have a
characteristic shape, which is shown
here.
96. Empirically Derived Design Spectra
Newmark and Hall's Method
N. M. Newmark and W. J. Hall's procedure
for developing elastic design spectra starts
with the peak values of ground acceleration,
velocity, and displacement.
These values are used to generate a baseline
curve that the spectrum will be generated from.
The values of peak ground acceleration and
velocity should be obtained from a A typical baseline curve plotted on
deterministic or probabilistic seismic hazard tripartite axes is shown above.
analysis
The value of peak ground displacement is a
bit more difficult to obtain due to the lack of
reliable attenuation relationships.
Some empirical functions utilizing the
PGA are available to provide additional
estimates of the peak ground displacement.
97. Empirically Derived Design Spectra (Cont..)
Newmark and Hall's Method
Structural Response Amplification Factors
Structural response amplification factors are then applied to the different
period-dependent regions of the baseline curve
Structural response amplification factors
Damping
Median + One Sigma
(% critical)
a v d a v d
1 3.21 2.31 1.82 4.38 3.38 2.73
2 2.74 2.03 1.63 3.66 2.92 2.42
3 2.46 1.86 1.52 3.24 2.64 2.24
5 2.12 1.65 1.39 2.71 2.3 2.01
7 1.89 1.51 1.29 2.36 2.08 1.85
10 1.64 1.37 1.2 1.99 1.84 1.69
20 1.17 1.08 1.01 1.26 1.37 1.38
98. Empirically Derived Design Spectra (Cont..)
Newmark and Hall's Method
Tripartite Plots:
Newmark and Hall's spectra are plotted on a four-way log plot called a tripartite plot.
This is made possible by the simple relation between spectral acceleration,
velocity, and displacement: Sa/w = Sv = Sdw
A tripartite plot begins as a log-log plot of spectral velocity versus period as shown.
99. Empirically Derived Design Spectra (Cont..)
Newmark and Hall's Method
Then spectral acceleration and spectral displacement axes are superimposed
on the plot at 45 degree angles
100. Empirically Derived Design Spectra (Cont..)
Newmark and Hall's Method
All three types of spectrum (Sa vs. T, Sv vs. T, and Sd vs. T) can be plotted
as a single graph, and three spectral values for a particular period can easily
be determined.
The Sa, Sv, and Sd values for a period of 1 second are shown below.
101. Empirically Derived Design Spectra
Constructing Newmark and Hall Spectra
1. Construct ground motion 'backbone' curve using constant agmax, vgmax,
dgmax lines. Take lower bound on three curves (solid line on figure)