Evolution of software; Characteristics of software; Software applications; Components of software; Software myths; Software problems; Software reuse; Overview of risk management; Process visibility; Professional responsibility.
The software process involves specification, design and implementation, validation, and evolution activities. It can be modeled using plan-driven approaches like the waterfall model or agile approaches. The waterfall model involves separate sequential phases while incremental development interleaves activities. Reuse-oriented processes focus on assembling systems from existing components. Real processes combine elements of different models. Specification defines system requirements through requirements engineering. Design translates requirements into a software structure and implementation creates an executable program. Validation verifies the system meets requirements through testing. Evolution maintains and changes the system in response to changing needs.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: Waterfall, V-shaped, structured evolutionary prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, and spiral. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance, while the V-shaped model adds verification and validation phases. Structured evolutionary prototyping uses iterative prototyping for requirements gathering. RAD emphasizes rapid delivery through time-boxing and productivity tools. Incremental development prioritizes requirements delivery in groups. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis, prototyping, and iterative cycles.
A software process model is an abstract representation of a process that guides the coordination and control of tasks needed to develop software. Common models include waterfall, prototype, rapid application development, evolutionary development, incremental, iterative, spiral, and component-based development. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Iterative models allow for incremental development and feedback through multiple iterations. The spiral model combines iterative development with risk analysis through iterations called spirals.
In this presentation, we will discuss about software development techniques, where we will cover life cycle model, life cycle of a system, system requirement analysis and various software development life cycle models.
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This document provides an overview of several software development life cycle models:
- The Waterfall Model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration.
- Prototyping allows for experimenting with designs through iterative prototype development and user testing.
- Iterative models like the Spiral Model involve repeating phases of design, implementation, and testing in cycles with user feedback.
During the Spring semester, I teach a 3 credit survey course in software development, at UW-Madison (IS 371), which is the first in the series of courses in the Information Systems major track. As part of this course, I devote an entire lecture to discussing different types of software development (Agile, Waterfall, Extreme, Spiral, etc.) I hope it helps the students better understand the different types of software development styles, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of each. In my opinion, they need to learn early on that there is more than one way to go about a software development challenge, and they need to figure out which style works best for them.
SDLC is the acronym of Software Development Life Cycle. It is also called as Software development process. The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes preliminary investigation, requirements analysis, system design, software development, system testing, and implementation and maintenance. It describes the purpose and history of SDLC as emerging in the 1960s to address the "software crisis". It also outlines the main steps and activities in each phase of the SDLC process.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and its various stages and models. It provides definitions of key SDLC terms like waterfall model, verification and validation testing, integration testing, and system testing. It also describes different testing types like unit testing, component testing, and acceptance testing that occur at different stages of the SDLC.
The document discusses various software development life cycle models, including the classical waterfall model, iterative waterfall model, and prototyping model. It provides details on the phases of each model such as feasibility study, requirements analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. The classical waterfall model is presented as idealistic since it assumes no defects, while the iterative waterfall model incorporates feedback loops to allow for defects to be addressed in the phase they are introduced.
The document discusses various software life cycle models, including waterfall, V-model, incremental, prototype, spiral, RAD and 4GT. It provides descriptions of each model's phases, advantages and disadvantages. The waterfall and V-model are presented as classic sequential models. Incremental and spiral models iterate through phases to allow for flexibility. Prototype and RAD models emphasize early prototypes. Risk analysis is a key part of the spiral model.
This document discusses software process models. It begins by defining a software process as a structured set of activities required to develop software, including specification, analysis, design, implementation, validation, and evolution. It then describes several prescriptive process models: the waterfall model executes phases sequentially; incremental and evolutionary models iterate phases; and concurrent models perform phases in parallel. The document evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each model to determine the most appropriate approach based on project requirements and risks.
1. Software development life cycle models break down the development process into distinct phases to manage complexity. Common models include waterfall, incremental, evolutionary (like prototyping and spiral), and component-based.
2. The waterfall model follows linear sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. Incremental models iterate through phases. Evolutionary models use prototypes to evolve requirements through customer feedback.
3. The spiral model is an evolutionary model representing phases as loops in a spiral, with risk assessment and reduction at each phase. It aims to minimize risk through iterative development and prototyping.
The document discusses the software development lifecycle (SDLC). It defines SDLC as a series of phases that provide a model for developing and managing software applications. The key phases discussed are analysis, construction, testing, release, and maintenance. Within testing, the document emphasizes the importance of using tools like Veracode to test for security vulnerabilities without requiring additional resources. It also covers different SDLC methodologies like waterfall and agile approaches. The conclusion restates that the goal of any SDLC is to deliver high-quality, on-time, cost-effective software that is secure, efficient to maintain and cost-effective to enhance over time.
Information systems development methodologies (autosaved)Vaska Shefteroska
This document provides an overview and comparison of several information systems development methodologies: Spiral Model, Incremental Development, Prototype Model.
It describes the key characteristics of each model, including their phases, advantages, and disadvantages. Spiral model emphasizes risk assessment and minimizing risks. Incremental development divides a project into smaller parts to demonstrate early results. Prototype model builds prototypes to understand requirements through user feedback.
A comparison table outlines when each model is most appropriate based on factors like system type, project size, requirements, and team experience. The conclusion states that selecting the right methodology depends on a project's specific needs, and following a process is important for success.
This lecture note discusses software development process models. It begins by defining the software development process and outlining its key activities: specification, development, validation, and evolution. It then examines six common software development life cycle models - waterfall, evolutionary, V-shaped, spiral, agile, and rational unified process. For each model, it provides an overview and diagram of the process, discusses strengths and weaknesses, and compares it with other models. The note aims to educate students on established frameworks for developing software.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC). It describes the typical stages of an SDLC including feasibility study, requirements analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Several SDLC models are mentioned, including waterfall, spiral, iterative, prototyping, and RAD (rapid application development). The waterfall model is described as having distinct sequential stages with no overlap between phases. Prototyping and RAD methodologies are also explained in further detail.
This document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It describes the waterfall model as the first introduced process model where each phase must be completed before the next begins. The spiral model is presented as a combination of waterfall and risk analysis, with iterative cycles to reduce risk. The iterative enhancement model implements parts of software in cycles to identify further requirements through review.
The document discusses several system development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, spiral, RAD, concurrent, and unified process models. The key phases of SDLC are defined as preliminary survey, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation/maintenance, and project termination. Each model takes different approaches such as sequential, iterative, incremental, or concurrent development through the SDLC phases.
The document discusses various software process models. It begins by defining a software process as a structured set of activities needed to develop software. It then describes key attributes of a software process like understandability, visibility, and supportability. The document outlines common software process activities like requirements engineering, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also discusses different software process models like waterfall, prototyping, iterative waterfall, incremental, and spiral. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance while prototyping and incremental models involve iterative development of prototypes or increments to refine requirements.
This document discusses several software development models and practices. It describes the waterfall model which involves sequential stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also covers prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), and component assembly models which are more iterative in nature. The prototyping model involves creating prototypes to help define requirements, RAD emphasizes reuse and short development cycles, and component assembly focuses on reusing existing software components.
This is about software engineering.Software engineers apply engineering principles and knowledge of programming languages to build software solutions for end users. Software engineers design and develop computer games, business applications, operating systems, network control systems, and middleware—to name just a few of the many career paths available.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, prototyping, and spiral models. It describes the basic stages and processes involved in each model. The waterfall model involves sequential stages of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The iterative model allows revisiting earlier stages and incremental releases. The prototyping model uses prototypes to gather early user feedback. Finally, the spiral model combines iterative development and risk analysis, proceeding in cycles of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and timeboxing. It provides descriptions of each model including typical steps, strengths, weaknesses, and when each model is best suited. It also discusses capability maturity model (CMM) levels and how changing the lifecycle model can impact development speed, quality, visibility, overhead, risk, and customer relations.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, incremental, spiral, rapid application development (RAD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), adaptive software development, and agile methods. It provides an overview of the key characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and types of projects that each model is best suited for. Tailored SDLC models are recommended to customize processes based on specific project needs and risks.
The document discusses several common software life cycle models: the waterfall model, rapid application development (RAD) model, prototyping model, and spiral model. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without overlap. The RAD model emphasizes rapid delivery through iterative prototyping. The prototyping model builds prototypes to refine requirements before full development. Finally, the spiral model takes a risk-driven approach to software development through iterative planning, risk analysis, and evaluations.
Elementary Probability theory Chapter 2.pptxethiouniverse
The document discusses various software process models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, evolutionary (prototyping and spiral), and component-based development models. It describes the key activities and characteristics of each model and discusses when each may be applicable. The waterfall model presents a linear sequential flow while evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral are iterative and incremental to accommodate changing requirements.
ISE_Lecture Week 2-SW Process Models.pptHumzaWaris1
The document discusses various software development processes. It begins by defining a software process as a framework that describes the activities performed at each stage of a project. It then categorizes common activities as software specification, development, validation, and evolution. The document goes on to describe plan-driven and agile processes, and notes that most practical processes include elements of both. It provides details on specific process models like waterfall, V-model, prototyping, incremental development, component-based development, and spiral model.
The document discusses software processes for coping with change, including prototyping and incremental delivery approaches. Prototyping can help reduce costs by anticipating changes early. Incremental delivery breaks a system into prioritized parts for iterative development and delivery of value. Boehm's spiral model also takes a risk-driven iterative approach representing the software process as a spiral of objectives, risks, development, and planning loops. While influential, the spiral model is rarely used directly in practice.
Comparison of Software Engineering Modelstahir iqbal
This document provides an overview of several software development process models: waterfall model, iterative model, prototyping model, and spiral model. It describes the basic principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each model. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. The iterative model divides a project into smaller parts with feedback between phases. The prototyping model emphasizes user involvement through prototypes. The spiral model combines elements of design and prototyping with a focus on risk assessment through multiple cycles.
The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process. SDLC is a structure followed by a development team within the software organization. It consists of a detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain and replace specific software.
Process models describe the life cycle of software development from requirements gathering to maintenance. The main process models discussed are waterfall, incremental, RAD, prototype, spiral and concurrent development. Each model represents the phases and flow of activities in the software development process in a different way. Process models help develop software in a systematic manner and ensure all team members understand responsibilities and timelines.
This document summarizes several software development process models. It begins by defining what a software process is - a framework for the activities required to build software. It then discusses evolutionary models like prototyping and the spiral model, which use iterative development and user feedback. Concurrent modeling is presented as allowing activities to occur simultaneously. The Unified Process is described as use case driven and iterative. Other models discussed include component-based development, formal methods, and aspect-oriented development. Personal and team software processes are also summarized, focusing on planning, metrics, and continuous improvement.
This document discusses systems analysis and the waterfall model of software development. It describes the stages of systems analysis including investigation, design, and implementation with user consultation. The design stage produces a system specification detailing materials, procedures, hardware requirements, and inputs/outputs. Systems are monitored after implementation for changes. The waterfall model stages are feasibility, requirements analysis, design specification, coding, testing, and maintenance. Prototyping is discussed as an alternative that involves users earlier to detect issues and ensure requirements are met.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
This document provides an overview of software development life cycle (SDLC) models and their comparison. It discusses several SDLC models including waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, prototyping, RAD, spiral and agile. Each model is described in terms of its phases, advantages and disadvantages. The document also presents related work from other scholars and states that while agile was not fully extreme programming, using Scrum principles resulted in return on investment and lower costs. It proposes future work to identify knowledge sharing procedures and user-centered SDLC models that overcome limitations of existing approaches.
The document discusses several software process models, including:
- The waterfall model, which progresses through requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance in a linear fashion. It is easy to understand but inflexible.
- The prototyping model, which builds prototypes to help refine requirements rather than freezing them early. This gets feedback from customers but prototypes may be mistaken for finished products.
- The spiral model, which is iterative and incremental, with each pass through the loop addressing process risks and allowing revisions of previous decisions.
How to Install Theme in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
With Odoo, we can select from a wide selection of attractive themes. Many excellent ones are free to use, while some require payment. Putting an Odoo theme in the Odoo module directory on our server, downloading the theme, and then installing it is a simple process.
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)- Concept, Features, Elements, Role of advertising in IMC
Advertising: Concept, Features, Evolution of Advertising, Active Participants, Benefits of advertising to Business firms and consumers.
Classification of advertising: Geographic, Media, Target audience and Functions.
Join educators from the US and worldwide at this year’s conference, themed “Strategies for Proficiency & Acquisition,” to learn from top experts in world language teaching.
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
Is Email Marketing Really Effective In 2024?Rakesh Jalan
Slide 1
Is Email Marketing Really Effective in 2024?
Yes, Email Marketing is still a great method for direct marketing.
Slide 2
In this article we will cover:
- What is Email Marketing?
- Pros and cons of Email Marketing.
- Tools available for Email Marketing.
- Ways to make Email Marketing effective.
Slide 3
What Is Email Marketing?
Using email to contact customers is called Email Marketing. It's a quiet and effective communication method. Mastering it can significantly boost business. In digital marketing, two long-term assets are your website and your email list. Social media apps may change, but your website and email list remain constant.
Slide 4
Types of Email Marketing:
1. Welcome Emails
2. Information Emails
3. Transactional Emails
4. Newsletter Emails
5. Lead Nurturing Emails
6. Sponsorship Emails
7. Sales Letter Emails
8. Re-Engagement Emails
9. Brand Story Emails
10. Review Request Emails
Slide 5
Advantages Of Email Marketing
1. Cost-Effective: Cheaper than other methods.
2. Easy: Simple to learn and use.
3. Targeted Audience: Reach your exact audience.
4. Detailed Messages: Convey clear, detailed messages.
5. Non-Disturbing: Less intrusive than social media.
6. Non-Irritating: Customers are less likely to get annoyed.
7. Long Format: Use detailed text, photos, and videos.
8. Easy to Unsubscribe: Customers can easily opt out.
9. Easy Tracking: Track delivery, open rates, and clicks.
10. Professional: Seen as more professional; customers read carefully.
Slide 6
Disadvantages Of Email Marketing:
1. Irrelevant Emails: Costs can rise with irrelevant emails.
2. Poor Content: Boring emails can lead to disengagement.
3. Easy Unsubscribe: Customers can easily leave your list.
Slide 7
Email Marketing Tools
Choosing a good tool involves considering:
1. Deliverability: Email delivery rate.
2. Inbox Placement: Reaching inbox, not spam or promotions.
3. Ease of Use: Simplicity of use.
4. Cost: Affordability.
5. List Maintenance: Keeping the list clean.
6. Features: Regular features like Broadcast and Sequence.
7. Automation: Better with automation.
Slide 8
Top 5 Email Marketing Tools:
1. ConvertKit
2. Get Response
3. Mailchimp
4. Active Campaign
5. Aweber
Slide 9
Email Marketing Strategy
To get good results, consider:
1. Build your own list.
2. Never buy leads.
3. Respect your customers.
4. Always provide value.
5. Don’t email just to sell.
6. Write heartfelt emails.
7. Stick to a schedule.
8. Use photos and videos.
9. Segment your list.
10. Personalize emails.
11. Ensure mobile-friendliness.
12. Optimize timing.
13. Keep designs clean.
14. Remove cold leads.
Slide 10
Uses of Email Marketing:
1. Affiliate Marketing
2. Blogging
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
4. Newsletter Circulation
5. Transaction Notifications
6. Information Dissemination
7. Gathering Feedback
8. Selling Courses
9. Selling Products/Services
Read Full Article:
https://digitalsamaaj.com/is-email-marketing-effective-in-2024/
Slide Presentation from a Doctoral Virtual Open House presented on June 30, 2024 by staff and faculty of Capitol Technology University
Covers degrees offered, program details, tuition, financial aid and the application process.
Lecture_Notes_Unit4_Chapter_8_9_10_RDBMS for the students affiliated by alaga...Murugan Solaiyappan
Title: Relational Database Management System Concepts(RDBMS)
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : DATA INTEGRITY, CREATING AND MAINTAINING A TABLE AND INDEX
Sub-Topic :
Data Integrity,Types of Integrity, Integrity Constraints, Primary Key, Foreign key, unique key, self referential integrity,
creating and maintain a table, Modifying a table, alter a table, Deleting a table
Create an Index, Alter Index, Drop Index, Function based index, obtaining information about index, Difference between ROWID and ROWNUM
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Feedback and Contact Information:
Your feedback is valuable! For any queries or suggestions, please contact muruganjit@agacollege.in
(T.L.E.) Agriculture: Essentials of GardeningMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏.𝟎)-𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐬
Lesson Outcome:
-Students will understand the basics of gardening, including the importance of soil, water, and sunlight for plant growth. They will learn to identify and use essential gardening tools, plant seeds, and seedlings properly, and manage common garden pests using eco-friendly methods.
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
Split Shifts From Gantt View in the Odoo 17Celine George
Odoo allows users to split long shifts into multiple segments directly from the Gantt view.Each segment retains details of the original shift, such as employee assignment, start time, end time, and specific tasks or descriptions.
2. FAQ about software engineering
2
Question Answer
What is software? Computer programs, data structures and associated
documentation. Software products may be developed for
a particular customer or may be developed for a general
market.
What are the attributes of good software? Good software should deliver the required functionality
and performance to the user and should be
maintainable, dependable and usable.
What is software engineering? Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is
concerned with all aspects of software production.
What is the difference between software
engineering and computer science?
Computer science focuses on theory and fundamentals;
software engineering is concerned with the practicalities
of developing and delivering useful software.
What is the difference between software
engineering and system engineering?
System engineering is concerned with all aspects of
computer-based systems development including
hardware, software and process engineering. Software
engineering is part of this more general process.
3. Essential attributes of good
software
3
Product characteristic Description
Maintainability Software should be written in such a way so that it can evolve to meet the
changing needs of customers. This is a critical attribute because software
change is an inevitable requirement of a changing business environment.
Dependability and security Software dependability includes a range of characteristics including
reliability, security and safety. Dependable software should not cause
physical or economic damage in the event of system failure. Malicious
users should not be able to access or damage the system.
Efficiency Software should not make wasteful use of system resources such as
memory and processor cycles. Efficiency therefore includes
responsiveness, processing time, memory utilisation, etc.
Acceptability Software must be acceptable to the type of users for which it is designed.
This means that it must be understandable, usable and compatible with
other systems that they use.
4. Types of Software Engineering Model:
1. Waterfall Model.
2. Prototyping Model.
3. Spiral Model.
4. SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle).
a. V- shaped SDLC Model.
b. RAD (Rapid Application Model)
c. Incremental SDLC Model.
5. Agile Model.
6. Concurrent Development Model.
7. Specialized Process Model.
5. What is SDLC?
A Software Development Life
Cycle is essentially a series of steps, or
phases, that provide a model for the
development and lifecycle management of
an application or piece of software.
6. Different Phases of SDLC
1. Initiate Phase
2. Define Phase
3. Design Phase
4. Build Phase
5. Test Phase
6. Documentation Phase
7. Initiate Phase : Initiating the
project
Criteria involved in Initiate phase:
Input : Problem, strategic value added
reasoning.
Output: green signal from the Project Manager,
charter, Document, Scope and plan
document.
Who Involved in this Phase?
Business Analyst, Senior Level IT folks.
8. Define Phase: Defining what the
Product is? (Application,
Website…)
Input: Charter Document or Scope plan
Document.
Output: requirement document(Business
Analyst), Project Plan (Project Manager),
Test Plan(Quality Analyst Lead).
Who is Involve?
Business Analyst, Project Manager,
Quality Analyst, Developer, SME’s(Subject
Matter Experts).
9. Design Phase: How to Design the
Product?
Input: Requirement Document, Project Plan
worked by Quality Analyst.
Output: Functional Design Document by Business
Analyst
Technical Design Document by Developers
Project Plan by Project Manager
Updated Quality Analyst plan by Quality Test
Analyst team.
Who is involved?
Developer, Project Manager, Business
Analyst, Quality Analyst folks.
10. Build Phase: Building the
Product?
Coding of the Software
Input: Functional Design Document , Technical
design Document.
Output: Product, Unit Testing results.
“Test Case” : Describe step by step instruction
about to test a particular feature of the product.
With the help of design phase the
developers come up with algorithm.
Who involved?
Programmers and Quality Analyst.
11. Test Phase: Testing of the product
happens (Operation Feature
Testing).
Input : Test case.
Output: Test Results.
Who Test?
Quality Analyst.
UAT : User Acceptance Testing (High
Level Testing).
12. The Waterfall Model
12
It is the oldest paradigm for SE. When requirements are
well defined and reasonably stable, it leads to a linear
fashion.
(problems: 1. rarely linear, iteration needed. 2. hard to state all
requirements explicitly. Blocking state. 3. code will not be released until
very late.)
The classic life cycle suggests a systematic, sequential
approach to software development.
13. The waterfall model is a
sequential design process, often used
[citation needed] in software
development processes, in which
progress is seen as flowing steadily
downwards through the phases of
Conception, Initiation, Analysis,
Design, Construction, Testing,
Production/Implementation, and
Maintenance.
15. Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantage: Easy to explain to the user·
Structures approach.· Stages and activities are
well defined· Helps to plan and schedule the
project· Verification at each stage ensures early
detection of errors / misunderstanding and Each
phase has specific deliverables.
Disadvantage: Assumes that the requirements of
a system can be frozen· Very difficult to go back to
any stage after it finished.· Little flexibility and
adjusting scope is difficult and expensive.· Costly
and required more time, in addition to detailed
plan
16. Evolutionary Models: Prototyping
When to use: Customer defines a set of general objectives but does
not identify detailed requirements for functions and features. Or
Developer may be unsure of the efficiency of an algorithm, the form
that human computer interaction should take.
What step: Begins with communication by meeting with stakeholders
to define the objective, identify whatever requirements are known,
outline areas where further definition is mandatory. A quick plan for
prototyping and modeling (quick design) occur. Quick design focuses
on a representation of those aspects the software that will be visible
to end users. ( interface and output). Design leads to the construction
of a prototype which will be deployed and evaluated. Stakeholder’s
comments will be used to refine requirements.
Both stakeholders and software engineers like the prototyping
paradigm. Users get a feel for the actual system, and developers get
to build something immediately. However, engineers may make
compromises in order to get a prototype working quickly. The less-
than-ideal choice may be adopted forever after you get used to it.
16
17. Advantages of Prototype model:
Users are actively involved in the development
Since in this methodology a working model of
the system is provided, the users get a better
understanding of the system being developed.
Errors can be detected much earlier.
Quicker user feedback is available leading to
better solutions.
Missing functionality can be identified easily
Confusing or difficult functions can be identified
Requirements validation, Quick implementation
of, incomplete, but functional, application.
18. Disadvantages of Prototype model:
Leads to implementing and then repairing
way of building systems.
Practically, this methodology may increase
the complexity of the system as scope of
the system may expand beyond original
plans.
Incomplete application may cause
application not to be used as the full
system was designed Incomplete or
inadequate problem analysis.
19. When to use Prototype model:
Prototype model should be used when the
desired system needs to have a lot of interaction
with the end users.
Typically, online systems, web interfaces have a
very high amount of interaction with end users,
are best suited for Prototype model. It might
take a while for a system to be built that allows
ease of use and needs minimal training for the
end user.
Prototyping ensures that the end users
constantly work with the system and provide a
feedback which is incorporated in the prototype
to result in a useable system. They are excellent
for designing good human computer interface
systems.
21. Evolutionary Models: The Spiral
It couples the iterative nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic
aspects of the waterfall model and is a risk-driven process model generator that is
used to guide multi-stakeholder concurrent engineering of software intensive
systems.
Two main distinguishing features: one is cyclic approach for incrementally growing
a system’s degree of definition and implementation while decreasing its degree of
risk. The other is a set of anchor point milestones for ensuring stakeholder
commitment to feasible and mutually satisfactory system solutions.
The first circuit in the clockwise direction might result in the product specification;
subsequent passes around the spiral might be used to develop a prototype and
then progressively more sophisticated versions of the software. Each pass results
in adjustments to the project plan. Cost and schedule are adjusted based on
feedback. Also, the number of iterations will be adjusted by project manager.
Good to develop large-scale system as software evolves as the process progresses
and risk should be understood and properly reacted to. Prototyping is used to
reduce risk.
However, it may be difficult to convince customers that it is controllable as it
demands considerable risk assessment expertise.
21
22. Evolutionary Models: The Spiral
Objective setting Specific objective for that phase of the project are defined.
Constraints on the process & the product are defined & a detailed management plan
is drawn up.[project risks are identified. Alternative strategies, depending on these
risks, may be planned].
Risk Assessment & reduction for each of the identified project risk, a detailed
analysis is carried out. Steps are taken to reduce the risk.
Development & Validation after risk evaluation, a development model for the
system is chosen.
Planning the project is reviewed & a decision made whether to continue with the
further loop of the spiral. If the decided to continue, plans are drawn up for the
next phase of the project.
22
23. Advantages of Spiral model:
High amount of risk analysis hence,
avoidance of Risk is enhanced.
Good for large and mission-critical
projects.
Strong approval and documentation
control.
Additional Functionality can be added at a
later date.
Software is produced early in the software
life cycle.
24. When to use Spiral model:
When costs and risk evaluation is important
For medium to high-risk projects
Long-term project commitment unwise
because of potential changes to economic
priorities
Users are unsure of their needs
Requirements are complex
New product line
Significant changes are expected (research
and exploration)
25. Disadvantages of Spiral model:
Can be a costly model to use.
Risk analysis requires highly specific
expertise.
Project’s success is highly dependent on
the risk analysis phase.
Doesn’t work well for smaller projects.
27. Agile Methodology
• AGILE methodology is a practice that
promotes continuous iteration of development and
testing throughout the software development lifecycle
of the project.
• Both development and testing activities are concurrent
unlike the Waterfall model.
28. Agile Methodology
The agile software development emphasizes on four core values.
Individual and team interactions over processes and tools
Working software over comprehensive documentation
Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
Responding to change over following a plan
29. Agile Methodology Principles
Principle Description
Customer involvement Customers should be closely involved throughout the
development process. Their role is provide and prioritize new
system requirements and to evaluate the iterations of the
system.
Incremental delivery The software is developed in increments with the customer
specifying the requirements to be included in each increment.
People not process The skills of the development team should be recognized and
exploited. Team members should be left to develop their own
ways of working without prescriptive processes.
Embrace change Expect the system requirements to change and so design the
system to accommodate these changes.
Maintain simplicity Focus on simplicity in both the software being developed and
in the development process. Wherever possible, actively work
to eliminate complexity from the system.
30. Agile Development:
• In Agile development, Design and Implementation are
considered to be the central activities in the software process.
• Design and Implementation phase also incorporate other
activities such as requirements gathering and testing into it.
• In an agile approach, iteration occurs across activities.
Therefore, the requirements and the design are developed
together, rather than separately.
31. Agile Development:
• The allocation of requirements and the design planning and
development are executed in a series of increments.
• In contrast with the conventional model, where requirements
gathering needs to be completed in order to proceed to the design
and development phase, it gives Agile development an extra level
of flexibility.
• An agile process focuses more on code development rather than
documentation.
33. Agile Software Development Life Cycle
Concept: Scope Out and Prioritize Projects:
The team scopes out and prioritizes projects.
For each concept, you should define the business opportunity and
determine the time and work it’ll take to complete the project.
Inception: Diagram requirements for the initial sprint(iteration)
When the project is identified, stakeholders need to determine
requirements. High-level UML diagrams can help to demonstrate
the new feature.
34. Agile Software Development Life Cycle
Construction/iteration
UX designers and developers begin work on their first iteration of the
project, with the goal of having a working product to launch at the
end of the sprint.
The product will undergo various rounds
of revisions, so this first iteration might only include the bare
minimum functionality.
Release the iteration into production
Software iteration is finished with the following steps:
Test the system.
Address any defects.
Finalize system and user documentation.
Release the iteration into production.
35. Agile Software Development Life Cycle
Production and ongoing support for the software release
This phase involves ongoing support for the software release.
The production phase ends when support has ended or when the
release is planned for retirement.
Retirement
During the retirement phase, the system is released from
production, typically the system is replaced with a new release or
when the system becomes redundant, obsolete, or contrary to the
business model.
36. Agile Software Development Life Cycle
Sprint:
The Sprint is a timebox of one month or less during which the team
produces a potentially shippable product Increment.
Scrum:
Scrum is a process framework used to manage product
development and other knowledge work. Scrum is empirical in that
it provides a means for teams to establish a hypothesis of how they
think something works, try it out, reflect on the experience, and
make the appropriate adjustments.