The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development and expansion of the universe, approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an initial extremely hot and dense state. It explains phenomena such as the expansion of space, the abundance of light elements, and the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. Evidence for the theory includes measurements of galaxy redshifts and the cosmic microwave background radiation. The theory is widely accepted by the scientific community but still leaves major questions unanswered, such as what caused the initial conditions of the Big Bang.
This document provides an overview of the Big Bang theory and evidence that supports it. It discusses key figures like Edwin Hubble, Aleksandr Friedmann, and Georges Lemaître who contributed to the foundations of the theory. The document explains that the Big Bang theory posits that the universe began as a single point of hot, dense matter and has been expanding ever since. It addresses common misconceptions and provides three main pieces of observational evidence: the Doppler effect observed by Hubble, big bang nucleosynthesis creating early elements, and the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation by Penzias and Wilson which confirmed Georges Gamow's prediction.
The Big Bang theory proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from the violent expansion of space and time starting from a state of extreme density and high temperature. Evidence for this theory includes the expansion of the universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The theory is supported by observations from the COBE satellite which mapped the cosmic microwave background radiation and provided insights into the early universe shortly after the Big Bang. There are several hypotheses for the long-term future of the universe depending on whether its overall density exceeds or falls below the critical density level.
The document discusses the Big Bang Theory, which proposes that approximately 15 billion years ago, all matter in the observable universe was concentrated into a very hot and dense point, which exploded rapidly, causing the universe to expand and cool. It provides evidence that supports the theory, such as the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation and the observation of redshift. However, it also notes criticisms of the theory, including that it does not fully explain the formation of clusters in the universe. The document concludes by providing some random facts about what the universe may have looked like shortly after the Big Bang.
The document summarizes the 10 key steps in the generally accepted theory of the formation and evolution of the universe according to the Big Bang theory:
1) The universe began as an incredibly hot, dense point that rapidly expanded in an event known as the Big Bang.
2) The universe underwent a period of rapid exponential expansion known as inflation shortly after the Big Bang.
3) Light chemical elements like hydrogen and helium formed in the first few minutes as the universe cooled and expanded.
4) After about 380,000 years, the universe cooled enough for light to shine through for the first time.
5) The first stars and galaxies emerged from the "cosmic dark ages" over the
The document discusses Edwin Hubble and Hubble's Law, which states that the recession velocity of galaxies is proportional to their distance from Earth. It provides background on Hubble, describes how Hubble's Constant has been measured over time using different methods like gravitational lensing and Type 1a supernovae, and discusses applications of Hubble's Constant like the Hubble time. The document also covers topics like the expanding universe, dark matter, dark energy, the big bang theory, and the possible fates of the universe.
The document discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from an initial extremely hot and dense state. It describes how the universe rapidly expanded after the Big Bang, cooling and forming the first atoms. The theory provides explanations for observations such as the expansion of the universe and cosmic microwave background radiation. The document also notes some criticisms of the Big Bang theory and areas that require further research.
Presentation Evidence for the Big Bang_p.pptLakdjhdjsak
Three key pieces of evidence support the Big Bang theory of the origin and evolution of the universe:
1. The expansion of the universe, as evidenced by the redshifting of light from distant galaxies and interpreted by Hubble's law.
2. The abundance of hydrogen and helium matches what would be predicted from nucleosynthesis in the early universe.
3. The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, which has properties matching predictions from the Big Bang theory.
This document discusses the multiverse theory in physics. It begins by defining the observable universe and the idea of a multiverse as multiple observable universes. It then covers evidence that led physicists to consider the multiverse, including the accelerating expansion of the universe and problems with the cosmological constant. It describes two versions of the multiverse theory - the inflationary multiverse from eternal inflation and the string theory landscape. It concludes by questioning whether the multiverse is a scientific theory and if it is testable or predictive.
The Big Bang Theory describes how the universe expanded from an initial extremely hot and dense state approximately 13.7 billion years ago. As the universe rapidly expanded and cooled, simple subatomic particles formed, eventually combining to create the first atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium. Over billions of years, gravity caused clouds of these primordial elements to collapse and form the first stars and galaxies. Astronomical observations and mathematical models support this theory, including the cosmic microwave background radiation, Hubble's Law of galaxy redshifts, and the abundance of light elements found throughout the universe. While many aspects of the Big Bang Theory are well established, questions remain about what preceded this event and the ultimate fate of the expanding universe.
The document discusses the Big Bang theory and how it relates to both science and theology. It provides background on the development of the theory, including key discoveries and scientists like Einstein, Hubble, Gamow, and Lemaitre. It also discusses how the formation and conditions of the early universe allowed for the eventual emergence of life on Earth through natural chemical processes. The document concludes that science and faith are not in conflict but rather provide complementary visions of the world.
The Big Bang Theory proposes that the observable universe began around 13.8 billion years ago as the primordial universe exploded from an initial extremely hot, dense point. According to the theory, the universe has been expanding ever since. Evidence for the theory includes the observation that other galaxies are moving away from our own, remnants of cosmic microwave background radiation dating to 380,000 years after the explosion, and abundances of light elements like hydrogen and helium matching predictions of nuclear fusion in the early universe. The theory was first proposed by a Belgian priest in the 1920s and gained support from later astronomical observations and discoveries.
The Big Bang Theory describes how the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from an extremely hot and dense state. As the universe rapidly expanded and cooled, simple subatomic particles formed and then combined to create the first atoms, which allowed light to travel freely. Observational evidence from the cosmic microwave background radiation and the abundance of light elements support the Big Bang Theory as the leading explanation for the origin and evolution of the known universe. Alternative models have been proposed but the Big Bang remains the prevailing cosmological model according to modern physics.
The document discusses several theories about the origin and creation of the universe:
1) The Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe originated from an explosion of dense matter around 10-20 billion years ago.
2) Some experts argue it was not an explosion but an expansion, like a balloon growing in size.
3) String Theory hypothesizes that subatomic particles are one-dimensional strings and their interactions shaped the early universe.
4) The Creationist Theory states that God created the universe, Earth, and humanity as described in the Bible over seven days.
Gravitational Wave Astronomy is a fascinating discovery made a few years ago that changed the notions of modern physics. This presentation won the 3rd Prize in the SPIE student chapter's Oral Presetation in my college.
This Lecture is based on Scientific Discoveries and Religious Scripture of Sikh religion " Sri Guru Granth Sahib". Surprisingly, Guru Nanak, founder of Sikh religion, was forerunner of Big Bang cosmology; his ideas on Creation of Space, Time and Universe find an echo in Big Bang Cosmological Models proposed 500 years after Guru Nanak's vision recorded in "Sri Guru Granth Sahib". Original quotes from Guru Nanak are recorded in Gurmukhi script/Fonts.
1) Newton originally proposed a static, infinite universe that had always existed. However, this did not explain why the night sky is dark.
2) The Big Bang theory postulates that the universe began in a hot, dense state roughly 13.7 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. Evidence for this includes the cosmic microwave background radiation and Hubble's law.
3) Inflation theory proposes that the early universe expanded exponentially for a brief period, solving issues with the horizon and flatness problems and accounting for the seeds of structure in the universe.
Though i am not an applied physics /B.S.C physics student ,Science has always been something of my interest :) Presentation during "International School on Astronomy and Space Science organized by Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology and B.P. Koirala Memorial Planetorium, Observatory and Science Museum Development Board "
Contents
The Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Phase
Expanding Universe
Testing Big Bang Model
Dark matter & Dark energy
Evidence of dark matter
After time period of Big Bang
Life cycle of star
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began as a singularity around 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. It describes the early development and timeline of the universe from the initial singularity through inflation, baryogenesis, and cooling. The theory is supported by evidence like the cosmic microwave background radiation and Hubble's law of universal expansion. The future of the universe is uncertain but may involve continued expansion, eventual contraction, or a flat, stable state.
This document discusses scientific theories and the Big Bang Theory. It provides definitions of key terms like scientific theory, fact, and law. It explains that a scientific theory is well-supported by evidence but is not absolute fact. The document then summarizes the development of the Big Bang Theory, including contributions from Einstein, Friedman, and Hubble. It describes how evidence from the cosmic microwave background and galaxy redshifts supports the idea that the universe expanded from a hot, dense initial state nearly 14 billion years ago.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that approximately 13.8 billion years ago the observable universe was extremely hot and dense and has been expanding and cooling ever since. It provides evidence for this theory, including the cosmic microwave background radiation, Hubble's discovery of the expansion of the universe, and the abundance of light elements produced in the early universe. It also notes some problems with the theory, such as uneven distribution of matter, and possibilities for the ultimate fate of the universe.
The document summarizes theories about the origin and evolution of the universe. It describes the widely accepted Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began in a hot, dense state and has been expanding ever since. It also briefly outlines alternative theories such as inflationary universe, stationary universe, and oscillating universe. Finally, it provides an overview of the major events and epochs in the development of the universe according to the Big Bang theory, from the initial singularity to the formation of stars and galaxies.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Astronomy Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 3000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 8 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow and meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and follow up questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation. Teaching Duration = 5+ weeks. Areas of Focus in the Astronomy Topics Unit: The Solar System and the Sun, Order of the Planets, Our Sun, Life Cycle of a Star, Size of Stars, Solar Eclipse, Lunar Eclipse, The Inner Planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, Craters, Tides, Phases of the Moon, Mars and Moons, Rocketry, Asteroid Belt, NEOs, The Torino Scale, The Outer Planets and Gas Giants, Jupiter / Moons, Saturn / Moons, Uranus / Moons, Neptune / Moons, Pluto's Demotion, The Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud, Comets / Other, Beyond the Solar System, Types of Galaxies, Blackholes, Extrasolar Planets, The Big Bang, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, The Special Theory of Relativity, Hubble Space Telescope, Constellations, Spacetime and much more. If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
The document discusses several theories of the origin and evolution of the universe:
1) The Big Bang theory proposes that the universe began as a tiny, dense ball that exploded approximately 13.7 billion years ago, resulting in the formation of stars, planets, and all existing matter.
2) The creationist theory states that God created the universe in seven days, as described in the Bible. Some believe the universe is only around 6,000 years old based on this theory.
3) The holographic theory suggests that the entire universe is actually a hologram and everything within it, including living things, would also be holograms. This theory differs significantly from all others.
Earth Science Astronomy - The big bang theoryTim Corner
The Big Bang occurred approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a single point that contained all matter and energy. Within the first 3 minutes, the universe expanded from the size of an atom to larger than a grapefruit as energy froze into matter. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the first atoms formed, mostly hydrogen and helium. Stars and galaxies began to take shape between 200-400 million years. Our solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago. Evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, cosmic background radiation, quasars, radioactive decay rates, and observations of stellar formation and distances.
The document discusses evidence that supports the Big Bang theory of the origin and expansion of the universe. It explains that background radiation from the early universe, the observation of galaxies moving away from Earth, and a temperature of about 3 degrees above absolute zero provide observational evidence for the Big Bang. It also outlines two possible futures for the universe - either continuing to expand indefinitely or eventually collapsing back on itself and undergoing another Big Bang.
Theories explaining the origin of the universe.Iris Veda David
The document discusses theories on the origin of the universe. It describes the Big Bang Theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 15 billion years ago from a huge explosion. It also describes the Open Universe theory, where galaxies are continually moving farther apart and may eventually collide in a "Big Crunch." Additionally, it outlines the Steady State theory, which suggests the universe has neither a beginning nor end and matter is constantly created throughout the universe.
The document discusses key facts about our planet Earth. It begins by providing context about our solar system and universe. It then explains that Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only planet that supports life. The document goes on to describe how Earth formed from a hot cloud of gases and cooled over millions of years, developing a crust, mantle and core similar to an egg. Volcanoes are mentioned as openings where molten material from the core is forced out of the crust.
Top 10 Question & Answer Slides about the big bang & QuranSyukran
What is the “Big Bang”? “What verse in Quran that describes the Universe?” “Have not those who disbelieve known that the heavens and the earth were both joined then we tore them apart” – Quran 21:30
Learn more: http://syukran.com/slides
The document discusses drugs and addiction. It begins with an introduction in Arabic and lists the presenters. It then outlines the topics to be covered, including the meaning and reasons for drug use, signs and symptoms, effects, types of drugs, motivations, Islamic views, abuse rates, and a conclusion. It defines addiction and discusses pharmacological and recreational drugs. It lists common symptoms of drug use and long term health effects. It describes several specific drugs like amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine, LSD, steroids, and their effects. It discusses motivations for drug use and Islamic views. Abuse rates in Pakistan are increasing for drugs like opium and heroin. The presentation concludes with warnings about the dangers of drug
This document discusses the splitting of the moon, which is mentioned in the Quran. It provides historical context for the event from the time of the prophet Muhammad in Mecca. The document then discusses recent scientific evidence from NASA moon missions that found a "Rocky Belt" on the moon, which scientists believe provides evidence that the moon was once split in the past. This scientific finding helped convince one non-Muslim man to convert to Islam after realizing the Quran's accuracy in mentioning the splitting of the moon over 1400 years ago.
A story is told about Qian Hongyan, a girl from a poor Chinese family who lost both of her legs in an accident and cannot afford prosthetics. She uses a basketball to move around, remaining always smiling and positive despite her circumstances. The story encourages forwarding it to friends so that donations can be collected for Qian to receive a pair of prosthetic legs.
يشكل تحديد بداية الشهر القمري مشكلة عمرها مئات السنين، حيث اختلف المسلمون حول هذه القضية وخصوصاً في الفترة الأخيرة بين من يرى ضرورة البقاء على الرأي القائل بالرؤية بالعين المجردة وبين من يرى الإعتماد على الحسابات الفلكية لتحديد ولادة القمر وإمكانية الرؤية
سنحاول دراسة هذه القضية في ضوء العلم الحديث والتراث الإسلامي من القرآن والحديث
5 Big Bang Theory Of The Internet Aug 2009PeterSVogel
This document discusses the history of computing and the internet in 5 sections referred to as "Big Bangs". It summarizes the development of computing technologies from the abacus to modern computers and networks. It then outlines the major developments that led to the commercialization of the internet in the late 1990s. Finally, it briefly discusses more recent trends like social networking and the evolution of e-commerce law.
The document provides information about various aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization such as their way of life along the Nile River, housing, education, clothing, hunting, and burial practices. Key details include that the Egyptians built multi-story homes to accommodate the narrow valley, most children did not attend school but learned trades, and when kings died they were mummified and buried with treasures in elaborate tombs. The text also notes aspects of Egyptian culture like their use of hieroglyphic writing and their reverence for domesticated animals such as cats.
Safiur-Rahman Al-Mubarakpuri
Language: English | Format: PDF | Pages: 323 | Size: 9 MB
The biography of the Prophet is a very noble and exalted subject by which Muslims learn about the rise of Islam, and how Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was chosen by Allah to receive the divine revelation. You also learn about the hardships the Prophet (PBUH) and his companions faced, and how they eventually succeeded with Allah’s help. This book adds to where Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum left off. Its clear, yet precise narration of the life of the Prophet makes it a great compliment to Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum. Over 6 months of editing, a master piece on the life of the Prophet, this book explains the life of the Prophet in the light of Authentic Ahadith and the Qur’an.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a very hot and dense initial state known as a singularity. It describes how scientists like Einstein, Friedmann, Hubble, Penzias and Wilson contributed evidence through discoveries like cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift that supported the expansion of the universe from this initial point. The document also addresses some common misconceptions about the Big Bang, such as that it was not an explosion but rather an expansion, and that the singularity did not appear in space but rather space began inside the singularity.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a very hot and dense initial state known as a singularity. It describes how scientists like Einstein, Friedmann, Hubble, Penzias and Wilson contributed evidence through discoveries like cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift that supported the expansion of the universe from this initial point. The document also addresses some common misconceptions about the Big Bang, such as that it was not an explosion but rather an expansion, and that the singularity did not appear in space but rather space began inside the singularity.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a very hot and dense initial state known as a singularity. It describes how scientists like Einstein, Friedmann, Hubble, Penzias and Wilson contributed evidence through discoveries like cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift that supported the expansion of the universe from this initial point. The document also addresses some common misconceptions about the Big Bang, such as that it was not an explosion but rather an expansion, and that the singularity did not appear in space but rather space began inside the singularity.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a very hot and dense initial state known as a singularity. It describes how scientists like Einstein, Friedmann, Hubble, Penzias and Wilson contributed evidence through discoveries like cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift that supported the expansion of the universe from this initial point. The document also addresses some common misconceptions about the Big Bang, such as that it was not an explosion but rather an expansion, and that the singularity did not appear in space but rather space began inside the singularity.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a very hot and dense initial state known as a singularity. It describes how scientists like Einstein, Friedmann, Hubble, Penzias and Wilson contributed evidence through discoveries like cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift that supported the expansion of the universe from this initial point. The document also addresses some common misconceptions about the Big Bang, such as that it was not an explosion but rather an expansion, and that the singularity did not appear in space but rather space began inside the singularity.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a very hot and dense initial state known as a singularity. It describes how scientists like Einstein, Friedmann, Hubble, Penzias and Wilson contributed evidence through discoveries like cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift that supported the expansion of the universe from this initial point. The document also addresses some common misconceptions about the Big Bang, such as that it was not an explosion but rather an expansion, and that the singularity did not appear in space but rather space began inside the singularity.
The document summarizes the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a very hot and dense initial state known as a singularity. It describes how scientists like Einstein, Friedmann, Hubble, Penzias and Wilson contributed evidence through discoveries like cosmic microwave background radiation and redshift that supported the expansion of the universe from this initial point. The document also addresses some common misconceptions about the Big Bang, such as that it was not an explosion but rather an expansion, and that the singularity did not appear in space but rather space began inside the singularity.
The document summarizes theories about the formation and evolution of the universe. It describes the biblical creation story, then focuses on the prevailing scientific theories of the Big Bang and steady state. It explains that according to the Big Bang Theory, the universe rapidly expanded from an incredibly hot, dense singularity around 14 billion years ago. Key figures who advanced the theory, like Lemaitre, Hubble, Gamow and Penzias and Wilson, are also mentioned. Alternative theories like the steady state and oscillating universe models are briefly outlined.
The document summarizes problems that emerged with the Big Bang theory starting in the 1970s-1980s. Observational evidence showed:
1) Galaxies rotated too fast based on visible matter, implying 90% of matter is "dark matter".
2) The cosmic microwave background was too uniform across distances light could not have traveled, the "horizon problem".
3) The universe appeared "flat" requiring impossibly precise conditions shortly after the Big Bang.
4) Distant quasars existed too early, inconsistent with the universe's evolution. This "crisis in cosmology" suggested the Big Bang theory needed replacing.
Cosmology is the study of the universe, including its structure, origin and evolution. There have been three major revolutions in cosmological theories: 1) Ptolemy's 2nd century Earth-centered model, 2) Copernicus' 16th century Sun-centered model, and 3) Hubble's 20th century Big Bang model of an expanding universe. The Big Bang model is supported by observational evidence including the cosmic microwave background radiation, abundance of light elements, and accelerating expansion of the universe driven by dark energy. While well-established, the Big Bang model continues to be refined as new discoveries are made about dark matter and the nature of the early universe.
The Big Bang model postulates that the universe began as a hot dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and has since expanded and cooled. It is supported by two theoretical pillars: general relativity, which describes gravity as the curvature of spacetime, and the cosmological principle that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales. The model accounts for the cosmic microwave background radiation and expansion of the universe, but is incomplete as it does not explain structure formation or the universe's uniformity on the largest scales.
NEW HOT-to-COOL COSMOLOGY: Amazing Progress Yet Greater QuestionsPaul H. Carr
This document summarizes the progression of cosmological theories from astrology to the modern precision cosmology of the hot big bang model. It describes key developments like Lemaitre predicting the expansion of the universe from Einstein's general relativity in the 1930s. Later, the cosmic microwave background radiation was discovered, confirming the hot origins of the universe. Current measurements still have discrepancies to resolve, like differences in the Hubble constant. Theorists have proposed ideas like inflation and the multiverse to further explain observations, but greater understanding of dark matter and energy is still needed.
The Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began as an extremely dense singularity which expanded over time, causing a decrease in density as the volume increased. Originally with an infinitely small volume and extremely high density, the universe has expanded exponentially over billions of years, decreasing its density as its volume increased. This explains how the universe has changed from its initial state of high concentration of mass within a small space to a lower density as that same mass is spread over a vastly greater volume today.
The document discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an extremely hot and dense initial state. It then rapidly expanded. As it cooled, simple atomic elements like hydrogen and helium formed. Over billions of years, giant clouds of these elements coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies. The theory is supported by observations of galaxy expansion, cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundances of light elements in the universe. The Big Bang was not an explosion in space, but rather an ongoing expansion of space itself that continues today.
This article seeks to present the future of the Universe, as well as to point out the measures that lead to the survival of humanity in the face of the numerous threats that may occur at the level of the solar system and the Universe as a whole.
The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation of how the universe began from an infinitely hot and dense singularity around 13.7 billion years ago. It expanded at unimaginable speed initially, then more slowly over time, resulting in the universe we observe today. The cosmic microwave background provides evidence of this expansion. Within the first second after the Big Bang, the universe contained neutrons, electrons and protons and experienced a period of inflation and reheating. The steady state theory proposes an alternative where the universe has no beginning or end and matter is continuously created.
The document discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago in an explosion from a single point of nearly infinite energy density and has been expanding ever since. Evidence for this theory includes Hubble's law of galaxy redshifts, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundances of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The early universe is described in different eras from the Planck era through nucleosynthesis and recombination. Inflation is proposed to have rapidly expanded the universe within the first fraction of a second. The Big Bang theory continues to be refined as new evidence is discovered.
The document discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago in an explosion from a single point of nearly infinite energy density and has been expanding ever since. Evidence for this theory includes Hubble's law of galaxy redshifts, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundances of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The early universe is described in different eras from the Planck era through nucleosynthesis and recombination. Inflation is proposed to have rapidly expanded the universe within the first fraction of a second. The Big Bang theory continues to be refined as new evidence is discovered.
The document discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.7 billion years ago from an initial extremely hot and dense state. It provides historical background on the development of the theory and scientists involved like Lemaitre. The document also outlines evidence that supports the theory, such as the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation and Hubble's law of universal expansion. However, it notes there are still open problems and the theory is not perfect.
1) The document discusses the origin of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. It describes how the universe began as a very small, dense point and has been expanding ever since.
2) The Big Bang theory gained support in 1964 with the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation by Penzias and Wilson. This provided evidence that the universe had a hot, dense beginning.
3) The theory proposes that nearly 14 billion years ago, the entire visible universe was condensed into a very high density and high temperature condition, and then began rapidly expanding.
Delegation Inheritance in Odoo 17 and Its Use CasesCeline George
There are 3 types of inheritance in odoo Classical, Extension, and Delegation. Delegation inheritance is used to sink other models to our custom model. And there is no change in the views. This slide will discuss delegation inheritance and its use cases in odoo 17.
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of God’s presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed God’s presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before God’s Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
Principles of Roods Approach!!!!!!!.pptxibtesaam huma
Principles of Rood’s Approach
Treatment technique used in physiotherapy for neurological patients which aids them to recover and improve quality of life
Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
Front Desk Management in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Front desk officers are responsible for taking care of guests and customers. Their work mainly involves interacting with customers and business partners, either in person or through phone calls.
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
The membership Module in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Some business organizations give membership to their customers to ensure the long term relationship with those customers. If the customer is a member of the business then they get special offers and other benefits. The membership module in odoo 17 is helpful to manage everything related to the membership of multiple customers.
Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
Is Email Marketing Really Effective In 2024?Rakesh Jalan
Slide 1
Is Email Marketing Really Effective in 2024?
Yes, Email Marketing is still a great method for direct marketing.
Slide 2
In this article we will cover:
- What is Email Marketing?
- Pros and cons of Email Marketing.
- Tools available for Email Marketing.
- Ways to make Email Marketing effective.
Slide 3
What Is Email Marketing?
Using email to contact customers is called Email Marketing. It's a quiet and effective communication method. Mastering it can significantly boost business. In digital marketing, two long-term assets are your website and your email list. Social media apps may change, but your website and email list remain constant.
Slide 4
Types of Email Marketing:
1. Welcome Emails
2. Information Emails
3. Transactional Emails
4. Newsletter Emails
5. Lead Nurturing Emails
6. Sponsorship Emails
7. Sales Letter Emails
8. Re-Engagement Emails
9. Brand Story Emails
10. Review Request Emails
Slide 5
Advantages Of Email Marketing
1. Cost-Effective: Cheaper than other methods.
2. Easy: Simple to learn and use.
3. Targeted Audience: Reach your exact audience.
4. Detailed Messages: Convey clear, detailed messages.
5. Non-Disturbing: Less intrusive than social media.
6. Non-Irritating: Customers are less likely to get annoyed.
7. Long Format: Use detailed text, photos, and videos.
8. Easy to Unsubscribe: Customers can easily opt out.
9. Easy Tracking: Track delivery, open rates, and clicks.
10. Professional: Seen as more professional; customers read carefully.
Slide 6
Disadvantages Of Email Marketing:
1. Irrelevant Emails: Costs can rise with irrelevant emails.
2. Poor Content: Boring emails can lead to disengagement.
3. Easy Unsubscribe: Customers can easily leave your list.
Slide 7
Email Marketing Tools
Choosing a good tool involves considering:
1. Deliverability: Email delivery rate.
2. Inbox Placement: Reaching inbox, not spam or promotions.
3. Ease of Use: Simplicity of use.
4. Cost: Affordability.
5. List Maintenance: Keeping the list clean.
6. Features: Regular features like Broadcast and Sequence.
7. Automation: Better with automation.
Slide 8
Top 5 Email Marketing Tools:
1. ConvertKit
2. Get Response
3. Mailchimp
4. Active Campaign
5. Aweber
Slide 9
Email Marketing Strategy
To get good results, consider:
1. Build your own list.
2. Never buy leads.
3. Respect your customers.
4. Always provide value.
5. Don’t email just to sell.
6. Write heartfelt emails.
7. Stick to a schedule.
8. Use photos and videos.
9. Segment your list.
10. Personalize emails.
11. Ensure mobile-friendliness.
12. Optimize timing.
13. Keep designs clean.
14. Remove cold leads.
Slide 10
Uses of Email Marketing:
1. Affiliate Marketing
2. Blogging
3. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
4. Newsletter Circulation
5. Transaction Notifications
6. Information Dissemination
7. Gathering Feedback
8. Selling Courses
9. Selling Products/Services
Read Full Article:
https://digitalsamaaj.com/is-email-marketing-effective-in-2024/
Lecture_Notes_Unit4_Chapter_8_9_10_RDBMS for the students affiliated by alaga...Murugan Solaiyappan
Title: Relational Database Management System Concepts(RDBMS)
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : DATA INTEGRITY, CREATING AND MAINTAINING A TABLE AND INDEX
Sub-Topic :
Data Integrity,Types of Integrity, Integrity Constraints, Primary Key, Foreign key, unique key, self referential integrity,
creating and maintain a table, Modifying a table, alter a table, Deleting a table
Create an Index, Alter Index, Drop Index, Function based index, obtaining information about index, Difference between ROWID and ROWNUM
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Feedback and Contact Information:
Your feedback is valuable! For any queries or suggestions, please contact muruganjit@agacollege.in
Webinar Innovative assessments for SOcial Emotional SkillsEduSkills OECD
Presentations by Adriano Linzarini and Daniel Catarino da Silva of the OECD Rethinking Assessment of Social and Emotional Skills project from the OECD webinar "Innovations in measuring social and emotional skills and what AI will bring next" on 5 July 2024
Beyond the Advance Presentation for By the Book 9John Rodzvilla
In June 2020, L.L. McKinney, a Black author of young adult novels, began the #publishingpaidme hashtag to create a discussion on how the publishing industry treats Black authors: “what they’re paid. What the marketing is. How the books are treated. How one Black book not reaching its parameters casts a shadow on all Black books and all Black authors, and that’s not the same for our white counterparts.” (Grady 2020) McKinney’s call resulted in an online discussion across 65,000 tweets between authors of all races and the creation of a Google spreadsheet that collected information on over 2,000 titles.
While the conversation was originally meant to discuss the ethical value of book publishing, it became an economic assessment by authors of how publishers treated authors of color and women authors without a full analysis of the data collected. This paper would present the data collected from relevant tweets and the Google database to show not only the range of advances among participating authors split out by their race, gender, sexual orientation and the genre of their work, but also the publishers’ treatment of their titles in terms of deal announcements and pre-pub attention in industry publications. The paper is based on a multi-year project of cleaning and evaluating the collected data to assess what it reveals about the habits and strategies of American publishers in acquiring and promoting titles from a diverse group of authors across the literary, non-fiction, children’s, mystery, romance, and SFF genres.
2. • Etymology
• The Big Bang
• The origins of the theory
• Various phenomena explained by the Big
Bang theory
• The expanding universe
• The discovery of the expanding universe
• Cosmic microwave background radiation
• Galactic evolution and distribution
3. • Evidence for the Big Bang theory
• Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang
theory
• Magnetic monopoles
• The future according to the Big Bang
theory
• glossary
4.
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the
early development of the universe. According to the theory, the Big
Bang occurred approximately 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years
ago, which is thus considered the age of the universe. At this
time, the universe was in an extremely hot and dense state and
began expanding rapidly. After the initial expansion, the universe
cooled sufficiently to allow energy to be converted into
various subatomic
particles, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Though
simple atomic nuclei formed within the first three minutes after the
Big Bang, thousands of years passed before the first electrically
neutral atoms formed. The majority of atoms that were produced
by the Big Bang are hydrogen, along with helium and traces
of lithium. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later
coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies, and
the heavier elements were synthesized either within stars or during
supernovae.
THE BIG BANG
5.
Fred Hoyle is credited with coining the term "Big
Bang" during a 1949 radio broadcast. It is popularly
reported that Hoyle, who favoured an alternative
"steady state" cosmological model, intended this to
be pejorative, but Hoyle explicitly denied this and
said it was just a striking image meant to highlight
the difference between the two models
Etymology
6.
More simply , according to this theory , all matter in the
universe was concentrated as a single extremely dense
and hot fire ball. An explosion occurred about 20 billion
years ago and the matter was broken into pieces, thrown
off in all directions in the form of galaxies, due to
continuous movement more and more galaxies will go
beyond the boundary and will be lost. Consequently, the
number of galaxies per unit volume will go on decreasing
and ultimately we will have an empty universe
7. THE EXPANSION OF UNIVERSE
The graphic scheme above is an artist's concept illustrating the expansion of a
portion of a flat universe.
8.
A Belgian priest named Georges Lemaître first suggested the big bang
theory in the 1920s when he theorized that the universe began from a
single primordial atom. The idea subsequently received major boosts by
Edwin Hubble's observations that galaxies are speeding away from us in
all directions, and from the discovery of cosmic microwave radiation by
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson.
The glow of cosmic microwave background radiation, which is found
throughout the universe, is thought to be a tangible remnant of leftover
light from the big bang. The radiation is akin to that used to transmit TV
signals via antennas. But it is the oldest radiation known and may hold
many secrets about the universe's earliest moments.
The big bang theory leaves several major questions unanswered. One is the
original cause of the big bang itself. Several answers have been proposed to
address this fundamental question, but none has been proven—and even
adequately testing them has proven to be a formidable challenge.
The origins of the theory
9.
The big bang theory explains the following phenomena:
1. The expansion of the universe;
2. The observed microwave background radiation;
3. The observed abundance of the helium in the
universe , formed in the first 100 seconds after the
explosion from deuterium at a temperature of 10
kelvin.
VARIOUS PHENOMENA
EXPLAINED BY BIG BANG THEORY:
11.
In 1929, Edwin Hubble, an astronomer at
Caltech, made a critical discovery that the universe
is expanding.
The ancient Greeks recognized that it was difficult to
imagine what an infinite universe might look like.
But they also wondered that if the universe were
finite, and you stuck out your hand at the
edge, where would your hand go? The Greeks' two
problems with the universe represented a paradox -
the universe had to be either finite or infinite, and
both alternatives presented problems.
THE EXPANDING
UNIVERSE :
12.
After the rise of modern astronomy, another paradox began to puzzle
astronomers. In the early 1800s, German astronomer Heinrich Olbers
argued that the universe must be finite. If the Universe were infinite and
contained stars throughout, Olbers said, then if you looked in any
particular direction, your line-of-sight would eventually fall on the surface
of a star. Although the apparent size of a star in the sky becomes smaller as
the distance to the star increases, the brightness of this smaller surface
remains a constant. Therefore, if the Universe were infinite, the whole
surface of the night sky should be as bright as a star. Obviously, there are
dark areas in the sky, so the universe must be finite.
But, when Isaac Newton discovered the law of gravity, he realized that
gravity is always attractive.According to Newton’s law of
gravitation, Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a
force. If the universe truly were finite, the attractive forces of all the objects
in the universe should have caused the entire universe to collapse on itself.
This clearly had not happened, and so astronomers were presented with a
paradox.
13.
When Einstein developed his theory of gravity in the General
Theory of Relativity, he thought he ran into the same problem that
Newton did: his equations said that the universe should be either
expanding or collapsing, yet he assumed that the universe was
static. His original solution contained a constant term, called the
cosmological constant, which cancelled the effects of gravity on
very large scales, and led to a static universe. After Hubble
discovered that the universe was expanding, Einstein called the
cosmological constant his "greatest blunder.―
Between 1912 and 1922, astronomer Vesto Slipher at the Lowell
Observatory in Arizona discovered that the spectra of light from
many of these objects was systematically shifted to longer
wavelengths, or redshifted. A short time later, other astronomers
showed that these nebulous objects were distant galaxies.
14. METRIC EXPANSION OF SPACE
This is an artist's concept of the metric expansion of space, where space (including
hypothetical non-observable portions of the universe) is represented at each time by
the circular sections. Note on the left the dramatic expansion (not to scale) occurring
in the inflationary epoch, and at the center the expansion acceleration. The scheme is
decorated with WMAP images on the left and with the representation of stars at the
appropriate level of development.
15.
In 1929 Edwin Hubble, working at the Carnegie Observatories in
Pasadena, California, measured the redshifts of a number of
distant galaxies. He also measured their relative distances by
measuring the apparent brightness of a class of variable stars called
Cepheids in each galaxy. When he plotted redshift against relative
distance, he found that the redshift of distant galaxies increased as
a linear function of their distance. The only explanation for this
observation is that the universe was expanding
The expanding universe is finite in both time and space. The reason
that the universe did not collapse, as Newton's and Einstein's
equations said it might, is that it had been expanding from the
moment of its creation. The universe is in a constant state of
change. The expanding universe, a new idea based on modern
physics, laid to rest the paradoxes that troubled astronomers from
ancient times until the early 20th Century.
THE DISCOVERY OF THE
EXPANDING UNIVERSE:
16. In 1964 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson serendipitously discovered the cosmic
background radiation, an omnidirectional signal in
the microwave band.[62] Their discovery provided substantial confirmation of
the general CMB predictions: the radiation was found to be consistent with an
almost perfect black body spectrum in all directions; this spectrum has been
redshifted by the expansion of the universe, and today corresponds to
approximately 2.725 K. This tipped the balance of evidence in favor of the Big
Bang model, and Penzias and Wilson were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1978.
The surface of last scattering corresponding to emission of the CMB occurs shortly
after recombination, the epoch when neutral hydrogen becomes stable. Prior to
this, the universe comprised a hot dense photon-baryon plasma sea where
photons were quickly scattered from free charged particles. Peaking at
around 372±14 kyr,[32] the mean free path for a photon becomes long enough to
reach the present day and the universe becomes transparent.
In early 2003 the first results of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
Probe (WMAP) were released, yielding what were at the time the most accurate
values for some of the cosmological parameters. The results disproved several
specific cosmic inflation models, but are consistent with the inflation theory in
general.[64] The Planck space probe was launched in May 2009. Other ground
and balloon based cosmic microwave background experiments are on going.
Cosmic microwave
background radiation
17. Cosmic microwave
background
radiation :
The cosmic microwave background
spectrum measured by the FIRAS
instrument on the COBE satellite is
the most-precisely measured black
body spectrum in nature.]The data
points and error bars on this graph
are obscured by the theoretical
curve
18.
Detailed observations of the morphology and distribution of
galaxies and quasars are in agreement with the current state of the
Big Bang theory. A combination of observations and theory
suggest that the first quasars and galaxies formed about a billion
years after the Big Bang, and since then larger structures have been
forming, such as galaxy clusters and superclusters. Populations of
stars have been aging and evolving, so that distant galaxies (which
are observed as they were in the early universe) appear very
different from nearby galaxies (observed in a more recent state).
Moreover, galaxies that formed relatively recently appear
markedly different from galaxies formed at similar distances but
shortly after the Big Bang. These observations are strong
arguments against the steady-state model. Observations of star
formation, galaxy and quasar distributions and larger structures
agree well with Big Bang simulations of the formation of structure
in the universe and are helping to complete details of the theory.
Galactic evolution and
distribution
19. English: Panoramic view of the entire near-infrared sky reveals the distribution of galaxies beyond the Milky Way. The image is derived from the 2MASS
Extended Source Catalog (XSC)—more than 1.5 million galaxies, and the Point Source Catalog (PSC)--nearly 0.5 billion Milky Way stars. The galaxies are color
coded by redshift (numbers in parentheses) obtained from the UGC, CfA, Tully NBGC, LCRS, 2dF, 6dFGS, and SDSS surveys (and from various observations
compiled by the NASA Extragalactic Database), or photo-metrically deduced from the K band (2.2 μm). Blue/purple are the nearest sources (z < 0.01); green are at
moderate distances (0.01 < z < 0.04) and red are the most distant sources that 2MASS resolves (0.04 < z < 0.1). The map is projected with an equal area Aitoff in the
Galactic system (Milky Way at center).
20.
First of all, we are reasonably certain that the universe had a beginning.
Secondly , Edwin Hubble, in 1929, was able to correlate the distance to objects in the
universe with their velocities -- a relation known as Hubble's Law. According to this
law, V μ R or V= HR (i.e.;) the speed of the recession (v) is directly proportional to
the distance R. Where H is the Hubble’s constant and the relation is known as the
velocity distance law or Hubble’s law. Big Bang theorists later used this information
to approximate the age of the Universe at about 15 billion years old, which is
consistent with other measurements of the age of the Universe.
The CMB signal detected by Penzias and Wilson, a discovery for which they later
won a Nobel Prize, is often described as the ―echo‖ of the Big Bang. Because if the
Universe had an origin, it would leave behind a signature of the event, just like an
echo heard in a canyon represents a ―signature‖ of the original sound. The difference
is that instead of an audible echo, the Big Bang left behind a heat signature
throughout all of space.
Another prediction of the Big Bang theory is that the Universe should be receding
from us. Specifically, any direction we look out into space, we should see objects
moving away from us with a velocity proportional to their distance away from us, a
phenomenon known as the red shift.
EVIDENCE FOR THE BIG
BANG THEORY
21. NEW EVIDENCE:
• Gravitational waves from inflation put a distinctive twist
pattern in the polarisation of the CMB
• This has been using a telescope at the South Pole to make
detailed observations of a small patch of sky.
• The aim has been to try to find a residual marker for
"inflation" - the idea that the cosmos experienced an
exponential growth spurt in its first trillionth, of a trillionth
of a trillionth of a second.
22. While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely
to be refined. The equations of classical general relativity indicate a
singularity at the origin of cosmic time, although this conclusion
depends on several assumptions and the equations break down at any
time before the universe reached the Planck temperature. A correct
treatment of quantum gravity may avoid the would-be singularity.
It is not known what could have caused the singularity to come into
existence (if it had a cause), or how and why it originated, though
speculation abounds in the field of cosmogony. Some proposals, each of
which entails untested hypotheses, are:
Models including the Hartle–Hawking no-boundary condition, in
which the whole of space-time is finite; the Big Bang does represent the
limit of time but without the need for a singularity.
Big Bang lattice model, states that the universe at the moment of the Big
Bang consists of an infinite lattice of fermions, which is smeared over
the fundamental domain so it has rotational, translational and gauge
symmetry. The symmetry is the largest symmetry possible and hence
the lowest entropy of any state.
Speculative physics beyond the
Big Bang theory :
23.
Brane cosmology models, in which inflation is due to the
movement of branes in string theory; the pre-Big Bang model;
the ekpyrotic model, in which the Big Bang is the result of a
collision between branes and the cyclic model, a variant of the
ekpyrotic model in which collisions occur periodically. In the
latter model the Big Bang was preceded by a Big Crunch and
the universe cycles from one process to the other.
Eternal inflation, in which universal inflation ends locally here
and there in a random fashion, each end-point leading to
a bubble universe, expanding from its own big bang.
Proposals in the last two categories, see the Big Bang as an
event in either a much larger and older universe or in
a multiverse.
24.
The magnetic monopole objection was raised in the
late 1970s. Grand unification
theories predicted topological defects in space that
would manifest as magnetic monopoles. These
objects would be produced efficiently in the hot early
universe, resulting in a density much higher than is
consistent with observations, given that no
monopoles have been found. This problem is also
resolved by cosmic inflation, which removes all
point defects from the observable universe, in the
same way that it drives the geometry to flatness.
Magnetic monopoles
25. Before observations of dark energy, cosmologists considered two scenarios for the future
of the universe. If the mass density of the universe were greater than the critical
density, then the universe would reach a maximum size and then begin to collapse. It
would become denser and hotter again, ending with a state similar to that in which it
started—a Big Crunch.[94] Alternatively, if the density in the universe were equal to or
below the critical density, the expansion would slow down but never stop. Star formation
would cease with the consumption of interstellar gas in each galaxy; stars would burn out
leaving white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. Very gradually, collisions between
these would result in mass accumulating into larger and larger black holes. The average
temperature of the universe would asymptotically approach absolute zero—a Big Freeze.
Moreover, if the proton were unstable, then baryonic matter would disappear, leaving only
radiation and black holes. Eventually, black holes would evaporate by emitting Hawking
radiation. The entropy of the universe would increase to the point where no organized
form of energy could be extracted from it, a scenario known as heat death.
Modern observations of accelerating expansion imply that more and more of the currently
visible universe will pass beyond our event horizon and out of contact with us. The
eventual result is not known. The ΛCDM model of the universe contains dark energy in
the form of a cosmological constant. This theory suggests that only gravitationally bound
systems, such as galaxies, will remain together, and they too will be subject to heat death
as the universe expands and cools. Other explanations of dark energy, called phantom
energy theories, suggest that ultimately galaxy clusters, stars, planets, atoms, nuclei, and
matter itself will be torn apart by the ever-increasing expansion in a so-called Big Rip.
The future according to the
Big Bang theory
26.
Deuterium - a heavy isotope of hyrogen containing on proton and one
neutron.
Red shift - shift toward the red in the spectra of light reaching us from
the stars in distant galaxies.
The cosmic microwave background radiation- It is a faint glow of
light that fills the universe, falling on Earth from every direction with
nearly uniform intensity.
Inflation - It is the expansion of space in the early universe at a rate
much faster than the speed of light
Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks to
describe the force of gravity according to the principles of quantum
mechanics.
Cosmogony (or cosmogeny) is any theory concerning the coming
into existence(or origin) of either the cosmos (or universe), or the so-
called reality of sentient beings.
glossary
27.
string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like
particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional
objects called strings.
The ekpyrotic universe, or ekpyrotic scenario, is a cosmological
model of the origin and shape of the universe.
A white dwarf, also called a degenerate dwarf, is a stellar
remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter.
A neutron star is a type of stellar remnant that can result from
the gravitational collapse of a massive star.
A black hole is a region of spacetime from which gravity prevents
anything, including light, from escaping.
Hawking radiation is black body radiation that is predicted to be
released by black holes, due to quantum effects near the event
horizon.
glossary
28.
Phantom energy is a hypothetical form of dark
energy that is even more potent than
the cosmological constant at increasing the
expansion of the universe.
The Big Rip is a cosmological hypothesis first
published in 2003, about the ultimate fate of the
universe, in which the matter of the universe, from
stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles
glossary