Fuel cell technology is discussed, including:
1) Fuel cells convert chemical energy from fuel combustion into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions, with hydrogen and oxygen commonly used.
2) The maximum electrical work from a fuel cell is given by the change in Gibbs free energy of the electrochemical reaction.
3) Different fuel cells use different electrochemical reactions depending on the fuel, with reaction types and optimal temperatures varying between low, medium, and high temperature fuel cells.
This document provides an overview of fuel cells presented by Mahida Hiren R. It begins with an introduction to fuel cells, explaining that they convert hydrogen and oxygen into water and produce electricity and heat in the process. It then discusses the various types of fuel cells, including hydrogen oxygen cells, phosphoric acid cells, molten carbonate cells, solid oxide cells, and cells using fuels like methanol, ammonia, and hydrazine. The document also covers fuel cell design principles, operation, efficiency, applications, and the sources of polarization that reduce fuel cell performance.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are promising contender as the next generation energy source because of their striking features including high energy density, low operating temperature, easy scale up and zero environmental pollution.
The document discusses hydrogen production and a potential hydrogen economy. It outlines that hydrogen is mainly used today in the Haber process for ammonia production and hydrocracking of petroleum. The hydrogen economy proposes using hydrogen as an energy carrier produced from water using energy rather than being an energy source itself. The main challenges to a hydrogen economy are high costs, developing efficient hydrogen storage methods, and building the necessary infrastructure including production, transportation and distribution. Current hydrogen is mainly produced via natural gas reforming, but other methods discussed are electrolysis, gasification, and biological and photolytic production.
This document provides an overview of an active learning assignment on fuel cells. It discusses the basic components and workings of a fuel cell, including the electrodes, electrolyte, and catalyst. It also describes the reactions that take place in fuel cells to convert chemical energy to electrical energy. Finally, it outlines the main types of fuel cells, classified based on their electrolyte: alkaline, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane, and solid oxide fuel cells. For each type it provides details on operating temperature, efficiency, applications, and other characteristics.
Hydrogen can be produced through various methods such as steam reforming of natural gas, partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, thermochemical water splitting using high temperatures, electrolysis of water, radiolysis of water through nuclear radiation, and biological and enzymatic conversion of biomass. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages related to efficiency, costs, environmental impacts, and scalability. Hydrogen is a very useful energy carrier due to its high energy content per unit mass and non-polluting nature when used.
The document provides an overview of hydrogen fuel cells, including their history, types, basic functioning, and connections to electrochemistry, thermodynamics, the environment, and potential applications as an energy source. It discusses how hydrogen fuel cells work through redox reactions at the anode and cathode to produce electricity from hydrogen and oxygen, and are more efficient than combustion engines due to their electrochemical rather than combustion process. It also notes that hydrogen fuel cells can be powered through renewable energy sources like electrolysis of water using solar or hydro power.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and can be used as a renewable energy. It rarely occurs naturally on Earth as H2. There are three main production methods - chemical reforming, electrolysis, and thermochemical processes. Chemical reforming, also called steam reforming, uses high temperatures to produce hydrogen. Electrolysis uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Thermochemical processes employ chemical reactions and heat to produce hydrogen at lower temperatures than steam reforming. Fuel cells that use hydrogen have higher efficiencies than gasoline engines and can power vehicles. Further improvements to hydrogen production and fuel cells are needed to enable widespread use.
The document discusses different types of fuel cells, including their basic working principles and comparisons. It provides information on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and others. It compares factors such as efficiency, capital cost, and operating costs between different generation systems like reciprocating engines, gas turbines, photovoltaics, wind turbines, and fuel cells.
This document discusses biomass as a source of energy and bioenergy conversion. It begins by defining bioenergy and biomass, noting that biomass is a vital energy source for poor and underdeveloped countries. It then describes the three main types of energy crops: annual crops like grains and grasses; silviculture or tree farms; and aquatic farms using algae or water hyacinth. The document provides details on suitable plant species for energy farms in Rwanda and factors that influence energy derivation from farms. It also discusses energy plantations, their advantages over fossil fuels, and theoretical equations for designing biogas plants.
The document presents a presentation on fuel cells. It discusses that fuel cells convert hydrogen and oxygen into water and in the process produce electricity and heat. Sir William Grove invented the first fuel cell in 1839. Fuel cells have several advantages over traditional power sources like high efficiency, low emissions, and no moving parts. While the initial costs are high, fuel cells can power vehicles, buildings, and portable electronics. Major organizations are working to further develop fuel cell technology to address the global energy demand.
This document discusses different methods of hydrogen production and storage. It covers the importance of hydrogen as an alternative energy source and outlines several green hydrogen technologies, including electrolysis methods like alkaline electrolysis, PEM electrolysis, and solid oxide electrolysis. The document also briefly mentions hazards of hydrogen and compares the costs of hydrogen to other fuels.
The document discusses alkaline fuel cells. It begins with defining key terms like fuel cell and battery. It then provides a general representation of a fuel cell including the basic anode and cathode reactions. It describes the principle of alkaline fuel cells, which use a proton-conductive membrane and electrolyte to generate electricity from hydrogen and oxygen. It discusses the types of electrolytes and electrodes used in alkaline fuel cells. It provides comparisons of characteristics between alkaline fuel cells and other types of fuel cells. It outlines the advantages of alkaline fuel cells such as high efficiency and low temperature operation, as well as disadvantages like needing a CO2-free environment. Applications mentioned include use by NASA for space programs.
PEM fuel cells use a proton-conducting polymer membrane as the electrolyte and pure hydrogen as the fuel. PEM fuel cells were invented in the 1960s and have since been used in applications like submarines, portable power devices, and vehicles. A typical PEM fuel cell consists of an anode and cathode separated by a polymer electrolyte membrane. At the anode, hydrogen gas is oxidized to produce protons and electrons. The protons pass through the membrane to the cathode while the electrons are routed through an external circuit, producing electricity. At the cathode, oxygen and protons react to form water. PEM fuel cells are efficient, have high power density, and are well-suited for transportation and small stationary power applications.
Hydrogen has several uses as an energy source. It can be used in hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity, powering vehicles. It is also used as rocket fuel due to being lightweight and burning intensely. Additionally, hydrogen and deuterium are used in lamps to produce UV radiation. Hydrogen has a higher specific energy than fossil fuels like gasoline and diesel, but infrastructure needs to be developed further for widespread use.
This document discusses direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) as a form of clean technology. It provides an introduction to clean technology and significance, then discusses DMFCs specifically. DMFCs use methanol as a fuel instead of hydrogen, which offers benefits like higher energy density and easier transportation. The document outlines the electrochemical reactions in a DMFC and describes its components like the proton exchange membrane and fuel cell stack. It also discusses the methanol oxidation mechanism, experimental setup, effects of temperature and concentration on output voltage, and challenges like slow reaction kinetics and methanol crossover. Finally, it analyzes costs and lists potential applications of DMFC technology.
Fuel cells provide a clean source of power by converting chemical energy from fuels into electrical energy. They have two electrodes and an electrolyte in between that produces DC power. Fuel cells are classified based on their electrolyte type and operating temperature. Some key fuel cell types include proton exchange membrane fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells. Fuel cells have applications in transportation, portable power devices, and stationary power generation due to their high efficiency and low emissions. However, fuel cells still face challenges related to cost, infrastructure, and durability that must be addressed for widespread commercialization.
This document discusses hydrogen as a potential future fuel. It provides background on hydrogen, including its position in the periodic table, common isotopes like protium and deuterium, and current production methods. The document argues that hydrogen could power vehicles and provide an emissions-free transportation fuel when produced through clean methods like electrolysis using solar power. However, it notes that widespread adoption of hydrogen as a fuel still faces challenges related to storage, transportation infrastructure and the need to shift production to renewable energy sources. The document concludes that while hydrogen shows promise as a sustainable transportation fuel, more research is still needed to optimize production and distribution systems before it can fully replace fossil fuels.
The document discusses proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). It provides an overview of fuel cells in general and describes the history and basic components of PEMFCs specifically. PEMFCs use a solid polymer electrolyte that allows protons to pass through but blocks electrons and gases. They operate at a low temperature of 50-100°C and have advantages like rapid load following, compact design, and high power density. Applications include transportation, portable power, and stationary power generation. The current PEM market is dominated by portable devices, with transportation and stationary power making up smaller shares.
a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent - from MSE-HUST k54
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe but does not exist naturally on Earth. It has potential as a clean fuel for vehicles and devices. Currently it is mainly produced from methane, but can also be generated through electrolysis and other methods. Hydrogen is colorless, odorless and highly flammable. It can power vehicles and devices through combustion or in fuel cells, which generate electricity through electrochemical reactions with oxygen and have higher efficiency than combustion engines. Widespread use of hydrogen faces challenges including lack of infrastructure and need for cost reductions in production and fuel cells.
The document discusses the thermodynamics of fuel cells. It explains that thermodynamics is essential for understanding fuel cell performance as fuel cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy. The key thermodynamic concepts covered include entropy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and how they relate to the maximum reversible voltage and efficiency of hydrogen fuel cells. Irreversible losses that decrease the actual voltage from the theoretical maximum are also discussed.
This document discusses the thermodynamic and electrochemical principles of fuel cells. It begins by describing the basic electrochemical reactions that occur in different types of fuel cells using hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and other fuels. It then explains how the ideal performance of a fuel cell can be represented by its Nernst potential and equations. The document shows how factors like temperature, pressure, and reactant concentrations affect the ideal potential. It concludes by noting that the actual potential of a fuel cell is lower than the ideal potential due to various irreversible losses during operation.
A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. There are several types of fuel cells classified by their electrolyte, including alkaline fuel cells (AFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Fuel cells have advantages over heat engines like higher efficiency, fewer moving parts requiring less maintenance, and modularity to increase capacity. However, fuel cells also have challenges to overcome like fuel processing requirements, catalyst costs, startup times, and high temperature durability for some types.
In this Presentation I have discussed about FUEL CELL PROPERTY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE. Comparision of Various EV with respect to FCEV is discussed with the help of IEEE paper.What are the Fuel Cell properties required for Vehicle.
The document discusses energy changes that occur during chemical reactions. It defines exothermic and endothermic reactions, and standard enthalpy change. It provides examples of how to calculate enthalpy changes from experimental temperature change data using concepts like specific heat capacity. Hess's law, which states the enthalpy change of a reaction is equal to the sum of enthalpy changes of the steps in a reaction mechanism, is also introduced.
This document discusses exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions. It defines exothermic reactions as releasing heat and endothermic reactions as absorbing heat from their surroundings. Combustion reactions of hydrocarbons like methane and propane are exothermic, producing carbon dioxide, water vapor, and large amounts of heat. The heat of reaction quantity describes the amount of heat absorbed or released by a chemical reaction. A bomb calorimeter is used to accurately measure the heat of combustion of fuels by completely combusting samples in excess oxygen and measuring the temperature change of the surrounding water.
5.4 exothermic and endothermic reactionsMartin Brown
This document discusses exothermic and endothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions release heat, while endothermic reactions absorb heat. Combustion reactions of hydrocarbons like methane and propane are exothermic, producing carbon dioxide, water vapor, and large amounts of heat. The heat of reaction, ΔH, indicates whether a reaction is exothermic (negative ΔH) or endothermic (positive ΔH). Bond energies represent the energy required to break bonds, while heat of combustion measures the heat released from complete combustion. A bomb calorimeter is used to accurately measure heats of combustion by igniting samples in excess oxygen. Hess's law states that the heat change of a reaction depends only on
This document provides an overview of fuel cells, including:
1. Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electricity through electrochemical reactions. They can produce electricity continuously as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied.
2. Fuel cells are classified based on fuel/oxidizer type and electrolyte. Common types include hydrogen-oxygen, hydrocarbon, alkaline, phosphoric acid, and molten carbonate fuel cells.
3. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) operate at lower temperatures (50-100°C) and use a proton-conducting polymer membrane. They are being developed for transport and portable power applications.
Microbial fuel cells generate electricity from organic matter through microbial activity. They consist of an anode and cathode separated by a proton exchange membrane. At the anode, microbes degrade organic compounds and transfer electrons to the anode. Protons pass through the membrane to the cathode. Electrons flow through an external circuit to the cathode, where they react with oxygen and protons to form water. Ionic strength, temperature, electrode spacing and material affect performance, with higher ionic strength and temperatures increasing power density up to certain points. Microbial fuel cells produce electricity from waste sources while treating wastewater.
The document describes the development of a dynamic model of an industrial packed bed multi-tubular reactor used to manufacture ethylene oxide through the catalytic oxidation of ethylene with oxygen. A system of non-linear partial differential equations is used to model the highly exothermic gas phase reactions. The model is benchmarked against plant data and reasonably predicts the reactor behavior. The heterogeneous two phase model is reduced to a single phase homogeneous model for simplicity. A comparison shows the homogeneous model provides accurate predictions of the reactor performance.
The document describes the development of a dynamic model of an industrial packed bed multi-tubular reactor used for producing ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide is produced through the catalytic oxidation of ethylene with oxygen over a silver-based catalyst. The model is developed using a system of non-linear partial differential equations and is benchmarked against plant data from an industrial ethylene oxide reactor. Both a heterogeneous two-phase model and a reduced homogeneous single-phase model are considered and compared against plant data.
This document summarizes a lecture on thermodynamics that discusses various topics:
1) The working fluid in a thermodynamic system can exist as a liquid, vapor, or gas. Water can be a liquid, vapor, or gas depending on temperature and pressure conditions.
2) Phase change points from liquid to vapor and vaporization are plotted on PV diagrams. The saturated liquid and vapor lines denote boiling and vaporization points.
3) Wet vapor is a mixture of liquid and dry vapor that exists at state points within the liquid-vapor dome on the PV diagram.
This document discusses fuel cells, which are electrochemical devices that directly convert chemical energy from a fuel into electricity without combustion. It describes the basic components and principles of operation for various types of fuel cells, including proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and others. The document also covers advantages such as high efficiency and lack of emissions, as well as challenges like high costs and low service life. Applications discussed include vehicles, submarines, portable power, and spacecraft.
This document provides an overview of modeling and simulation approaches for an alkaline water electrolyzer. It describes the electrolysis process and reaction equations. A thermodynamic model is presented that calculates the reversible voltage and thermoneutral potential from changes in Gibbs free energy and enthalpy with temperature. The document also discusses sources of cell overpotential including activation, ohmic resistance, and gas bubble formation that increase the actual operating voltage above the minimum reversible value. Flow rates of hydrogen and oxygen produced are calculated from Faraday's laws using current and Faraday efficiency.
This document summarizes an experiment investigating the behavior of a single fuel cell under different membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and fuels. Three MEAs using different catalysts were tested with hydrogen and formic acid as anode fuels and hydrogen, air, or water as cathode reactants. Constant base current with 10A pulses were applied to alleviate carbon monoxide poisoning on the anode. Results including polarization curves and potential/current oscillations are presented. The document also provides background on fuel cells and mechanisms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
Fuel cells were first discovered in 1838 and demonstrated in 1839. Various improvements were made throughout the 1900s leading to their use in NASA space missions starting in the 1960s. Fuel cells work through an electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water. They have advantages over combustion engines like higher efficiency and lower emissions. There are different types of fuel cells that are distinguished by their electrolyte, including PEM, alkaline, phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, and solid oxide fuel cells. Fuel cells are being developed for applications in transportation, backup power, and portable power and may eventually replace combustion engines and power grids.
Unit 06 - Fuel Cells, Hybrid power plant and Power factor improvementPremanandDesai
This document discusses fuel cells, hybrid power systems, and power factor improvement. It begins by defining fuel cells and describing their basic operation and classifications based on electrolyte, fuel/oxidant type, application, and other factors. It then discusses the working principles and specifications of specific fuel cell types like phosphoric acid, alkaline, and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Next, it covers hybrid power systems focusing on PV-diesel, PV-wind, and PV-fuel cell configurations. It concludes by explaining power factor, causes of low power factor, effects of low power factor, and various methods to improve power factor including static capacitors, synchronous condensers, and phase advancers.
Study on Coupling Model of Methanol Steam Reforming and Simultaneous Hydrogen...IOSR Journals
1) A simplified mechanistic model was developed for coupling methanol steam reforming and hydrogen combustion in microchannels of a parallel plate reactor. The reforming reaction is endothermic and requires heat, which is provided by the exothermic hydrogen combustion reaction in an adjacent channel.
2) Kinetic expressions were used to model the reforming and combustion reactions. MATLAB simulations were performed to analyze parameters like temperature, velocity and conversion. Operative diagrams showed the temperature and velocities required for complete methanol conversion.
3) Efficiency curves were generated based on hydrogen produced versus consumed. With a molar ratio of 0.9664, the maximum efficiency was 86.8%, indicating over 80% efficiency is achievable via coupling of
Hyundai IONIQ 5 N TA’s debut at 2024 Pikes Peak International Hill ClimbHyundai Motor Group
Hyundai IONIQ 5 N TA Spec makes its grand debut at the 2024 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb with Dani Sordo setting a new record for the Electric Modified and Production SUV/Crossover categories!
Discover more details on the IONIQ 5 N TA Spec and the Race!
2. THERMODYNAMICS IN FUEL CELL
• Fuel cell is an electrochemical device which converts the Gibbs free enthalpy of
the combustion reaction of a fuel and an oxidant gas (Air) as far as possible.
• Hydrogen & oxygen are used to illustrate the simplest case.
GIBBS FREE ENERGY:
• It is the maximum amount of non-expansion work that can be extracted from a
thermodynamically closed system at a constant temperature and pressure.
3. • The effect of temperature and pressure on the cell potential may be analyzed on
the basis of the Gibbs free energy variation with respect to temperature and
pressure in a fuel cell. This may be written as
• where −∆V is the change in volume, ∆S is the entropy change, E is the cell
potential, T the temperature, P the reactant gas pressure, n the number of
electrons transferred, and F Faraday’s constant.
4. • Since the entropy change for the H2/O2 fuel cell reaction is negative the
reversible potential (the net ion flow through any channel is 0) of the H2/O2 fuel
cell decreases with an increase in temperature, assuming that the reaction
product is liquid water.
• For the above reaction the volume change is negative, hence the reversible
potential increases with an increase in pressure. The influence of temperature on
the fuel cell voltage is shown schematically in Figure 2.4, where the fuel cell
performance data from typical operating cells and the dependence of the
reversible potential of H2/O2 fuel cells on temperature are given.
5. • The maximum electrical work obtainable in a fuel cell operating at constant
temperature and pressure is given by the change in the Gibbs free energy of the
electrochemical reaction
Where n is the number of electrons participating in the reaction, F is Faraday’s
constant (96,487 coulombs/g-mole electron), and E is the ideal potential of the cell.
If we consider the case of reactants and products being in the standard state, then
6. • The maximum work available from a fuel source is related to the free energy of
reaction in the case of a fuel cell, whereas the enthalpy of reaction is the
pertinent quantity for a heat engine, i.e.,
where the difference between ∆G and ∆H is proportional to the change in entropy
∆S. This entropy change is manifested in changes in the degrees of freedom for the
chemical system being considered. The maximum amount of electrical energy
available is ∆G as mentioned above, and the total thermal energy available is ∆H.
The amount of heat that is produced by a fuel cell operating reversibly is T∆S.
Reactions in fuel cells that have negative entropy change generate heat, while
those with positive entropy change may extract heat from their surroundings
7. • Differentiating Equation 2.12 with respect to temperature or
pressure, and substituting it into Equation 2.10 gives
8. • The thermal efficiency of an energy conversion device is defined as the amount of
useful energy produced relative to the change in stored chemical energy
(commonly referred to as thermal energy) that is released when a fuel is reacted
with an oxidant. Hence the efficiency may be defined as
• Hydrogen (fuel) and oxygen (oxidant) can exist in each other’s presence at room
temperature, but if heated to above 500 °C and at high pressure they explode
violently. The combustion reaction for these gases can be forced to occur below
500 °C in the presence of a flame, such as in a heat engine. In the case of a fuel
cell, a catalyst can increase the rate of reaction of H2 and O2 at temperatures
lower than 500 °C in the ambient of an electrolyte
9. • In high temperature fuel cells a non combustible reaction can occur at
temperatures over 500°C because of controlled separation of the fuel and
oxidant. The process taking place in a heat engine is thermal, where as the fuel
cell process is electrochemical. The difference in these two processes in energy
conversion is the fact behind efficiency comparison for these two systems. In the
ideal case of an electrochemical energy conversion reaction such as a fuel cell the
change in Gibbs free energy of the reaction is available as useful electric energy
at the output of the device. The ideal efficiency of a fuel cell operating
irreversibly may be stated as
10. • The most commonly used way of expressing efficiency of a fuel cell is based on
the change in the standard free energy for the cell reaction
• where the product water is in liquid form. At standard conditions of reaction the
chemical energy in the hydrogen/oxygen reaction is 285.8 kJ/mole and the free
energy available for useful work is 237.1 kJ/mole. Thus, the thermal efficiency of
an ideal fuel cell operating reversibly on pure hydrogen and oxygen at standard
conditions would be
11. • The efficiency of an actual fuel cell can be expressed in terms of the ratio of the
operating cell voltage to the ideal cell voltage. The actual cell voltage is less than
the ideal cell voltage because of the losses associated with cell polarization and
the iR loss, as discussed in the earlier section. The thermal efficiency of the fuel
cell can then be written in terms of the actual cell voltage,
• As mentioned earlier, the ideal voltage of a fuel cell operating reversibly with
pure hydrogen and oxygen in standard conditions is 1.229 V. Thus, the thermal
efficiency of an actual fuel cell operating at a voltage of Vcell, based on the higher
heating value of hydrogen is given by
12. • A fuel cell can be operated at different current densities; the corresponding cell
voltage then determines the fuel cell efficiency. Decreasing the current density
increases the cell voltage, thereby increasing the fuel cell efficiency. In fact, as the
current density is decreased, the active cell area must be increased to obtain the
desired amount of power
13. ELECTROCHEMICAL
• The energy balance analysis in the fuel cell should be based on energy
conversion processes like power generation, electrochemical
reactions, heat loss, etc. The energy balance analysis varies for the
different types of fuel cells because the various types of
electrochemical reactions occur according to the fuel cell type. The
enthalpy of the reactants entering the system should match the sum
of the enthalpies of the products leaving the cell, the net heat
generated within the system, the dc power output from the cell, and
the heat loss from the cell to its surroundings. The energy balance
analysis is done by determining the fuel cell temperature at the exit
by having information of the reactant composition, the temperatures,
H2 and O2 utilization, the power produced, and the heat loss.
14. • The fuel cell reaction (inverse of the electrolysis reaction) is a
chemical process that can be divided into two electrochemical half-
cell reactions. The most simple and common reaction encountered in
fuel cells is
16. • The electrochemical reactions taking place in a fuel cell determine the ideal performance
of a fuel cell; these are shown in Table 2.1 for different kinds of fuels depending on the
electrochemical reactions that occur with different fuels, where CO is carbon monoxide,
e− is an electron, H2O is water, CO2 is carbon dioxide, H+ is a hydrogen ion, O2 is oxygen,
CO32− is a carbonate ion, H2 is hydrogen, and OH− is a hydroxyl ion. It is very clear that
from one kind of cell to another the reactions vary, and thus so do the types of fuel. The
minimum temperature for optimum operating conditions varies from cell to cell. This
detail will be discussed in subsequent chapters. Low to medium-temperature fuel cells
such as polymer electrolyte fuel cells
• (PEMFC), alkaline fuel cells (AFC), and phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC) are limited by the
requirement of noble metal electro-catalysts for optimum reaction rates at the anode
and cathode, and H2 is the most recommended fuel.
• For high temperature fuel cells such as molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) and solid
oxide fuel cells (SOFC) the catalyst restrictions are less stringent, and the fuel types can
vary.
• Carbon monoxide can poison a noble metal electro-catalyst such as platinum (Pt) in low-
temperature fuel cells, but it serves as a potential fuel in high temperature fuel cells
where non-noble metal catalysts such as nickel (Ni), or oxides can be employed as
catalysts.
17. • The ideal performance of a fuel cell can be represented in different ways.
The most commonly used practice is to define it by the Nernst potential
represented as the cell voltage. The fuel cell reactions corresponding to the
anode and cathode reactions and the corresponding Nernst equations are
given in Table 2.2. The Nernst equation is a representation of the
relationship between the ideal standard potential E0 for the fuel cell
reaction and the ideal equilibrium potential E at other temperatures and
pressures of reactants and products. Once the ideal potential at standard
conditions is known, the ideal voltage can be determined at other
temperatures and pressures through the use of these equations. According
to the Nernst equation for hydrogen oxidation, the ideal cell potential at a
given temperature can be increased by operating the cell at higher reactant
pressures. Improvements in fuel cell performance have been observed at
higher pressures and temperatures. The symbol E represents the
equilibrium potential, E0 the standard potential, P the gas pressure, R the
universal gas constant, F Faraday’s constant and T the absolute
temperature.
18. • In general in a fuel cell the reaction of H2 and O2 produces H2O. When
hydrocarbon fuels are involved in the anode reaction, CO2 is also
produced.
• For molten carbonate fuel cells CO2 is consumed in the cathode reaction to
maintain the invariant carbonate concentration in the electrolyte. Since
CO2 is generated at the anode and consumed at the cathode in MCFCs, and
because the concentrations of the anode and cathode flows are not
necessarily equal, the Nernst equation in Table 2.2 includes the partial
pressures of CO2 for both electrode reactions.
• The ideal standard potential of an H2/O2 fuel cell (E0) is 1.229 V with liquid
water as the product and 1.18 V for water with gaseous product. This value
is normally referred to as the oxidation potential of H2. The potential can
also be expressed as a change in Gibbs free energy for the reaction of
hydrogen and oxygen. The change in Gibbs free energy increases as cell
temperature decreases and the ideal potential of a cell is proportional to
the change in the standard Gibbs free energy.