uptu web technology unit 2 Xml2

Web Technology
(NCS-504)
Prepared By
Mr.Abhishek Kesharwani
Assistant Professor,UCER Naini,Allahabad

Introduction to DTD
A Document Type Definition (DTD) defines the legal
building blocks of an XML document. It defines the
document structure with a list of legal elements and
attributes.
A DTD can be declared inline inside an XML document, or
as an external reference.
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Why Use a DTD?
With a DTD, each of your XML files can carry a description of its
own format.
With a DTD, independent groups of people can agree to use a
standard DTD for interchanging data.
Your application can use a standard DTD to verify that the data
you receive from the outside world is valid.
You can also use a DTD to verify your own data.
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DTD - XML Building Blocks
PCDATA
PCDATA means parsed character data.
Think of character data as the text found between the start
tag and the end tag of an XML element.
PCDATA is text that WILL be parsed by a
parser. The text will be examined by the parser for
entities and markup.
Tags inside the text will be treated as markup and entities
will be expanded.
However, parsed character data should not contain any &,
<, or > characters; these need to be represented by the
& < and > entities, respectively.5

CDATA
CDATA means character data.
CDATA is text that will NOT be parsed by a parser.
Tags inside the text will NOT be treated as markup and
entities will not be expanded.
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Declaring Elements
In a DTD, XML elements are declared with an element
declaration with the following syntax:
<!ELEMENT element-name category>
or
<!ELEMENT element-name (element-content)>
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Empty Elements
Empty elements are declared with the category keyword
EMPTY:
<!ELEMENT element-name EMPTY>
Example:
<!ELEMENT br EMPTY>
XML example:
<br />
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Elements with Parsed Character
Data
Elements with only parsed character data are declared with
#PCDATA inside parentheses:
<!ELEMENT element-name (#PCDATA)>
Example:
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
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Elements with any Contents
Elements declared with the category keyword ANY, can
contain any combination of parsable data:
<!ELEMENT element-name ANY>
Example:
<!ELEMENT note ANY>
10

Elements with Children
(sequences)
Elements with one or more children are declared with the
name of the children elements inside parentheses:
<!ELEMENT element-name (child1)>
or
<!ELEMENT element-name (child1,child2,...)>
Example:
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
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Declaring Only One Occurrence of
an Element
<!ELEMENT element-name (child-name)>
Example:
<!ELEMENT note (message)>
12

Declaring Minimum One
Occurrence of an Element
<!ELEMENT element-name (child-name+)>
Example:
<!ELEMENT note (message+)>
13

Declaring Zero or More
Occurrences of an Element
<!ELEMENT element-name (child-name*)>
Example:
<!ELEMENT note (message*)>
14

Declaring either/or Content
Example:
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,header,(message|body))>
The example above declares that the "note" element must
contain a "to" element, a "from" element, a "header"
element, and either a "message" or a "body" element
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TYPES of DTD
Internal DTD
External DTD
16

Internal DTD Declaration
If the DTD is declared inside the XML file, it should be wrapped
in a DOCTYPE definition with the following syntax:
<!DOCTYPE root-element [element-declarations]>
Example XML document with an internal DTD:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note [
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>
]>
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<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend</body>
</note>
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!DOCTYPE note defines that the root element of this
document is note
!ELEMENT note defines that the note element contains
four elements: "to,from,heading,body"
!ELEMENT to defines the to element to be of type
"#PCDATA"
!ELEMENT from defines the from element to be of type
"#PCDATA"
!ELEMENT heading defines the heading element to be of
type "#PCDATA"
!ELEMENT body defines the body element to be of type
"#PCDATA"
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External DTD Declaration
If the DTD is declared in an external file, it should be
wrapped in a DOCTYPE definition with the following
syntax:
<!DOCTYPE root-element SYSTEM "filename">
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "note.dtd">
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
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And this is the file "note.dtd" which contains the DTD:
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>
21

uptu web technology unit 2 Xml2

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