The document discusses various aspects of waste management, including definitions of waste and waste management. It describes different types of waste such as solid waste and liquid waste. For solid waste, it covers classification, collection methods, and disposal methods such as composting, recycling, and landfilling. For liquid waste, it discusses sources and types, and technological options for disposal at the household level including kitchen gardens with and without piped root zone systems.
Basic information on waste management system and the various type of waste and the disposal methods. few requirement to start the waste management company is discussed. also practical challenges were explain with points in the slide
This document summarizes waste management issues in Pakistan. It categorizes different types of waste and identifies hazardous waste. It discusses problems with waste collection and disposal from hospitals and municipalities. Waste is often burned openly or dumped in improperly designed landfills, polluting the environment. The role of local governments in waste management is outlined, though capacity is limited. It concludes more attention and education is needed from the government to adopt best practices that reduce, reuse, and recycle waste.
Waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. There are two main types of waste - solid waste like plastics and liquids like waste water. Wastes can also be classified as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous, or non-hazardous depending on their properties and effects. Sources of waste include households, commerce, industry, and agriculture. Improper waste management affects human health, the environment, and climate. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle helps mitigate these issues. Philippine laws like RA 9003 promote responsible waste segregation, recycling, and disposal.
Waste management is an important issue due to the large amounts of waste generated worldwide from various sources such as homes, businesses, industries, and agriculture. Waste can be classified based on its physical state as solid, liquid, or gaseous, and as biodegradable or non-biodegradable. The management of different types of waste such as municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, biomedical waste, e-waste, and liquid waste presents different challenges. An ideal waste management system aims to minimize waste generation and maximize resource recovery through methods like reducing, reusing, recycling, and proper treatment and disposal.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and describes its types, including municipal solid waste and industrial solid waste. It outlines objectives of waste management like protecting human health and environment. Centralized and decentralized management methods are described. The key functions of waste management systems are identified as generation, handling, collection, processing, and disposal. Common disposal methods like sanitary landfills, incineration, composting, and recycling are summarized. The waste management hierarchy and integrated solid waste management are also overviewed.
Waste comes from many sources such as homes, schools, industries, and agriculture. Municipal authorities collect garbage from bins and dispose of it elsewhere. Waste is any material that is no longer useful in its current form and can cause pollution if not properly disposed of. Waste comes in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms and is categorized based on source and degradability. Improper waste management can negatively impact human health, the environment, and climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. Effective waste management strategies include reducing waste, reusing materials, recycling, proper disposal, and educating the public.
This presentation discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste as unwanted solid materials generated from residential, industrial and commercial activities. Solid waste includes garbage, rubbish, demolition waste and more. The objectives of solid waste management are to reduce, reuse and recycle materials, generate energy, promote sustainable development and public health. Methods for solid waste management include sanitary landfills, incineration, composting, recovery and recycling. For Bangladesh, solutions proposed are to control waste through reduction, reuse and recycling, and to establish modern landfills and incineration facilities along with improved waste handling practices.
seminar presentation ppt on solid waste managementGulshan Kumar
This document discusses solid waste management in India. It defines different types of waste and how waste is classified. It notes that India generates over 7 million tons of hazardous waste annually. The sources of municipal solid waste are households, commerce, industry, and agriculture. Waste generation is growing rapidly as populations and economies grow. Current waste collection in India is inadequate. The document discusses various options for waste disposal and management, including sanitary landfilling, composting, incineration, and recycling. It outlines the benefits of reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. The problems associated with poor solid waste management are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of waste management. It begins with definitions of waste and discusses the history of waste disposal from ancient times to the present. It describes the different types of waste including solid waste, sewage, and sullage. Methods of solid waste storage, collection, and disposal are outlined including dumping, controlled tipping, incineration, composting, and others. The Bangalore and mechanical methods of composting are explained in detail.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and provides classifications of municipal solid waste including garbage, rubbish, ashes, demolition waste, and more. It also describes hazardous waste. The document outlines the key components of solid waste management systems including waste identification and minimization, collection, segregation, storage, transportation, treatment, energy recovery, and disposal. It provides details on collection services and discusses processing and disposal methods like compaction, incineration, and landfilling.
This document discusses waste management and recycling. It defines different types of waste and explains why recycling is important. Recycling helps reduce impacts on the environment like climate change and pollution. It also saves resources by reusing materials rather than extracting new raw materials. The document recommends segregating waste into dry and wet categories. Dry waste like plastic, metal, and paper can be recycled. Wet waste from food should be composted to make fertilizer. Proper separation and collection of different waste types enables effective recycling.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of solid waste materials with the objectives of minimizing waste generation, maximizing collection efficiency, reducing disposal volume, and developing environmentally sound treatment methods. An ideal waste management system consists of practices that minimize both domestic and commercial waste generation while protecting human health and the environment. The hierarchy of waste minimization includes prevention, minimization through reduction and reuse, and recycling. Resource recovery through biological and thermal waste processing can yield useful products like compost or energy. Public awareness and staff health and safety are also important aspects of effective solid waste management.
Describes Solid Waste Classification, Characteristics, Process, Treatment Methods, Disposal Methods, 3R Principles, Advantages and Limitation of each Disposal Method, Case Study of Indore City
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid wastes as all wastes generated from human and animal activities that are normally solid and discarded as useless or unwanted. Solid waste management aims to control the generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a sustainable manner. It involves technical, economic, social and political considerations. The key elements of solid waste management systems discussed are waste generation and handling, collection, separation and processing, transfer and transport, and disposal. Landfilling remains the most common method of disposal but there are increasing efforts to promote waste reduction, recycling and transformation through composting or combustion.
Waste management involves the collection, transport, treatment, and disposal of waste, as well as monitoring and regulation. It also includes the legal framework around guidance for recycling. Modern concepts of waste management focus on reducing, reusing, and recycling waste over disposal. Improper waste management can lead to environmental contamination of air, soil, surface water and groundwater. It can also negatively impact public health and the economy. However, proper waste management through recycling saves resources, prevents pollution, and creates jobs and economic opportunities.
Solid and hazardous waste management involves the storage, collection, transport, recycling and disposal of various types of waste. There are three main types of solid waste - household waste, industrial waste, and biomedical waste. Waste management aims to follow the 3Rs of reduce, reuse and recycle. Key solid waste disposal methods include dumping, controlled tipping/sanitary landfills, and incineration.
This document defines different types of waste and provides details about several categories. It discusses industrial waste, municipal waste, medical waste, agricultural waste, radioactive waste, and hazardous waste. For each type of waste, it describes the materials that are included and examples. It also explains how waste is generated from various sources like households, commercial establishments, and industrial and agricultural processes.
- Mumbai generates over 10,000 metric tons of waste per day which is increasing with population growth.
- There are only three existing landfill sites for Mumbai that are nearing the end of their operational life.
- One of the major challenges for waste management in Mumbai is the shortage of landfill space due to the huge amount of waste generated daily.
Waste management involves reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. The main types of waste are solid and liquid. Solid waste is classified as biodegradable/recyclable or non-biodegradable. Solid waste can be collected through house-to-house pickup, community bins, or self-delivery to disposal sites. Methods for solid waste disposal include waste reduction, composting, anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, and reuse/recycling of materials like paper and plastics. Landfilling is used for non-recyclable inorganic waste.
How our communities collect waste and recyclablesJhaPratik
This document discusses different types of waste, how communities collect waste and recyclables, and the importance of recycling. It outlines five main types of waste - organic, hazardous, solid, liquid, and recyclable. It then describes three methods of waste collection: household, neighborhood, and community. The document emphasizes that recycling saves resources and energy, reduces pollution and landfill use, and notes that paper, plastic, metal, glass and other materials can all be recycled to produce new products.
Waste management refers to the activities of collecting, transporting, and disposing of or recycling waste materials. In India, 62 million tons of waste is generated annually, much of which is improperly disposed of. Effective waste management systems follow the waste hierarchy of reducing, reusing, recycling, and properly disposing of or converting remaining waste. Improving waste management practices can help curb pollution, health impacts, and other environmental issues caused by unchecked waste generation and disposal.
Solid waste management involves collection, transport, and disposal or recycling of garbage, refuse, and other discarded materials. In urban areas, door-to-door collection and sorting of waste occurs. Waste is stored temporarily in bins until transported to landfills for disposal or composting sites. Landfills involve compacting waste into trenches then covering with soil, while composting converts organic waste into fertilizer through bacterial breakdown. Proper waste management helps prevent disease and environmental pollution.
This document discusses different types of solid waste and solid waste management techniques. It describes various categories of solid waste like kitchen waste, e-waste, and plastic waste. It then explains key concepts in solid waste management like reducing, reusing, recycling, collection, transportation, and disposal. The document also summarizes different treatment and disposal methods for solid waste including incineration, landfilling, composting, and anaerobic digestion.
The document discusses different types of waste and methods for solid waste management. It defines solid waste as materials with no direct economic value that are generated from various human activities. Solid waste management aims to control waste generation, storage, collection, transport, processing and disposal. Key methods for treating solid waste discussed are segregation, reduce-reuse-recycle, composting, anaerobic digestion, landfilling, and incineration.
Powerpoint presentation.
This is a ppt for safe diposal of waste. It basically talks about 4 methods:
-> Segregation of Waste
-> Dumping/Landfills
-> Composting of Wate
-> Drainage
It also provides the various methods and explanatory diagram
Solid waste disposal methods were presented. Solid waste is defined as useless and unwanted solid products from human activities. There are eight main sources of solid waste including municipal, industrial, and medical wastes. Sewage consists of wastewater from homes and businesses. Common solid waste disposal methods presented included sanitary landfills, incineration, and composting. Sanitary landfills involve burying waste in trenches where microorganisms break it down over time. Incineration reduces waste volumes but has high costs. Composting separates organic waste which can be used as fertilizer.
The document discusses garbage in and garbage out, which refers to the creation and disposal of waste. It outlines various sources of garbage including domestic, agricultural, industrial, electronic, and biomedical waste. Garbage is classified as either biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Biodegradable waste can be converted to compost while non-biodegradable waste is harmful to the environment. The document recommends proper disposal and management of garbage through reducing, reusing, recycling, and regulating waste. Effective waste management can decrease pollution and benefit the environment.
This document discusses various topics related to waste management. It begins by defining waste management and describing the different types of solid waste. It then outlines the key issues in waste management such as generation, minimization, removal, transportation, treatment, recycling, and disposal. The document also discusses the history of waste management and various methods for waste disposal including landfills, incineration, and recycling. It covers sustainability aspects, different waste handling systems, as well as the central principles and benefits of effective waste management.
This document provides information on recycling paper and plastic. It discusses the history of recycling and details the processes involved in recycling paper and plastic, including sorting, cleaning, deinking, and reprocessing recycled materials into new products. The benefits of recycling include reducing waste and preserving natural resources, though plastic is difficult to reuse and decompose. Proper recycling and reduction of plastic usage is important to reduce pollution and its harmful impacts on health and the environment.
This document discusses waste management. It defines waste management as the processes involved in handling waste from its origin until disposal, including collection, transport, treatment, and monitoring. The three main types of waste are solid, liquid, and gaseous. Improper waste management can contaminate the environment and negatively impact the economy. The key principles of waste management are reduce, reuse, and recycle. Common waste disposal methods include landfills, incineration, compaction, and converting waste to biogas. Educating people about reducing waste production is important for sustainability.
This ppt explains about Waste, Types of Waste, Waste Management, Solid Waste, Classification, Solid Waste Management, Hazardous Waste Types, Factors affecting generation of waste, Traditional methods of waste collection and disposal
Municipal solid waste management has evolved significantly over time. Early cities simply threw waste into streets, while now collection, processing, recycling and disposal are integrated. Sources of municipal solid waste include homes, businesses and some industrial sites, excluding hazardous, construction, sewage or agricultural waste. Waste is classified as wet (food) or dry (plastics, paper). Management strategies include reducing waste, recycling materials like metal and glass, and disposing of remaining waste through sanitary landfills or incineration. Vermicomposting is a natural alternative that uses worms to break down organic waste into nutrient-rich soil.
Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash. As long as people have been living in settlements and residential areas, garbage or solid waste has been an issue.
The document discusses proper refuse disposal methods. It begins by describing the sights and smells of overflowing dustbins in crowded cities. Each household generates waste daily that must be properly disposed of. There are different types of municipal solid waste that can be segregated, including organic, recyclable, toxic, and soiled waste. Proper storage, collection, transportation and disposal methods help reduce waste and pollution, such as using refuse chutes in high-rise buildings, the Garchey waste disposal system, sink grinders, and transportation via municipal trucks to locations for incineration, composting, recycling, or land reclamation.
Solid waste management involves monitoring, collecting, transporting, processing, recycling, and disposing of solid waste in order to reduce environmental and health impacts. Methods of waste reduction, reuse, and recycling are preferred over other options as they conserve resources and reduce pollution. These methods require public participation through education programs. Recycling involves sorting recyclables from waste and using the materials to make new products. Waste is collected regularly from homes and managed through various systems like curbside pickup. Treatment methods like incineration, pyrolysis, and landfilling are used as last resorts to handle waste not reduced, reused or recycled.
1. Lancelot 'Capability' Brown was one of the most influential English landscape architects of the 18th century. He designed over 250 estates covering 200 square miles, transforming formal gardens into naturalistic landscapes.
2. Humphry Repton was a landscape gardener in the 18th century who succeeded Capability Brown. He saw gardening as an art form and emphasized enhancing natural beauty. He published books detailing his design process and principles of disguising artifice.
3. Andre Le Notre was a French landscape architect most famous for designing the gardens at Versailles for King Louis XIV. His designs included elaborate parterres, terraces, and plantations on a massive scale, transforming the gardens over 40
The document discusses various surface active systems including folded plate structures, shell structures, barrel vaults, domes, and hyperbolic paraboloids. It provides details on the different types of each structure, their construction methods, advantages and disadvantages. A key point made is that shell structures can span long distances with thin materials due to their curved shapes distributing loads efficiently. Case studies of notable projects using these structural systems are also presented, such as the Sydney Opera House and Vidhan Sabha government building in Bhopal, India.
This document discusses various reinforced concrete floor systems for medium and long span structures. It describes objectives like minimizing floor-to-floor height, maximizing column-free spaces, minimizing weight and construction time. Systems covered include flat slabs with drop panels, flat plates, ribbed slabs, waffle slabs, and band beams & slabs. Each system is summarized briefly, including advantages like simple formwork, long spans, and material savings, as well as disadvantages like depth controlling fire rating and need for specialized formwork. Reinforcement details to improve slab punching shear resistance are also mentioned.
This document outlines the key terms of a lease agreement between John Doe as the tenant and ABC Rentals as the landlord for an apartment located at 123 Main St. The lease is for a period of 12 months beginning January 1st, 2023, and the tenant agrees to pay $1,000 per month in rent. The document details the responsibilities of both parties regarding repairs, guests, noise, parking, and termination of the lease.
Domestic septic tanks are underground concrete structures that hold wastewater from homes long enough for solids to settle and be broken down by bacteria. They consist of compartments to prevent sludge and scum from exiting, and effluent flows into a drain field. Septic tanks are designed based on detention time (12-36 hours typically) or rational methods considering settling, digestion and sludge storage zones. Effluent can be disposed of via soak pits, trenches, or irrigation. Septic tanks require periodic cleaning to remove accumulated sludge but provide inexpensive wastewater treatment for small communities if properly maintained.
The document provides a comparative analysis of landscape characteristics across different cultures and time periods. It summarizes key elements of landscapes in Chinese, Japanese, Mughal, Persian, Spanish, Italian, French, and English traditions including location, climate, terrain, design concepts, spatial organization, elements, and distinguishing characteristics. For each tradition, it highlights example gardens that demonstrate the described approach.
1. Traditional housing in Pune from the 18th century consisted of wada structures - two or three story buildings arranged around one or more central courtyards.
2. Wadas followed a specific design with official areas separated from private living and worship spaces. A large gateway led into the main hall or meeting area.
3. Internally, wadas had verandahs around courtyards and rooms that opened onto the courtyards. They were built with a timber frame structure and masonry walls.
Landscape architecture involves applying artistic and scientific principles to plan, design, and manage both natural and built environments. It has various components, including aesthetic concepts of design elements like form, line, color, and texture, as well as physical components like plants, water, barriers, and buildings. Landscape design includes urban design, site planning for various uses, and design development with drawings, specifications, and plans. Professional landscape architects are responsible for planning and designing public and private developments, parks, gardens, and infrastructure while considering environmental and economic factors.
This document discusses the key equipment used in mechanical ventilation systems, including fans, filters, ductwork, dampers, diffusers, and components for sound attenuation. It focuses on the different types of filters used, describing fiberglass, polyester, viscous/wet, electrostatic, and HEPA filters, and how each helps filter air by removing dust and particles. Proper filtration is important to prevent coil clogging and maintain efficient heat transfer in air conditioning systems.
Land art, also known as art in landscape, emerged in the 1960s-70s as an art movement where the landscape and artwork are indistinguishably linked. Artists create site-specific sculptures using natural materials like rocks, wood, and water directly in the landscape. Some key examples discussed are Christo's wrapped structures, Andy Goldsworthy's natural material sculptures, and Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty earthwork. Land art aims to create works of beauty that allow new perspectives on the landscape and often exist in nature, changing over time. Public art is also discussed as contributing to social inclusion and community identity when engaging with a sense of place.
Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)- Concept, Features, Elements, Role of advertising in IMC
Advertising: Concept, Features, Evolution of Advertising, Active Participants, Benefits of advertising to Business firms and consumers.
Classification of advertising: Geographic, Media, Target audience and Functions.
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
Beyond the Advance Presentation for By the Book 9John Rodzvilla
In June 2020, L.L. McKinney, a Black author of young adult novels, began the #publishingpaidme hashtag to create a discussion on how the publishing industry treats Black authors: “what they’re paid. What the marketing is. How the books are treated. How one Black book not reaching its parameters casts a shadow on all Black books and all Black authors, and that’s not the same for our white counterparts.” (Grady 2020) McKinney’s call resulted in an online discussion across 65,000 tweets between authors of all races and the creation of a Google spreadsheet that collected information on over 2,000 titles.
While the conversation was originally meant to discuss the ethical value of book publishing, it became an economic assessment by authors of how publishers treated authors of color and women authors without a full analysis of the data collected. This paper would present the data collected from relevant tweets and the Google database to show not only the range of advances among participating authors split out by their race, gender, sexual orientation and the genre of their work, but also the publishers’ treatment of their titles in terms of deal announcements and pre-pub attention in industry publications. The paper is based on a multi-year project of cleaning and evaluating the collected data to assess what it reveals about the habits and strategies of American publishers in acquiring and promoting titles from a diverse group of authors across the literary, non-fiction, children’s, mystery, romance, and SFF genres.
Beginner's Guide to Bypassing Falco Container Runtime Security in Kubernetes ...anjaliinfosec
This presentation, crafted for the Kubernetes Village at BSides Bangalore 2024, delves into the essentials of bypassing Falco, a leading container runtime security solution in Kubernetes. Tailored for beginners, it covers fundamental concepts, practical techniques, and real-world examples to help you understand and navigate Falco's security mechanisms effectively. Ideal for developers, security professionals, and tech enthusiasts eager to enhance their expertise in Kubernetes security and container runtime defenses.
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
Satta Matka Dpboss Kalyan Matka Results Kalyan ChartMohit Tripathi
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Views in Odoo - Advanced Views - Pivot View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, the pivot view is a graphical representation of data that allows users to analyze and summarize large datasets quickly. It's a powerful tool for generating insights from your business data.
The pivot view in Odoo is a valuable tool for analyzing and summarizing large datasets, helping you gain insights into your business operations.
How to Install Theme in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
With Odoo, we can select from a wide selection of attractive themes. Many excellent ones are free to use, while some require payment. Putting an Odoo theme in the Odoo module directory on our server, downloading the theme, and then installing it is a simple process.
2. What is Waste?
Waste, or rubbish, trash, junk, garbage, depending on the type of
material or the regional terminology, is an unwanted or undesired
material or substance.
It may consist of the unwanted materials left over from a
manufacturing process (industrial, commercial, mining or agricultural
operations,) or from community and household activities.
The discarded or accumulated, stored, or treated material
(physically, chemically, or biologically), prior to being discarded or
recycled.
It is also used to describe something we use inefficiently or
inappropriately.
3. ‘Waste management’ shall mean “the collection, transport, recovery
and disposal of waste, including the supervision of such
operations and aftercare of disposal sites”
However the newer concepts of ‘Waste management’ talk about
‘Reduce, Reuse and Recycle of waste’
over and above waste disposal
What is Waste Management?
5. Types of waste
Solid type:
Solid waste predominantly, is any garbage, refuse or rubbish that
we make in our homes and other places.
These include old car tires, old newspapers, broken furniture and
even food waste. They may include any waste that is non-liquid.
6. Classification of Solid Waste
Biodegradable and
recyclable
Non-biodegradable
Recyclable Non-recyclable
Kitchen waste Plastics – carry bags, milk covers
PVC pipes etc. Syringes, Glucose
bottles etc. Cotton and nylon
cloth Tires & Tubes
Nitrogen sealed packing
for chips
Food Shampoo Tetrapacks
Cow dung/animal waste Bottles Thermo cal
Agricultural Glass Carbon paper
Leaves Books/notebook Plastic coated visiting cards
Egg cells Wires Sachets
Henna paste Caps of mineral water bottles Modern packing materials
(plastic) for food packing
Vegetable Plastic PET mineral water bottles
Peels, meat, bones Tin can
Dead animals Metal
Paper Ash/dirt
Wood
8. Solid Waste Collection
1. House-to-House: Waste collectors visit each individual house to
collect garbage. The user generally pays a fee for this service.
2. Community Bins: Users bring their garbage to community bins that
are placed at fixed points in a neighborhood or locality. MSW is picked
up by the municipality, or its designate, according to a set schedule.
3. Curbside Pick-Up: Users leave their garbage directly outside their
homes according to a garbage pick-up schedule set with the local
authorities (secondary house-to house collectors not typical).
4. Self Delivered: Generators deliver the waste directly to disposal sites
or transfer stations, or hire third-party operators (or the municipality).
5. Contracted or Delegated Service: Businesses hire firms or
municipality with municipal facilities) who arrange collection schedules
and charges with customers. Municipalities often license private
operators and may designate collection areas to encourage collection
efficiencies.
9. Solid Waste Disposal
There are various methods to Dispose off the Solid Waste
1. Waste Reduction
2. Aerobic Composting and Anaerobic Digestion
3. Biogas Technology
4. Reuse and Recycling of Non-Biodegradable Solid Waste
5. Landfill
1. Waste Reduction:
Waste or source reduction initiatives (including prevention, minimization, and
reuse) seek to reduce the quantity of waste at generation points by
redesigning products or changing patterns of production and consumption.
A reduction in waste generation has a two-fold benefit in terms of
greenhouse gas emission reductions.
First, the emissions associated with material and product manufacture are
avoided.
The second benefit is eliminating the emissions associated with the avoided
waste management activities.
WasteReduction
10. Solid Waste Disposal
2. Aerobic Composting and Anaerobic Digestion: Composting is one of
the options for treatment of solid waste.
In composting process the organic matter breaks down under bacterial
action resulting in the formation of humus like material called compost.
The value of compost as manure depends on the quantity and quality of
feed materials poured into the compost pit.
Composting is carried out in two ways:
a. Aerobically (in presence of oxygen) and
b. Anaerobically (in absence of oxygen).
The composting can be carried out by,
1. Manure Pit
2. Vermicomposting
Composting
11. Solid Waste Disposal
3. Biogas Technology: When biodegradable organic solid waste is subjected to
anaerobic decomposition, a gaseous mixture of Methene (CH4) and Carbon-
dioxide (C02) known as Biogas could be produced under favorable
conditions.
The decomposition of the waste materials are mainly done by the fermentation
process which is carried out by different group of microorganisms like bacteria,
fungus, actinomycetes etc. The group of microorganisms involved for biogas
generation is mainly the bacteria.
The process involves a series of reactions by several kinds of anaerobic bacteria
feeding on the raw organic matter. “In anaerobic conditions, anaerobic bacteria
disintegrate the biodegradable solids by a biochemical process shown below.
Bio-Gas
13. Solid Waste Disposal
4. Reuse and Recycling of Non-Biodegradable Solid Waste
Recycling of Papers
It is possible to convert waste paper into useful recyclable product.
Making pulp from waste paper is an old art.
The process has now been refined. Various articles including
showpieces may be made using the pulp.
The articles are so sturdy that they can be an alternative to wood to
some extent. Hence it is also called Pepwood.
Applicability
Women/SHG members/Unemployed youths/after receiving thorough
training can undertake this activity. It is also necessary to attain a certain
level of skill.
Reuse&RecyclingofPaper
14. Solid Waste Disposal
Description of the process
• Soak the waste paper in water for 3 to 4 days
• Take out the paper and macerate it on rough surface like stone or any
rough surface
• Squeeze out excess water
• Add natural adhesive like flour of fenugreek seeds/tamarind seeds
• Make a pulp out of the macerated paper like dough
• Make article of choice with the help of moulds of different shapes and
sizes
• Dry the articles in sun.
• Paint the articles artistically as per choice.
Reuse&RecyclingofPaper
15. Solid Waste Disposal
Materials required
• Waste paper
• Flour of fenugreek or tamarind seed as adhesive
• Water
• Rough flat stones for macerating paper
• Colors
• Moulds of different shapes and sizes
• Well ventilated cupboard for storing the articles.
Reuse&RecyclingofPaper
16. Solid Waste Disposal
Advantages
• Reduction of garbage by recycling of waste paper in a decentralized
manner
• Generation of income out of waste
• Prevention of burning of waste paper and clean environment
Saving on wood articles since some of the pulp articles can be used in
place of wood e.g. teepoy, serving trays, fruit baskets etc
• Some articles can be best alternatives to plastic articles.
Limitations
• Like plywood, pepwood articles should be kept away from direct
contact with water
• In rainy season it becomes little difficult to make pulp articles.
Reuse&RecyclingofPaper
17. Solid Waste Disposal
Recycling of Plastics
In all types of solid waste in rural areas, plastics have become a major
cause of concern due to:
• Non-biodegradability and
• Nuisance value in waste stream and blockage of drainage channels
• Pollution of surface water
• Random burning here and there causing air pollution problem
• There is no proper collection or disposal system of plastic waste.
Applicability
Community level.
Reuse&RecyclingofPlastic
18. Solid Waste Disposal
Some of the products which can be made at village level using shredding,
cutting, weaving etc of plastics are;
• Plastic rope
• Plastic bag
• Pillows and mats
• Showpieces
• Shredding of plastic and its use in rural road making in limited quantity for
mixing in coal-taar
• Few more innovations are being attempted for converting plastic waste into
petrol which may also be explored.
Action by self help groups
• Collect requisite quantity of plastic waste for taking up above activities
• Purchase appropriate machines easily available in the market for making the
required products.
Reuse&RecyclingofPlastic
19. Solid Waste Disposal
Materials required
• Waste plastic
• Appropriate machine with accessories
• A well lighted and ventilated Room to install and operate the machine.
Advantages
• Pleasant and clean surroundings
• Prevents drainage blocking
• Prevents vector breeding
• Prevents surface water pollution
• Prevents burning of plastics
• Full utilization of plastic wastes
• Generation of wealth from plastic waste.
Reuse&RecyclingofPlastic
20. Solid Waste Disposal
5. Landfill
In spite of composting, re-use and recycling, some waste remains
untreated/unmanaged which requires final disposal, either by
incineration or by land filling.
Incineration is a technology where waste is burnt in a specially
engineered machine called Incinerator.
Incineration is not simply burning, but complete combustion.
Incinerators are considered to be causes of air pollution.
This is not a viable option for waste management.
A landfill is a properly designated area and used for the disposal of non-
biodegradable and non-recyclable inorganic solid waste. Landfill is
considered to be a viable option.
Landfill
21. Solid Waste Disposal
Advantage
Takes care of the problem of disposal of non recyclable solid waste.
Applicability
Community level with the cooperation of individual household.
Action
Gram Panchayat to organize themselves to construct and maintain landfill.
Gram Panchayat may make use of Youth Club members/Women Self Help
Groups.
Materials required
The system is labor intensive and primarily requires earthwork job for disposal
of non recyclable solid waste. The size of the landfill will depend upon the
quantity of non recyclable solid waste to be disposed off into the pit daily.
Limitations
• Entry of cattle and grazing on the landfill site in an unfenced landfill would be
hazardous.
Landfill
22. Solid Waste Disposal
Description
• Selection of Landfil Site: Gram Panchayat in consultation with Zilla
Parishad/Block Panchayat (as the case may be) should select the landfill
site which should be:
• Located at the outskirts of the village
• Accessible
• On vacant/uncultivated land
• Located in the natural depressions with slight slopes
• Waste from landfills leaches into the aquifer below site should be such as to
avoid surface water and groundwater pollution
• Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data of ground water quality in
the area shall be collected and kept as a record for future reference.
• Procedures to be followed for landfill construction
• Wastes should be compacted to achieve high density
Landfill
23. Solid Waste Disposal
• Wastes should be immediately covered with a minimum 10cm of soil/debris/
• Before the monsoon season, an intermediate cover of soil approximately 40-
65cm thick should be placed on the landfill to prevent infiltration
• Proper drainage system should be constructed to divert run-off water
• After the completion of landfill a final cover should be provided to prevent
infiltration and erosion. This should be according to the given diagram
• Landfill site should be properly fenced with a provision of a gate with locking
arrangements by the gram panchayat/community
• Plantation at landfill site should be encouraged to combat pollution. It should
be in sufficient density to minimize soil erosion
• The plants should be locally adapted, non-edible, drought and extreme
temperature resistant, short rooted and of low nutrient demanding variety
Landfill
25. Types of waste
Liquid type:
Waste can come in non-solid form. Some solid waste can also be
converted to a liquid waste form for disposal. It includes point
source and non-point source discharges such as storm water
and wastewater. Examples of liquid waste include wash water from
homes, liquids used for cleaning in industries and waste
detergents.
26. Liquid waste
Introduction
Disposal of waste water is a major public health problem.
Stagnant waste water smells bad and also acts as breeding place for
mosquitoes resulting in spread of diseases like dengue, malaria,
filaria etc.
Proper disposal and also reuse of waste waster wherever possible will
help in combating diseases as well as meeting water scarcity.
Sources of Waste Water
• From domestic use e.g from toilet, bathroom, washing of clothes and
from kitchen
• Community e.g from industry, commercial and business activities,
institutions, healthcare establishments, market places, farming
activities etc.
27. Types of Liquid waste
There are two types of waste water generated. These are:
• Grey water is waste water from bathroom, washing of clothes and
kitchen.
Depending on its use, water can require less treatment than black
water and generally contains fewer pathogens.
Treated water can be reused for garden watering, fodder raising and
kitchen gardening
• Black water is water that has been mixed with waste from the toilet.
Black water requires biological or chemical treatment and
disinfection before re-use.
28. Classification of Liquid waste
No.
Source of waste
water
Types of waste
water
Quantity/ day
/person
1 Toilets Black water 3 liters
2 Bathing Greywater 20-30 liters
3 Kitchen Greywater 5-10 liters
4 Washing cloth Greywater 15-20 liters
5 Animals Greywater 10-15 liters
29. Liquid waste Disposal
Technological Options at Household Level Management.
It will always be better to manage and treat domestic grey water
generated in the house in the area/courtyard/land surrounding the
house.
The following technological options will be suitable for this purpose:
• Kitchen Garden with piped root zone system
• Kitchen Garden without piped root zone system
• Leach pit
• Soakage pit.
30. Liquid waste Disposal
1. Kitchen Garden with Piped Root Zone System
With this methodology, treated grey water can be utilized to grow
vegetables, flowers or fruits in the court-yard of the house.
Applicability
Houses with adequate court-yard.
Action
House owner will do the installation of the system with the help of
trained person.
31. Liquid waste Disposal
Description
The system has following components:
• A grease trap to collect silt (450mm x 350mm x 300mm)
• Perforated non pressure PVC pipe (50mm diameter and length as per
requirement)
• Digging of trench (150mm to 200mm depth and 200mm width)
• Filling of trench with gravel of size (20 to 25mm size)
• Laying of perforated pipe
• Covering the trench with polythene sheet
• Putting the soil layer (50mm thickness over the polythene sheet)
• Construct a leach pit (900mm diameter with honey comb masonry and
water tight cover)
• Put a layer of earth over (25mm thickness) over the pit cover
• Plant suitable vegetables or flowers on both sides of the trench.
KitchenGardenwithPipedRootZoneSystem
32. Liquid waste Disposal
Operation and maintenance (O&M)
• Periodical cleaning of the grease trap (every week)
• Cleaning of perforated pipes (once in a year).
Materials required
• Bricks (150 bricks)
• Fine Sand (15 gamlas)
• Cement (1/3 bag)
• 50mm non-pressure PVC pipe and length as per requirement
• Pit cover (1000mm diameter and 50mm thickness 3 to 4kg in height)
• Polythene sheet.
KitchenGardenwithPipedRootZoneSystem
33. Liquid waste Disposal
Advantages
• Simple and cost effective technology
• Cent percent utilization of water to produce vegetables and fruits
• Prevents water stagnation
• Prevents vector breeding.
Limitations
Use of strong detergent may be harmful to the plants grown in the
kitchen garden.
KitchenGardenwithPipedRootZoneSystem
34. Liquid waste Disposal
2. Kitchen Garden without Piped Root Zone System
With this methodology also, grey water can be utilized to grow
vegetables, flowers or fruits in the court-yard of the house.
Applicability
Houses with adequate court-yard.
Action
House owner will do the installation of the system with the help of
trained mason.
Description
The system has following component:
• A grease trap to collect silt (450mm x 350mm x 300mm)
• A simple bed of appropriate size to absorb the available water
• Let the greywater flow into the bed
• Plant suitable vegetable or flowers at both the side of the trench.
35. Liquid waste Disposal
2. Kitchen Garden without Piped Root Zone System
With this methodology also, grey water can be utilized to grow
vegetables, flowers or fruits in the court-yard of the house.
Applicability
Houses with adequate court-yard.
Action
House owner will do the installation of the system with the help of
trained mason.
Description
The system has following component:
• A grease trap to collect silt (450mm x 350mm x 300mm)
• A simple bed of appropriate size to absorb the available water
• Let the greywater flow into the bed
• Plant suitable vegetable or flowers at both the side of the trench.
KitchenGardenwithoutPipedRootZoneSystem
36. Liquid waste Disposal
Operation and maintenance (O&M)
Periodical cleaning of the grease trap (every week).
Materials required
• Bricks (50 bricks) • Fine sand (5 gamlas)
• Cement (1/2 gamlas).
Advantages
• Simple and cost effective technology
• Cent percent utilization of water to produce vegetables and fruits
• Prevents water stagnation
• Prevents vector breeding.
Limitations
Use of strong detergent may be harmful to the plant grown in the
kitchen garden.
KitchenGardenwithoutPipedRootZoneSystem
37. Liquid waste Disposal
3. Leach Pit
Leach Pit is a brick lined pit constructed in honeycomb masonry having
a volume of about 0.75 cubic meters.
Advantages
• It can handle large volume of water during peak period of water
generation and is better suited than soak pits
• Prevents stagnation of greywater
• Prevents vector breeding.
Applicability
Houses without adequate space for kitchen garden where waste water
discharge is relatively more and pit structure is such that it enhances
the leaching effect.
Action
House owner will do the installation of the leach pit with the help of
trained mason.
38. Liquid waste Disposal
Description
• Selection of site-the leach pit can be located at any convenient space
near the house, keeping a safe distance between the wall and the pit
as 1m
• Digging of the pit-dig the pit (a diameter of 1.75m and a depth of 1m)
• Construct the pit in circular fashion with honey combing in alternate
layers. The pit can be constructed with single brick (100mm) with a
mortar in the ratio of 1:6
• Connect the drain pipe coming from the house to the leach pit via a
grease trap
• A P-trap is necessary between the pit and the outlet from the house to
avoid vectors entering the leach pit
• The pit should be covered with RCC cover or flag stone slab. The
diameter of the cover should be 100mm more than that of the pit.
LeachPit
39. Liquid waste Disposal
Operation and maintenance (O&M)
• Periodical cleaning of the P-trap
• Periodical removal of the sludge from the pit.
Materials required (approximate)
• Bricks (150 bricks)
• Fine sand (10 gamlas)
• Cement (1/3 bag).
Limitations
Not suitable for rocky terrain.
LeachPit
40. Liquid waste Disposal
4. Soak Pit
Soak pit is a dug out pit filled with stones or preferably over burnt
bricks. The large numbers of stones or bricks increase the surface
area over which biological and chemical action takes place. The
water seeps into the ground and reduces danger of polluting the
ground water sources.
Advantages
• This is the cheapest technology for management of water at
household level
• Prevents greywater stagnation
• Prevents vector breading.
Applicability
Houses without adequate space for kitchen garden.
Action
House owner can construct the pit himself by getting the information of
the design.
42. Liquid waste Disposal
5. Grey water Treatment and Reuse System
Treatment and Reuse System
In water scarce areas, with specific treatment the grey water can be
cleaned and reused not only for gardening but for other use also.
Technological process
Grey water treatment process at the household level mainly involves
screening (grease and silt removal), soap froth removal, equalization
and filtration. Flow diagram of household based grey water treatment
system is shown below:
43. Liquid waste Disposal
Grey water treatment for reuse in household
1. Advantages
• Reduces fresh water requirement
• Prevents grey water stagnation
• Prevents vector breeding
• Use in flushing toilets to make toilets functional
• Use of grey water in gardening
• Minimal risk to users of grey water as it incorporates principles of water
safety.
2. Applicability
household.
3. Action
Individual households may construct and operate this system.
Greywatertreatmentforreuseinhousehold
44. Liquid waste Disposal
4. Description
A three-stage grey water filtration system at household level having following
components may be constructed.
The operation and maintenance is not a skilled job in the system, as it requires
washing of the sponge kept in the inlet chamber on regular basis and the
washing and changing/refilling of gravel & fine sand time to time in the
treatment chamber 1 and 2. Members of the beneficiary family are doing this
and the system is functioning satisfactorily.
5. O&M
• Periodical cleaning of grease trap, filters and sponge
• Gravels and sand from the filtration unit need to be washed periodically
• Sedimentation tanks require de-sludging every month.
6. Limitations
Very frequent cleaning and user attention is required.
Greywatertreatmentforreuseinhousehold
45. Liquid waste Disposal
Technological Options for Community Level Management at
Public Places-On Site
The grey water generated at public places is usually a cleaner water.
This grey water can be preferably managed on site by adopting the
following technological options. These options can also be adopted
for managing institutional grey water which is from bathing, clothes
washing etc.
• Plantation with intercepting chamber
• Community leach pit
• Soak away channel
• Simple process of reuse of grey water
• System of waste water treatment such as root zone system.
46. Liquid waste Disposal
Technological Options for Community Level Management at
Public Places-On Site
1. Plantation with Intercepting Chamber
The greywater at public places in rural areas as stated earlier, is usually
spilled over water. As such it is cleaner water. Hence this water can
be reused conveniently for plantation.
Advantage
• There will be no stagnation of spilled over water
• Vector breeding will be avoided
• Main water source will not be contaminated
• There will be beneficial return from plantation e.g. fruits, vegetables,
wood etc.
47. Liquid waste Disposal
Applicability
The technology will be useful for greywater generated in public places
for reuse.
Materials required
As per requirements based on detailed estimate with the support of
available technical personnel. Cost will accordingly vary.
Limitations
• Availability of public land for plantation
• Topography of the area.
PlantationwithInterceptingChamber
48. Liquid waste Disposal
2. Community Leach Pit
If land is not available for plantation, the spilled water can be absorbed in the
soil by constructing a larger size leach pit.
Advantage
• There will be stagnation of spilled over water
• Prevents vector breeding
• Main water source will not be contaminated.
Applicability
The application of the technology will help in preventing water stagnation
around such public places.
Materials required
As per detailed estimate to be prepared with the support of available technical
personnel. Cost will vary accordingly.
Limitations
Depending on the absorption capacity of the soil, the pit may over flow. In that
case, additional leach pit will have to be constructed.
CommunityLeachPit
49. Liquid waste Disposal
3 Soak away Channel
Soak pits can be built in every house for wastewater disposal. But such
small pits cannot be of much use near public wells where a large
quantity of wastewater flows. In such places pits have to be built like big
channels, which are called soakaway channels. Sludge tanks have to be
made to clean and filter the water before entering such channels. In
soak pits a pot with holes is used for filtration of water. As large quantity
of water flows into soakaway channels, a sludge tank is provided
instead of a pot. Such an arrangement is called soakaway channel with
sludge tank.
Advantage
• Large quantities of community greywater can be absorbed without any
open stagnation of greywater
• Prevents vector breeding
• Main water source will not be contaminated.
Soakawaychannel
50. Liquid waste Disposal
3 Soak away Channel
Soak pits can be built in every house for wastewater disposal. But such
small pits cannot be of much use near public wells where a large
quantity of wastewater flows. In such places pits have to be built like big
channels, which are called soakaway channels. Sludge tanks have to be
made to clean and filter the water before entering such channels. In
soak pits a pot with holes is used for filtration of water. As large quantity
of water flows into soakaway channels, a sludge tank is provided
instead of a pot. Such an arrangement is called soakaway channel with
sludge tank.
Advantage
• Large quantities of community greywater can be absorbed without any
open stagnation of greywater
• Prevents vector breeding
• Main water source will not be contaminated.
Soakawaychannel
52. Liquid waste Disposal
Function of a sullage tank is the same as that of the filter pot in household level soak
pit on a big scale. The sullage tank intercepts ash, mud and oily substances in the
water and allows the cleaned water to flow to the soakaway channel. Soakaway
channel is built near the well and the water allowed to flow into it through the sullage
tank.
53. Liquid waste Disposal
4 Reuse of Greywater
Technological process
Greywater treatment process at the community level mainly involves
screening, soap froth removal, equalization, filtration and
chlorination. Flow diagram of community/school based greywater
treatment system is shown below: .
ReuseofGreyWater
54. Liquid waste Disposal
Soakawaychannel
Advantages
• Reduces fresh water requirement
• Prevents greywater stagnation
• Main water source will not be contaminated
• Prevents vector breeding
• Use in flushing toilets to make toilets functional
• Use of greywater in gardening
• Minimal risk to users of greywater as it incorporates principles of
water safety.
Applicability
Community and schools.
55. Types of waste
Hazardous type:
Hazardous or harmful waste are those that potentially threaten public
health or the environment. Such waste could be inflammable (can easily
catch fire), reactive (can easily explode), corrosive (can easily eat through
metal) or toxic (poisonous to human and animals).
In many countries, it is required by law to involve the appropriate authority to
supervise the disposal of such hazardous waste. Examples include fire
extinguishers, old propane tanks, pesticides, mercury-containing
equipment (e.g, thermostats) and lamps (e.g. fluorescent bulbs) and
batteries.
56. Types of waste
Organic type:
Organic waste comes from plants or animals sources. Commonly,
they include food waste, fruit and vegetable peels, flower
trimmings and even dog poop can be classified as organic waste.
They are biodegradable (this means they are easily broken down by
other organisms over time and turned into manure). Many people
turn their organic waste into compost and use them in their
gardens.
57. Types of waste
Recyclable type:
Recycling is processing used materials
(waste) into new, useful products.
This is done to reduce the use of raw
materials that would have been used.
Waste that can be potentially recycled is termed "Recyclable waste".
Aluminium products (like soda, milk and tomato cans),
Plastics (grocery shopping bags, plastic bottles),
Glass products (like wine and beer bottles, broken glass),
Paper products (used envelopes, newspapers and magazines, cardboard
boxes) can be recycled and fall into this category.