Ali A S Marouf

In this, study the photothermal of high power Nd: YAG laser at 1064 nm wavelength for different durations on the surface properties of zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4) ceramics was investigated. Specimens of zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4) ceramic pieces were divided into four samples according to irradiation duration as follows: one control sample (no treatment), and three samples irradiated with Nd: YAG laser at irradiation durations 3, 4 and 5 minutes. The irradiation was applied with fixed output power (60 W) with continuous mode. The samples hardness was measured then SEM, EDX and FTIR characterization was done. The results show that high power Nd: YAG laser provide higher hardness surfaces compared to non-treated surface. SEM images demonstrate the formation of microstructures, smoother surface and solidification process occurring confirming the hardness results. FTIR spectra denotes the presence of quartz with small particle that improves mechanical strength of the zirconium silicate....

There is a great number of packaging materials, such as bottles and boxes, are made of plastics (polymers). Additives such as plasticizers, antioxidants, antistatic agents, and lubricants may be used for the production of packaging materials. The worst effect of plastic production is deterioration of the environment. Recycling solves this problem and the initial step is identification and classification of the polymers and determination of different elements present in it. In this research, spectroscopic analyzes were performed using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for plastic materials samples of drug containers that collected from manufacturing factories located at Khartoum city, Sudan. The samples were collected before and after used, were irradiated by Nd: YAG laser at 266 nm, repetition rate 2Hz, with pulse energy of 80mJ. The recorded spectra of the samples were analyzed using National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST). and Origin Lab Pro 9 data analysis software. All elements present in plastic drug bottles were detected using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. The elements that detected are (

This study was conducted to analyze the components of the plastic materials used in water bottles and in the caps of water bottles using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Bottlesamples were collected from some factories in Sudan. The samples were collected pre-and post-used.Multiple emission spectra were obtained from 3 different manufacturers for 3 different bottles were irradiated by Nd: YAG laser at 266 nm with pulse energy 80mJ. Atomic Spectra Database was used for the spectral analysis of the plasma emitted from those samples. The results showed all elements present in plastic water bottles and bottles caps, that areMn II, Ca II, Cl II, S II, N II, K II, Mg I, Pm II, O II, Mo I, Mg II and F. All theseelementsare normal and this are useful for recycling only one times.

Different parameters like irradiated area, irradiation time, laser wavelength, pulse energy, and the nature of the irradiated material determine largely the effect of the laser-matter interaction. In this, study the influence of high power Nd: YAG laser irradiation on the hardness and surface properties of zirconium silicate (ZrSiO 4) ceramics was investigated. Specimens of zirconium ceramic pieces were divided into four samples depend on irradiation duration as follows: one reference sample and three samples treated with Nd: YAG laser at irradiation times vary from 3 to 5 minutes. The irradiation was done with 60 W output power. The hardness and tensile strength were determined and the optical properties were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, also EDX spectra were carried out. The obtained results revealed that high power (60 W) Nd: YAG laser provides higher hardness compared to the reference sample surface. Increasing irradiation time resulted in the higher hardness of the ceramic surfaces. EDX results showed that laser irradiation does not change the chemical surface composition of ceramics. Moreover, increase in transmittance of the irradiated zirconium silicate in the visible and near-infrared range was also found using UV-vis spectroscopy.

Co-precipitation is an important issue in chemical analysis, where it is often undesirable, but in some cases, it can be exploited. The Zn 0.5 Mn 0.5−x Li 2x Fe 2 O 4 nanomaterials (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) was afforded by utilizing co-precipitation method. The structural and optical characteristics were analyzed for the samples employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotome-ter (UV-Vis). XRD revealed that the structure of certain nanoparticles is a cubic spinel with space group (Fd-3m) and crystallite size in the scale 124-150 nm. Lattice parameter was determined to increments with Li +1 and that may occur due to the larger ionic radius of the Li 1+ ion. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the form of spinel ferrite and explicated the properties of absorption bands approximately 593, 1111, 1385, 1640, 2922 and 3430. The energy band gap was estimated for all samples with diverse ratios and was observed in the range of 2.58-2.52 eV.

In this work concentrations of ten different minerals were evaluated in commercial white cheese, pigtail cheese and triangles cheese. Minerals were analyzed by an Inductively Coupled plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES). Respective mean mineral concentration (ppm) of white cheese, pigtail cheese and cheese triangles were: Al 94.125, 73.75, 64.0; Cr 0, 0, 0 ; Mn 1.40, 1.2875, 0.6875; Fe 13.075, 16.45, 6.675; Ni 8.6125, 8.8, 6.925; Cu 0, 0, 0; Zn 22.4125, 22.9125, 14.7875; Cd 1.2, 0.6625, 0.4375; Ba 0, 0, 0; Pb 16.375, 4.9, 4.6125. These results show that there is some minerals (Cr, Cu and Ba) were not exist and other found with high concentration in comparison with the standard specification.

This work aimed to study the effect of laser irradiation on bee honey (Seder) physical and chemical properties. Four honey samples were used in this study with 250 g of each; three of them were irradiated by He-Ne laser with output powers 1 mW, 1.5 mW and 2 mW for 5 minutes for each sample. Analysis included measuring of some honey physical and chemical properties for the irradiated and no irradiated samples particularly electrical conductivity, refractive index, density, viscosity, moisture, Ashes, wax, monocular sugars, total sugars, glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose and acidity, it also included estimation of some elements like Na, Ca, K, Fe, Mg. The results show that irradiation by He-Ne lead to upward effect for some physical and chemical properties like electrical conductivity, monocular sugars and density, and it lead to downward effect for ashes, wax, sucrose and density, while it lead to no significant differences (P>0.05) on refractive index, viscosity.

The main objective of this work was to investigate the cow's milk ingredients percentage after pasteurized using laser and heat treatment in order to compared them with untreated milk. In this work, fresh cow's milk sample (360 ml) were obtained from farms of Sudan University of Science and Technology, the sample was divided into three parts, the first part pasteurized by Nd: YAG laser with output power of 50 watts for two minutes, the second part pasteurized by heating to a temperature of 72°C for 15 seconds the third part was control sample used as obtained. Moisture content, crude protein content, crude fat, ash content, total solid (TS) content, lactose content, pH of the milk samples and titratable acidity were analyzed for the three samples. The obtained results revealed that the ingredients percentage reduced in all heat-based pasteurized milk components compared to laser-based pasteurized milk components.

This paper reports obtaining of useful and high-value materials from sesame seed cake (SSC). For this purpose, SSC sample was burned for 30 s using Nd: YAG laser with output power 60 W. The products of this process and non-burned SSC were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) so as to investigate its crystal structure and chemical components. XRD results of the SSC before burning process showed amorphous silica, rhombohedral phase of carbon, monoclinic phase of aluminum chloride, the hexagonal phase of moissanite-4H, (yellow, black) and hexagonal phase of graphite-2H, C (black). While the results of the burned SSC sample showed that the burning process using the power of Nd: YAG laser cased in appearing of crystalline hexagonal phase for silica and Carbon Nitride and converting the rhombohedral phase of Carbon into hexagonal phase. FTIR showed a number of absorbance peaks assigned to silica.

Low-power helium-neon laser recently has been used numerously in medical applications. FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopic technique is employed to study the spectral differences in the serum of whole blood samples. Aims: To study (He-Ne) laser (λ= 632 nm, power=2 mW) effect on human whole blood, after irradiated to different times from 10 min to 50 min. Study Design: Human Whole Blood Irradiated to (He-Ne) laser (λ= 632 nm, power=2 mW). Place and Duration of Study: Institute of Laser, Sudan University of science and technology (SUST), Soba Hospital, Khartoum-Sudan, February 2018. Methodology: Blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers; blood sample exposed to (H-N) laser and control compared; UV-Vis spectrophotometer and FTIR were used to study the effect of laser radiation. Results: Absorption spectrum and FTIR spectra of whole blood are compared before and after He-Original Research Article Haimid et al.; AJOPACS, 7(1): 1-6, 2019; Article no.AJOPACS.46214 2 Ne laser radiation shows, a significant decrease in intensity. FTIR spectrum of non exposed blood showed the peaks due to O-H (free group), C=O (amide I group), N=O (nitro group), and C-H (aromatic group). N-H (Amino acid (amide II) Laser radiation changes in transmittance in FTIR spectra for C=O group and O-H, N=O, the percentage of transmittance were increased. The most effects are found when whole blood irradiated to He-Ne laser radiation for 10 and 20 min and transmittance decreases for C-H, and N-H, due to denaturation of the protein. Conclusion: Photodegradation of blood components due to absorption of laser radiation causes changes in the structure and conformational changes in the polypeptide and decrease intensity.

Nowadays the liquid lasers play as an important tool and are used in many applications such as spectroscopy, medicine. This research was carried out to study the possibility of using the Nigella Sativa oil as a laser gain medium and the chemical composites. For this purpose absorption spectrum was carried out which ranged from 600 to 680 nm, and emission spectrum ranged from 650 nm to 700 nm, this emission range includes the laser wavelengths that used to treat wound healing and wrinkles and 690 nm treat in photodynamic therapy. Totally 7 compounds were identified based on their molecular mass, retention time and peak values, among them, the highest amount was obtained for 9-octadecenoic acid (48.16%) and low peak value was tetradecanoic acid (Myristic acid), isopropyl ester (0.52).

Laser irradiation has biostimulating effect in various cell types low power laser radiation is used clinically for skin and vascular disorders. Aims: To investigate the effect of (He-Ne) laser (λ= 632nm, power=1mW) on human whole blood, after irradiated to different times from 10 min to 50 min. Study Design: Human Whole Blood Irradiated to (He-Ne) laser(λ= 632nm, power=1mW). Place and Duration of Study: Soba Hospital, Khartoum-Sudan, Institute of Laser, Sudan University of science and technology (SUST), February 2018. Methodology: Blood samples were taken from healthy volunteers; blood sample irradiated to (He-Ne) laser and control compared; FTIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometer were used to study laser radiation effect Results: FTIR spectra and UV-vis absorption spectra of blood samples are compared before and Original Research Article Haimid et al.; AJR2P, 2(1): 1-7, 2019; Article no.AJR2P.46527

The main objective of this work is to investigate pasteurization of caw’s milk by laser and its effect
on Milk’s pH. In this pilot study, Nd: YAG laser was used to irradiate raw cow’s milk in order to kill bacteria
and fungi; then its effect on the milk’s pH has been studied. Six samples of cow's milk were taken from the
farm directly, without any additions of preservatives, five of these six samples were treated with Nd: YAG
laser (1064 nm) using different output powers specifically (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) Watts for two minutes and
the sixth sample was left without irradiation as a control. Samples were then analyzed for surviving bacteria
and fungi. The results revealed that complete sterilization of bacteria and fungi was achieved using maximum
output laser power 50 W for two minutes. During this experiment it was found that the pH of milk was
reduced from 6.18 for the control sample in the first day down to 4.50 for the highest laser-treated sample
after five days.