- Dariusz MISZEWSKI (born 1968), assistant professor, a historian, 1993. graduate from the University of Wrocław; 1999-... moreDariusz MISZEWSKI (born 1968), assistant professor, a historian, 1993. graduate from the University of Wrocław; 1999-2013. assistant professor in the Section of International Rela-tions, the Institute of Political Science of the University of Zielona Góra (1999‒2013); since 2016. assistant professor at the Faculty of National Security the War Studies University in Warsaw; 01.10.2017 – 30.09.2018. head of the Department of History of the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Faculty of National Security; 01.10.2018 – 30.09.2019. head of the Department of Security Sciences of the Institute of Security Funda-mentals at the Faculty of National Security; since 2019. assistant professor at the Institute of Military History at the War Studies University of Warsaw; he is specialized in history of Central and Eastern Europe, Polish-Czechoslovak and Polish-Czech in the 20th and 21st cen-tury relations, national minorities in Central Europe and Polish political thought in the 20th century. habilitated doctor (2020). ORCID: 0000-0002-3821-8844edit
W czasie II wojny światowej obóz narodowy propagował ideę imperialną i koncepcję bloków państw narodowych na czele z Polską. Jako imperium Polska mogła przeciwstawić się skutecznie imperializmowi Niemiec i ZSRR. Idea federacyjna rządu... more
W czasie II wojny światowej obóz narodowy propagował ideę imperialną i koncepcję bloków państw narodowych na czele z Polską. Jako imperium Polska mogła przeciwstawić się skutecznie imperializmowi Niemiec i ZSRR. Idea federacyjna rządu narażała Polskę na agresję ze strony sąsiednich mocarstw i utratę jej historycznych ziem na rzecz sąsiednich narodów. Była zagrożeniem dla państwa narodowego. Prowadziła do jego osłabienia przez struktury ponadnarodowe. Na historycznych ziemiach Polski mogło istnieć tylko państwo polskie. W Europie Środkowej miał powstać antyniemiecki blok państw narodowych pod jej kierownictwem. Współpraca z ZSRR była możliwa pod warunkiem poszanowania niezależności Polski i jej granic.
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The late 19th century saw a national awakening of the Belarusian people. During World War I, under German occupation, the Catholic Belarusian national movement intended to create a sovereign Belarusian state (the Belarusian People;s... more
The late 19th century saw a national awakening of the Belarusian people. During World War I, under German occupation, the Catholic Belarusian national movement intended to create a sovereign Belarusian state (the Belarusian People;s Republic) or in union with Lithuania (a revived Grand Duchy of Lithuania). After the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, Orthodox national activists wanted a sovereign Belarus within a federal and democratic Russia. The Belarusian People’s Republic, established in March 1918, was not recognized by any state. Poland, Lithuania and Soviet Russia intended to incorporate the Belarusian lands on an autonomous basis. As a result of the Riga Peace Treaty (1921), the Belarusian lands were divided between Poland and Soviet Russia.
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In the years 1918–1938, Czechoslovakia was a democratic country with constitutional rights for national minorities. Polish and Jewish minority does not play a major political role on level of the state and country in the Moravian-Silesian... more
In the years 1918–1938, Czechoslovakia was a democratic country with constitutional rights for national minorities. Polish and Jewish minority does not play a major political role on level of the state and country in the Moravian-Silesian Region. Under the patronage of the Consulate in Moravian Ostrava leaders of the Polish minority established with the Jewish minority electoral alliance in 1928 National Council in Brno and in 1929 Parliament (Chamber of Deputies and Senate). In the parliamentary elections in 1929. Polish minority got 2 seats and in 1925. 1. The Jewish minority also 2 seats to the House of Deputies. Czech political elites was against to Polish-Jewish alliance. Due to the tense relations Polish-Czechoslovak since 1934, the Jewish minority does not established electoral coalition to parliament with the Poles on Zaolzie. V letech 1928–1929 polská a židovská menšina založily volební alianci pro volby do zemského zastupitelstva v Brně a do dvoukomorového parlamentu v Praze. Volby roku 1929 jim zajistily dvě místa v poslanecké sněmovně. Zástupci obou minorit se dostali do klubu Československé demokracie. V letech 1929–1935 byla spolupráce polské a židovské menšiny podporována polskou diplomacíí. V následujících volbách roku 1935 zástupci židovské komunity opustily volební alianci s Poláky v parlamentu v důsledku zhoršujících se vztahů mezi Československem a Polskem. Důvodem byly obavy z výhrůžek ekonomickým bojkotem a možným nařčením z neloajality vůči státu.
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In the mid-war period Polish authorities tended to assimilate the Belarusian minority with the means of Catholic and Orthodox Churches and education system. The military and police were used by authorities to disintegrate the structures... more
In the mid-war period Polish authorities tended to assimilate the Belarusian minority with the means of Catholic and Orthodox Churches and education system. The military and police were used by authorities to disintegrate the structures of Belarusian national movement, that sought independence and conducted the subversive activities in the Northern-Eastern provinces of the Second Polish Republic. Belarusian separatism was inspired by Lithuania, Germany and Soviet Union. Compulsory national and state assimilation of Belarusians was facilitated by economic and social weakness of Belarusian minority in Poland.
Research Interests: History and Geopolitics
After the fall of the Roman Empire in the West (476 AD), Tyrol was ruled by Ostrogoths, then in 6th century it was divided by Bavarians and Longobards. In the 11th century the entire Tyrol was subordintated to the Bavarian Duchy (part of... more
After the fall of the Roman Empire in the West (476 AD), Tyrol was ruled by Ostrogoths, then in 6th century it was divided by Bavarians and Longobards. In the 11th century the entire Tyrol was subordintated to the Bavarian Duchy (part of the Holy Roman Empire). Since 14th century Tyrol was under the control of the Habsburg House. In 1804 Tyrol was a part of the Austrian Empire, and since 1867 Austrian-Hungarian Empire. In 1919 according to the peace treaty in St. Germain-en-Laye, Tyrol was ceded to Italy. Italian authorities started to italianise the over than 200 thousand strong German (Austrian) minority, and to settle the Italians in the Southern Tyrol. In 1939 Adolf Hitler made an agreement with Mussolini concerning compulsory resettlement of Germans from the Southern Tyrol to the Germany (with Austria, after Anschluss, being its part). The outbreak of the Second World War thwarted the implementation of this agreement. In 1945 Austria demanded from Italy the return of the Southern Tyrol, or launching of the referendum on its state subordination. Under the international pressure Italy in 1948 conceded the territorial autonomy to the Trentino – Alto Adige/Southern Tyrol (Südtirol) region (autonomic provinces Trentino and Bolzano). In 1972 and 2001 the subsequent augmentations of the decisive competencies were granted to the both of autonomic provinces. However, there are still two tendencies visible among the Southern Tyrol inhabitants: the autonomic one, and the separatist one, the latter demanding the self-determination rights or secession to Austria.
Key words: Italy, Austria, South Tyrol, Trento, Bolzano
Key words: Italy, Austria, South Tyrol, Trento, Bolzano
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Regionalist and separatist movements have developed in France over the 19th century in response to the centralist policy and domination of the French language and culture, that were degrading the cultures of the non-French national... more
Regionalist and separatist movements have developed in France over the 19th century in response to the centralist policy and domination of the French language and culture, that were degrading the cultures of the non-French national minorities. At this time regionalism and separatism were limited to the regional identity revival of cultures and languages. Since the beginnings of 20th century the regional political parties started to emerge in Southern France – in French Basque Country, French Catalonia, Corsica, Occitania, Savoy and Nice. Some of them limited its activities to the political endeavors for the cultural or territorial autonomy in the proposed federal French state. The political and armed groups aiming at the independence or secession to the neighbouring country also appeared.
Key words: France, French Basque Country, French Catalonia, Corsica, Occitania, Savoie, Nice, regionalism, separatism
Key words: France, French Basque Country, French Catalonia, Corsica, Occitania, Savoie, Nice, regionalism, separatism
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Regionalist and separatist movements have developed in France over the 19th century in response to the centralist policy and domination of the French language and culture, that were degrading the cultures of the non-French national... more
Regionalist and separatist movements have developed in France over the 19th century in response to the centralist policy and domination of the French language and culture, that were degrading the cultures of the non-French national minorities. At this time regionalism and separatism were limited to the regional identity revival of cultures and languages. Since the beginnings of 20th century the regional political parties started to emerge in Northern France – in Alsace and Lorraine, French Flanders and Normandy. Some of them limited its activities to the political endeavors for the cultural or territorial autonomy in the proposed federal French state. The political and armed groups aiming at the independence also appeared.
Key words: France, Alsace, Moselle, Brittany, French Flanders, Normandy, regionalism, separatism
Key words: France, Alsace, Moselle, Brittany, French Flanders, Normandy, regionalism, separatism
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In 1939-40, in the agreements imposed by the Soviet Union by force on Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia, these nations were forced to withdraw from the Baltic Entente, and in the agreements of 1940 and 1944, it forbade Finland from joining... more
In 1939-40, in the agreements imposed by the Soviet Union by force on Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia, these nations were forced to withdraw from the Baltic Entente, and in the agreements of 1940 and 1944, it forbade Finland from joining the Scandinavian states. It also rejected the right of "small states"-Poland and Czechoslovakia, as well as Yugoslavia and Greece (1942)-to join plans for regional integration supported by Great Britain. It should be recalled that in the interwar period, the Soviet Union had opposed Aristide Briand's plan (1929) for a united Europe, which Soviet propaganda called "the holy capitalist alliance".
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Prime Minister General Władysław Sikorski pursued a policy of PolishJewish international cooperation during The Second World War. Both nations was expected to be closer because of suffering under German occupation and current affairs... more
Prime Minister General Władysław Sikorski pursued a policy of PolishJewish international cooperation during The Second World War. Both nations
was expected to be closer because of suffering under German occupation and
current affairs against German. Polish government constantly informed
the Western powers about German crimes against the Jews in occupied Poland.
In the United States, Britain and Palestine polish prime minister has promised
giving equal rights for the Jewish minority. He supported establishing
the Jewish state on peace conference. Declared help in voluntary emigration
from Poland to Palestine, in exchange for their support of polish matters against
Germany. General Sikorski expected support of international Jewish organizations for polish matter against Germany. Occupied country critically respond
to the Prime Minister's promises of equality of Jews and Polish citizens.
Polish underground political groups condemned extermination of the Jews
by the Germans. Most of them with exception of left and left-central wing
wanted their emigration after the war. Tragedy of Polish and Jewish nation
under German occupation does not caused that nations become closer.
was expected to be closer because of suffering under German occupation and
current affairs against German. Polish government constantly informed
the Western powers about German crimes against the Jews in occupied Poland.
In the United States, Britain and Palestine polish prime minister has promised
giving equal rights for the Jewish minority. He supported establishing
the Jewish state on peace conference. Declared help in voluntary emigration
from Poland to Palestine, in exchange for their support of polish matters against
Germany. General Sikorski expected support of international Jewish organizations for polish matter against Germany. Occupied country critically respond
to the Prime Minister's promises of equality of Jews and Polish citizens.
Polish underground political groups condemned extermination of the Jews
by the Germans. Most of them with exception of left and left-central wing
wanted their emigration after the war. Tragedy of Polish and Jewish nation
under German occupation does not caused that nations become closer.
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In 2002 Zeman ceased to be prime minister. In 2003 he lost the presidential election to Klaus and withdrew from active politics. In 2007 after the conflict with the then leadership of the Czech Social Democratic Party he made secession... more
In 2002 Zeman ceased to be prime minister. In 2003 he lost the presidential election to Klaus and withdrew from active politics. In 2007 after the conflict with the then leadership of the Czech Social Democratic Party he made secession with his followers. He spent time fishing in a small town where he lived (Nové Veselí). Even then he was visited by Russian ambassador to the Czech Republic Sergei Kisielew.
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THE IMPERIAL IDEA OF THE CONFEDERATION OF THE NATION TOWARDS THE FEDERAL CONCEPTION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF GEN. WŁADYSŁAW SIKORSKI The Confederation of the Nation spread the idea of Polish imperialism at the terrain of Middle Europe to... more
THE IMPERIAL IDEA OF THE CONFEDERATION OF THE NATION TOWARDS THE FEDERAL CONCEPTION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF GEN. WŁADYSŁAW SIKORSKI The Confederation of the Nation spread the idea of Polish imperialism at the terrain of Middle Europe to eliminate the influence of Germany and USSR. The main terrain of its military and political activities was the eastern lands of the Polish Republic. Poland was supposed to create a Slavic Empire at the Baltic-Black Sea Intermarium by making the Polish western border on the Oder river and the Lusatian Neisse and appointing a Lusatian country, by occupying the Belarusian lands and creating a union with Ukraine in the east, by associating with the Baltic countries in the north and by unions with Bohemia and Slovakia in the south. Together with Great Yugoslavia (union with Bułgaria and Albania) a Middle Europe block would have been formed. Germans and Jews would have been exiled from "the new Poland" and the Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities wou...
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An important element in Polish history was the struggle for the national identity of Poles in the Duchy of Cieszyn since the second half of the nineteenth century to the end of the First World War. Conducted a large-scale policy designed... more
An important element in Polish history was the struggle for the national identity of Poles in the Duchy of Cieszyn since the second half of the nineteenth century to the end of the First World War. Conducted a large-scale policy designed to promote other non-Polish nationality. The Poles did not surrender and actively sought to maintain their national identity in the area.
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Polish foreign policy and role of the armed forces in geopolitical considerations of Lieutenant Colonel Tadeusz Zakrzewski addressed to Prime Minister Wladyslaw Sikorski In January 1943, Commander-in-chief and Prime Minister of Poland,... more
Polish foreign policy and role of the armed forces in geopolitical considerations of Lieutenant Colonel Tadeusz Zakrzewski addressed to Prime Minister Wladyslaw Sikorski In January 1943, Commander-in-chief and Prime Minister of Poland, General Wladyslaw Sikorski, received a memorandum on the objectives of the Polish foreign policy drawn up by Lieutenant Colonel Tadeusz Zakrzewski (1897–1964), former military attache in Bucharest (1938–1940). The policy was founded on three pillars: the Polish Armed Forces, the Polish populace, and propaganda. He emphasised that Poland would achieve true victory with the consolidation of its independent existence within its pre-war borders in the east, and strategically expanded borders – at the expense of Germany (East Prussia, Opole Silesia) – in the west. Central and Eastern Europe was to be divided between Poland (Union of Central Europe: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Hungary) and the USSR (Eastern Union: the USSR, Finland, Latv...
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The article presents the problem of ethnic policy of the Polish government in exile against minorities and nations of Eastern Europe. Presents the content of newspaper articles from the period of the Second World War (“Rzeczpospolita... more
The article presents the problem of ethnic policy of the Polish government in exile against minorities and nations of Eastern Europe. Presents the content of newspaper articles from the period of the Second World War (“Rzeczpospolita Polska”, “Kraj”, “Głos Polsko-Ukraiński”) and official documents (“Uwagi o naszej polityce międzynarodowej”), in which they discussed the current policies, visions of future ethnic relations in post-war Poland.
Research Interests: History and Philosophy
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ATTEMPTS AT POLISH-CZECHOSLOVAK SETTLEMENT AND THE ACTIVITY OF THE POLISH-CZECH CLUB IN MORAVIAN OSTRAVA OVER THE PERIOD OF 1929-1934. The Polish-Czechoslovak tensions of 1918-1920 stemmed from the dispute over the Duchy of Cieszyn, the... more
ATTEMPTS AT POLISH-CZECHOSLOVAK SETTLEMENT AND THE ACTIVITY OF THE POLISH-CZECH CLUB IN MORAVIAN OSTRAVA OVER THE PERIOD OF 1929-1934. The Polish-Czechoslovak tensions of 1918-1920 stemmed from the dispute over the Duchy of Cieszyn, the district of Spisz, and the district of Orawa. The settlement, imposed by the Council of Ambassadors on July 28, 1920, harmed Poland. The Poles in the Duchy of Cieszyn became a minority in Czechoslovakia which wanted to assimilate them. The Poles in Zaolzie demanded an unflinching policy towards Prague. The Polish authorities only supported them within the scope of the Czechoslovak law. That situation changed in 1934. The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs supported Polish-Czech clubs, including the one in Moravian Ostrava, established in 1929, working on the improvement of the Polish-Czech relationships in Zaolzie. Prague's anti-Polish policy was not changed by the Polish-Czech clubs – nor by the participation of Polish parliamentarians in govern...
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The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland sent memorandum on the position of Jews in occupied Poland in April 1940 to the Polish Government in France. In sent document Bund mentioned discrimination of Jews in the Second Polish Republic... more
The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland sent memorandum on the position of Jews in occupied Poland in April 1940 to the Polish Government in France. In sent document Bund mentioned discrimination of Jews in the Second Polish Republic and fact there was plan of support of Jewish emigration to Palestine. It declared active struggle for an independent Poland with the German and Soviet occupiers. It reminded that the Soviet authorities arrested and carried away to the USSR many of the leading activists of the Bund. Advocated concept of socialist and democratic Poland, equality of all citizens and national and cultural rights for ethnic minorities. Bund considered as a utopia Polish and Jewish concepts of building a Jewish state. It demanded Polish government the fight against anti-Semitism in emigration institutions and occupied country, where many Poles took part in German politics of terror against the Jews.
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W celu skutecznej realizacji polskich interesów w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej według ppłk. Tadeusza Zakrzewskiego, rząd polski miał się domagać, aby w stosunkach międzynarodowych kierowano się zasadami sprawiedliwości i poszanowania... more
W celu skutecznej realizacji polskich interesów w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej według ppłk. Tadeusza Zakrzewskiego, rząd polski miał się domagać, aby w stosunkach międzynarodowych kierowano się zasadami sprawiedliwości i poszanowania suwerenności wobec wszystkich państw. Jednak powinien uwzględniać w polityce zagranicznej, że mniejsze państwa musiałyby brać pod uwagę interesy większych. Dlatego zdaniem ppłk. Zakrzewskiego, należało zaproponować Moskwie podział stref wpływów w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej. Łotwa i Estonia znalazłyby się w strefie ekonomicznej ZSRR i prowadziły wobec niego przyjazną politykę zagraniczną, w zamian dysponowałyby prawem swobodnego kształtowania własnego ustroju wewnętrznego. Natomiast Polska miałaby wolną rękę w przypadku Litwy i Ukrainy Zachodniej, dla których zostałyby utworzone jak najprędzej przyjazne Polsce rządy, np. w formie Komitetów Narodowych w szeregach państw sprzymierzonych. Jeżeli byłoby to konieczne, to dla pozyskania przychylności Litwinów należałoby zrezygnować z Wilna. Niepodległa Ukraina Zachodnia obejmowałaby Małopolskę Wschodnią, nawet ze Lwowem, czechosłowacką Ruś Zakarpacką (w latach 1938-1945 należącą do Węgier) oraz rumuńską Bukowinę z Czerniowcami (w 1940 r. zajęta przez Związek Radziecki). Ppłk Zakrzewski mocno podkreślał, że oba te państwa będą gwarancją polskiej granicy wschodniej. Powyższa postawa wobec Litwy i Ukrainy Zachodniej pozwoliłaby wytrącić radziecki argument o polskiej zaborczości na wschodzie. Ponadto uważał, że polski rząd powinien dążyć do współdziałania ze wszystkimi państwami okupowanymi, aby wzmocnić swoją pozycję wobec mocarstw, jak i uzyskać wpływy w tych państwach po ich wyzwoleniu. „Wyrwać powinniśmy Beneszowi rolę arbitra i adwokata Europy”.
Research Interests: History and Geopolityka
During the Second World War The Military Order of the Cross and the Sword combined Catholic moral principles with patriotism in the active struggle for independence. The role of enlarged strategically Poland was peaceful integration of... more
During the Second World War The Military Order of the Cross and the Sword combined Catholic moral principles with patriotism in the active struggle for independence. The role of enlarged strategically Poland was peaceful integration of Central Europe. They planned to follow rules of peaceful Catholic international cooperation. Anti- Christian systems of Germany and the USSR and materialistic western countries were not acceptable.
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This paper analyses changes in the region’s states, and the evolution of Central Europe’s (CE) position in the international environment. Since forming in 1918, the new CE independent states have remained a focus for neighbouring powers... more
This paper analyses changes in the region’s states, and the evolution of Central Europe’s (CE) position in the international environment. Since forming in 1918, the new CE independent states have remained a focus for neighbouring powers and Western powers. The paper looks at the background for the historical, political, economic, demographic, cultural and geopolitical importance of Central Europe. Three essential periods can be distinguished, the first being thepost-WW1 period, when after the downfall of Austria-Hungary and the weakening of Germany, Russia and Turkey, a number of independent states emerged. The lack of Western assistance and insufficient mutual cooperation meant that CE countries became subject to aggression from Berlin and Moscow. After WW2, the region was forcefully reintegrated into the Soviet Union – and its states were subjected to political, social, economic and cultural degradation. The downfall of the Soviet Union and democratic transition in the states of C...
Research Interests: History and Geopolityka
W czasie II wojny światowej wyszła z koncepcją integracji Europy Środkowej we współpracy z Czechosłowacją. Polska tradycja wolności i pokojowych unii z sąsiednimi narodami była alternatywą dla niemieckiej i radzieckiej jedności Europy... more
W czasie II wojny światowej wyszła z koncepcją integracji Europy Środkowej we współpracy z Czechosłowacją. Polska tradycja wolności i pokojowych unii z sąsiednimi narodami była alternatywą dla niemieckiej i radzieckiej jedności Europy Środkowej na drodze przemocy. Polski plan pokojowej i dobrowolnej integracji państw Europy Środkowej miał im przynieść bezpieczeństwo i rozwój oraz regionalną solidarność i niezależność od wrogich i sojuszniczych mocarstw. Stałe spotkania polskiego rządu w Londynie z ośmioma emigracyjnymi rządami państw okupowanych miały doprowadzić do powstania subregionalnych związków państw. Miały być jednym z filarów pokoju i bezpieczeństwa w Europie obok mocarstw. Sprzeciw ZSRR uniemożliwił realizację polskich planów.
During World War II, the national camp preached the idea of imperialism in Central Europe. Built peacefully, the Polish empire was supposed to protect the independence and security of countries in Central Europe against Germany and the... more
During World War II, the national camp preached the idea of imperialism in Central Europe. Built peacefully, the Polish empire was supposed to protect the independence and security of countries in Central Europe against Germany and the Soviet Union, and thus got the title ‘the Great Poland’. As part of the empire, nation-states were retined. The National camp was opposed to the idea of the Federation, promoted by the government-in-exile. For the ‘National camp’ idea of federation in the regional, European and global level was an anachronism. Post-war international cooperation was based on nation-states and their alliances.