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Vocative address is a crucial component of human communication: it acknowledges and bestows identity to the addressee and defines his/her relation to the addresser, providing, at the same time, an index to the latter’s idea of his/her... more
Vocative address is a crucial component of human communication: it acknowledges and bestows identity to the addressee and defines his/her relation to the addresser, providing, at the same time, an index to the latter’s idea of his/her Self. Ancient Greek addresses relate either to body or social status: gender or age, familial or civic ties, private or public, personal or collective identities. Beginning with a categorization of addresses with reference to OT, analysis then focuses on the ferocious collision of father and son at the crossroad, which is conducted in speechless gestures (OT 800–13). The neglect/absence of addresses at the crossroad signposts the absence –the non-anagnorisis– of identities with clear and hierarchical social positions. Turning to Antigone, the paper then explores how vocative addresses reveal the protagonists’ sense of their Self, the relation of their social identities to the identity provided by their body, and the conditions of their communication on stage. The use –or the absence– of vocatives is connected to the way that both Antigone and Kreon adopt and exhaust timeless and universal ideas, only to reduce themselves to arguments that derive from their particular bodily identities: Antigone will focus on the identity of one “of the same womb”; against Antigone, Kreon will summon his male identity, and against Haemon his identity as an elder. The play’s exodos features a spectacular transformation of Kreon: cut off from any human communication, as his vocatives show, and lamenting with a dead body of a beloved young man in his hands, he appears to embody on stage his female adversary: the absolute defeat of the/his Self.
If ancient thought associated women with ritual and emotion, women on the tragic stage appear often to pervert ritual procedures, displaying paroxysmal emotions which breach gender and social canons. Tragic plots repeatedly explore the... more
If ancient thought associated women with ritual and emotion, women on the tragic stage appear often to pervert ritual procedures, displaying paroxysmal emotions which breach gender and social canons. Tragic plots repeatedly explore the dangerous impulsiveness and instability of such female characters, foregrounding their (self)destructiveness.

This argument is explored through a discussion of the three Electras, the Danaids in the Aeschylean Suppliants, and the mothers and Evadne in the Euripidean Suppliants. In Aeschylus, women are initially introduced performing properly ritual supplication and lament, whereas in Sophocles and Euripides, the female voice appears from the start to indulge in a markedly de-ritualized mourning. In all plays, however, in one way or another, women reach uninhibited despair and/or rage, and their emotional derailment threatens civic order. In some cases, this threat is fulfilled, in others cancelled – yet, in all cases, female paroxysm appears in urgent need of male control.

This shift from ritual to emotion could be seen to run along the process from an ‘imature’ to a ‘mature’ democracy, a regime which may not have invented the concept of female inferiority, yet it configured its political ‘ideologization’. And theatre provided one of its most effective ideological tools.
The debate on the ‘psychological’ or ‘non-psychological’ nature of the tragic ēthos climaxed in the last quarter of the previous century and has almost totally receded since, with the current consensus being against psychology, as it is... more
The debate on the ‘psychological’ or ‘non-psychological’ nature of the tragic ēthos climaxed in the last quarter of the previous century and has almost totally receded since, with the current consensus being against psychology, as it is claimed that it is an anachronistic projection on the past. This paper, however, shall attempt to revisit the psychologists’ camp under a historical and anthropological perspective, showing how the emergence of psychologically defined ‘selves’ on the tragic stage is causally connected to the tragic perversion of initiation rites deriving from ‘real life’. This interlinkage produces a ‘dramaturgy of the self’ that applies to several tragic characters, and above all Deianira in Sophocles’ Women of Trachis, where selfhood emerges in dialogue with the corruption of pre-nuptial and wedding rituals
For the better part of the twentieth century, the quest for a ‘Greek’ continuity in the so-called revival of ancient drama in Greece was inextricably linked to what is termed and studied in this paper as a Ritual Quest. Rituality was... more
For the better part of the twentieth century, the quest for a ‘Greek’ continuity in the so-called revival of ancient drama in Greece was inextricably linked to what is termed and studied in this paper as a Ritual Quest. Rituality was understood in two forms: one was aesthetic and neoclassicist in its hermeneutic and performative codes, which were established and recycled ‐ and as such: ritualized ‐ in ancient tragedy productions of the National Theatre of Greece from the 1930s to the 1970s; the other, cultivated mainly during the 1980s, was cultural and centred around the idea that continuity can be traced and explored through the direct employment of Byzantine and folk ritual elements. Both aimed at eliciting the cohesive collective response of their spectators: their turning into a liminal ritual community. This was a community tied together under an ethnocentric identity, that of Greeks participating in a Greek (theatrical) phenomenon. At first through neoclassicism, then through...
For the better part of the twentieth century, the quest for a ‘Greek’ continuity in the so-called revival of ancient drama in Greece was inextricably linked to what is termed and studied in this paper as a Ritual Quest. Rituality was... more
For the better part of the twentieth century, the quest for a ‘Greek’ continuity in the so-called revival of ancient drama in Greece was inextricably linked to what is termed and studied in this paper as a Ritual Quest. Rituality was understood in two forms: one was aesthetic and neoclassicist in its hermeneutic and performative codes, which were established and recycled ‐ and as such: ritualized ‐ in ancient tragedy productions of the National Theatre of Greece from the 1930s to the 1970s; the other, cultivated mainly during the 1980s, was cultural and centred around the idea that continuity can be traced and explored through the direct employment of Byzantine and folk ritual elements. Both aimed at eliciting the cohesive collective response of their spectators: their turning into a liminal ritual community. This was a community tied together under an ethnocentric identity, that of Greeks participating in a Greek (theatrical) phenomenon. At first through neoclassicism, then through At first through neoclassicism, then through folklore, this artistic phenomenon was seen as documenting a diachronic and essentially political modern Greek desideratum: continuity with the ancient past.
Such developments were in tune with broader cultural movements in the period under study, which were reflected on the common imaginings of Antiquity in the modern Greek collective consciousness - a sort of ‘Communal Hellenism’. The press reception of performances, apart from being a productive vehicle for the study of the productions as such, provides indispensable indexes to audience reception. Through the study of theatre reviews, we propose to explore the crucial shifts registered in the definition of Greekness and its dynamic connections to Antiquity.
Ττους Πέρσες ο δραματικός μύθος είναι, από μιαν άποψη και ως έναν βαθμό, εξαιρε-τικά 'αντι-θεατρικός': η δράση διεξάγεται αλλού, μακριά από τα μάτια των θεατών, της Άτοσσας, του Δαρείου και του Χορού –μόνον ο Αγγελιοφόρος και ο Ξέρξης... more
Ττους Πέρσες ο δραματικός μύθος είναι, από μιαν άποψη και ως έναν βαθμό, εξαιρε-τικά 'αντι-θεατρικός': η δράση διεξάγεται αλλού, μακριά από τα μάτια των θεατών, της Άτοσσας, του Δαρείου και του Χορού –μόνον ο Αγγελιοφόρος και ο Ξέρξης είναι αυτόπτες μάρτυρες των γεγονότων, που συνθέτουν τη δραματική περιπέτεια. Στη σκηνή, και για το μεγαλύτερο μέρος του έργου, τα δραματικά πρόσωπα βλέπουν κυρίως (με) λόγια: ακούν και με τη σειρά τους προσπαθούν να αρθρώσουν σε λόγο την 'αφήγηση' 1 της περσικής καταστροφής, διερευνώντας αίτια και ευθύνες, το εἰκὸς και ἀναγκαῖον που συνέχει το παρελθόν, το παρόν και το μέλλον της σκηνικής πραγματικότητας. Μπορεί κανείς να πει ότι το δράμα των Περσών είναι ένα κατεξοχήν «δράμα της αφήγησης». Η αφηγηματικότητα αυτή, όπως θα επιχειρήσω να δείξω στη συνέχεια, έχει δύο όψεις, μία πολιτική και μία θεατρική. Με πολιτικούς όρους, η αναζήτηση και εκφορά των αιτιών της καταστροφής και η απόδοση της εὐθύνης 2 της συναρτώνται με την προ-σπάθεια της περσικής κοινωνίας να κατανοήσει την καταστροφική πραγματικότητά της, διασώζοντας τη συνοχή της συλλογικότητάς της –την επιβίωσή της ως συντεταγμένου πολιτικού σώματος και θεσμού. Με θεατρικούς όρους, από την άλλη, η σκηνική μίμησις του δραματικού μύθου προσπαθεί να αναδείξει την αρχή, το μέσον και το τέλος του (τη δέσιν και τη λύσιν του), και έτσι να oλοκληρώσει τη θεατρική επιτέλεσή του οδηγώντας τον στην «τελείωση» [closure]. Και στα δύο αυτά επίπεδα, το πολιτικό και το θεατρικό, η κατάληξη του έργου θα αποδειχθεί αφηγηματικά ελλειμματική. Αυτές οι αφηγηματικές ασκήσεις βρίσκονται σε δυναμική αντίστιξη με μια σειρά από κρίσιμες εικόνες, που είτε περιγράφονται στη σκηνή μέσω του λόγου, είτε αποκτούν σκηνική υπόσταση: στις πρώτες κατατάσσονται η θεαματική εικόνα του περσικού στρα-τεύματος, καθώς και η εικόνα των Περσίδων γυναικών που θρηνούν την καταστροφή
The 'Dramaturgy of Emotion' in Sophocles' theatre.
Research Interests:
Brief texts, published in theatre programmes, on:
E. Bacchae, E. Andromache, A. Agamemnon (Kassandra), E. Herakles, S. Trachiniae (Deianira), S. Electra, A. Suppliant Women, A. Seven Against Thebes et al.
On ancient Greek drama in the Secondary Education
On Petros Markaris' Peraiosi
Obituary for Charalampos Orfanos
On the Eumenides and students' squats
On Aeschylus' Persians and Dimiter Gotscheff's performance
Introduction to Eleni Papazoglou, The Person of Grief: Sophocles' Electra Between Text and Performance, POLIS, Athens 2014.
English translation of: « "Familière et partageant l’origine grecque » : idéologie et théâtre dans les mises en scène contemporaines du répertoire dramatique grec ancien. À propos de l’Électre de Peter Stein", Babis polypragmōn.... more
English translation of:
« "Familière et partageant l’origine grecque » : idéologie et théâtre dans les mises en scène contemporaines du répertoire dramatique grec ancien. À propos de l’Électre de Peter Stein", Babis polypragmōn. Mélanges en mémoire de Charalampos Orfanos, Pallas 108 (2018), 103-119.
Paper presented at the international one-day conference titled "Celebrating Karolos Koun", APGRD, University of Oxford, and Department of Theatre, University of Kent, 22 September 2017
[Draft of an English translation of "Από την τελετή στον παροξυσμό: οι θρήνοι της Ηλέκτρας", forthcoming, Cypriot Centre of ITI. The article originates in a paper delivered in the 4th International Conference on Ancient Drama, which was... more
[Draft of an English translation of "Από την τελετή στον παροξυσμό: οι θρήνοι της Ηλέκτρας", forthcoming, Cypriot Centre of ITI. The article originates in a paper delivered in the 4th International Conference on Ancient Drama, which was organized by the Cypriot Centre of ITI, in Lefkosia, 11-12 July 2016.
On Women, Ritual and Emotion, with main emphasis on the two Suppliants, see: Eleni Papazoglou, "Mechanisms of Female Exclusion: Women Between Ritual and Emotion", in: Women and the Ideology of Political Exclusion: From Classical Antiquity to the Modern Era, eds. Katerina Kitsi and Tatiana Tsakiropoulou-Summers, Routledge, London (forthcoming 2018)]