Parisa Göker

Kentleşme kavramı, yaşam alanlarını çevresel, sosyal, ekonomik ve fiziksel olarak etkilemektedir. Kentlerin cazibe ve finans merkezi olarak sunulması sonucunda, çok fazla insan kırsal alanlardan kentlere göç etmektedir. Kentlerde taşıma kapasitesinin aşılmasından dolayı; istihdam, barınma ve yaşam kalitesi sorunları yaşanırken, bu durumun kırsal alanlardaki etkisi ise; terkedilmişlik, genç nüfusun azlığı, yerel yaşam ve geleneklerin sona ermesi şeklinde olmaktadır. Kentleşmenin bir yansıması da barınma ve enerji ihtiyaçlarının giderilmesine yönelik yapılan çalışmalarla doğaya verilen zararların göz ardı edilmesidir. Kentlere yönelik olarak; enerji ihtiyacı, sulama, balıkçılık ve rekreasyon amacı ile son yıllarda çok sayıda baraj projesi uygulanmıştır. Baraj inşaatlarına bağlı olarak, baraj gölü altında kalan yerleşmeler ve zorunlu olarak yerleşim alanlarını terk etme sorunu söz konusu olmaktadır. Bu durumun bir örneği Bilecik’in Pazaryeri İlçesine bağlı Günyurdu Köyü’dür. Bugün terkedilmiş durumda olan Günyurdu Köyü’nde sadece birkaç hanede yaşam devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Günyurdu Barajı su toplama havzası içerisinde kalan Günyurdu Köyü’nün yerinin değiştirilme süreci ele alınmıştır. Yeni yerleşim yeri seçiminin önemi, yer değişiminin ortaya çıkardığı sosyo-ekonomik sorunlar ile bunlara getirilebilecek çözüm önerileri üzerinde durulmuştur.

Palaces are immovable cultural assets reflecting not only the cultural characteristics of the periods they belong to but also the lifestyles of the people who use them and the artistic understanding and techniques of the period. Beylerbeyi Palace, our research subject, is a field where western influences are clearly observed from the design of the gardens, the design features and ornaments of the buildings and spaces that form the palace. The gardens within the perimeter walls of Beylerbeyi Palace and the structures with different functions were not able to protect the original character of their design era. The purpose of this research was to scrutinize the changes that Beylerbeyi Palace gardens went through during the historical process, and to determine the changes that the location of the New Beylerbeyi Palace, the mansions in the palace complex, and the palace gardens went through during different periods in terms of their plant design characteristics, to carry out the restitution work to determine the original status by putting forward the change in the design principles, location organization, structural components and the used plant material. In conclusion, the usage characteristics of the plant and structural components of Beylerbeyi Palace gardens and the changes that they sustained during the process were determined; and the restitution work was carried out by evaluating the structural and plant components of the gardens during the period when the gardens were designed.

Hızlı nüfus artışının getirdiği hızlı kentleşme faaliyetleri sonucunda açık yeşil alanlar giderek azalmaktadır. Kentsel alandaki yapılaşma öncelikli yaklaşımlar kentsel ekosistemi tahrip etmekte ve dolayısıyla özellikle kentsel alanlarda alternatif yeşil alanlar oluşturma arayışını gündeme getirmektedir. Birçok gelişmiş ülkede mezarlıklar; kent peyzajı içinde fonksiyonel ve estetik özellikleri bakımından yeşil alan ihtiyacı ve rekreasyonel faaliyetleri karşılama kapsamında planlama ve tasarım yaklaşımlarının geliştirildiği alternatif yeşil alanlar olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Bu bildiride; kentsel açık yeşil alan sistemi içinde önemli bir yere sahip olan mezarlıkların Almanya’nın Baden-Württemberg kentine bağlı Nufringen mahallesinde yer alan bir mezarlık örneğinde; mezarlığın yenilenme süreci, mekânsal ve tasarım özellikleri kapsamında incelenmiş, değerlendirme ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

The definitions of Heaven mentioned in Koran spread throughout the three continents starting from the 7th Century with the birth of Islam and stood out in the Ottoman palace gardens as a reflection of Islamic culture. Whereas the design characteristics of Islamic gardens emerged with the influence of religious beliefs, they were formed and varied based on the cultural, climatic and land features of the geographic locations. These variations can be seen in the garden formations of civilizations that lived within the geographic locations where Islam spread, and survived until today. These influences, are seen in the gardens of Spain, Iran and India as well as Ottoman palace gardens that reached today.  The Ottomans designed their gardens according to the topography of the land where the gardens were going to be erected and the climatic and environmental conditions rather than based on the predetermined design principles. The Ottomans set gardens in the area that were rich in water resources and generated gardens with the use of trees and flowers. Beside they formed the courtyards and the gardens with traditional structural elements. There is no strict geometry and symmetry in Turkish gardens. However, it has a formal layout plan scheme balanced with informal plant design creating a natural effect in a formal structural base.  Ottoman gardens differed from Islamic gardens, which gave clues on this issue, in terms of positioning, topography-based formation, scenery and climatic properties.  The Ottoman Sultans’ private gardens namely “ Hasbahçe” were open only to the use of the inhabitants of the palace for daily uses. All of these gardens were modest in scale and designed not for decorative purposes but to live and fulfill the requirement of daily life in nature for various functions. The functionality and usability of these gardens were vital as well as their visual features.  The early Ottoman Period which is compromising the years between 1299 and 1453 was the foundation period of the Ottoman Empire in which Söğüt City and subsequently Bursa City served as its capital before the declaration of Istanbul as the capital.  During this period, numerous palaces were erected in Bursa and İznik. These important palaces were built as complexes containing large gardens, courtyards, mansions, pavilions, and hunting spaces. Specific palace gardens reflecting the properties of the period were mainly Bursa and Edirne Palaces (Erdoğan et al, 2003). 

In this declaration, the palace functioning both as residences and state affair administration activities beginning from the establishment of the Ottoman Empire till the Classical Ottoman Period were discussed. In this context Bursa, Edirne and Manisa palaces were analyzed. In one hand in case of architectural qualities reflecting the culture and traditions of the period, building and open space formation shaped due to culture and life style, courtyards, gardens, structural and natural features. On the other hand, these palaces forming the basis of Classical Ottoman Period urban space and building culture infrastructure were evaluated and discussed in detail with all its components in the frame of culture, art and landscape design.

Considering Anatolian architectural culture and the history of settlements in the scope of environment composition and nature formation, it is seen that open green fields of various characters are designed and formed as a part of daily life both in the near environs of structures and the urban areas. One of the unique formations that emerged in this sense and could be characterized as an inseparable component of Anatolian culture is the case of Turkish garden concept. Turkish garden and open space formation as an important and unique synthesis of Anatolian culture have developed and gained a specific identity during the historical process. Palaces that functioned as the living spaces of the Sultans and the core of the state administration are perfectly reflecting the artistic and architectural cognizance of their periods with their unique structures. As a result of this, the Ottoman palaces, composed of various buildings, were the locations reflecting western influences conspicuously and containing original design approaches and compositions starting from the 19th Century. Beylerbeyi Palace and its gardens were erected as a summer seaside palace by Sultan Abdülaziz in the scope of this novel cognizance at Anatolian side of Bosporus in Üsküdar County of Istanbul; the capital of the Ottoman Empire, during 1863-65. Beylerbeyi Palace and its gardens is a unique cultural heritage area reflecting all the properties of its period in terms of settlement organization, architectural components and plant design.   

In this research, first of all literature study was conducted to determine the historical, natural and cultural values of Beylerbeyi Palace Gardens. Borders of the research area were set by the structural components and plant material designated in the study area. The study area was including Selamlik, Harem and Set gardens as well as Harem and Selamlik buildings, Sea mansions, Marble Mansion, Yellow Mansion and Ahir Mansion situated within these gardens. At this stage, structural components and plant material located in the palace gardens were examined and the changes endured in the study area were determined by the assessment of the data collected from historical photographs and maps, aerial photographs, gravures and printed documentation related with the study area.  Based on these data, the use of plant material, landscape character forms and design principles of Beylerbeyi Palace Gardens were assessed and the western influences in Turkish garden culture were emphasized.

Historical palace gardens, in addition to being formations reflecting cultural characteristics of the communities they belong to, they also reflect life styles of the people who used these locations and perception of the era and construction techniques. Garden culture, shaped according to human-nature relationships, has changed and developed due to geographic, historical, socio-economical, cultural and living conditions of each era. Palaces, functioned as a living location of state administration and sultans, have turned out to be monuments reflecting the art and architectural understanding of a civilization with distinctive structures. Specifically, Ottoman palaces formed of various buildings were influenced both from areas where western influences were observed prominently environmental changes effects of time. In the scope of this investigation, Turkish garden culture, national palaces and gardens will be scrutinized within the historical process. In this sense, traditional open green space understanding in palace gardens was revealed, and developments and changes of Dolmabahçe Palace, Beylerbeyi Palace and Yıldız Palace and their gardens, which are among the palace gardens of the Ottoman era living up to today, will be evaluated by the resources of the relevant historical photographs, air photographs, historical maps and engravings. Besides changes in Turkish palace gardens, its design principles, structures, mansions, garden structures and palace gardens included in palace complexes was determined in terms of plan organization structural elements and plant design characteristics to discuss preservation problems and conservation issues. Finally, suggestion to be developed will form an example for the studies to be made on the evaluation and preservation of cultural heritage to contribute new approaches on the matter of preservation of palace gardens, and for conveying them to the future generations.